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In gold and silver coins, is copper and pure gold or silver.

A solar year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 49.7 seconds.

A bushel equals 2150.42 cubic inches.
A gallon equals 231 cubic inches.

A square 208.71 feet on a side contains an acre.

TALK:

PRACTICAL COST METHODS.

When goods are sold by the hundred, thousand, or ton, the methods given here will be found very practical. They are simple and will save much time.

1. When goods are sold by the hundred.

PROBLEM:

Find the cost of 454 lb. of sugar @ $4 per cwt.

WORK:

4.54

$4 $18.16

RULE:

Point off two decimal places in the number of pounds and multiply.

In other words, divide the weight by 100, and multiply the quotient by the cost per cwt.

Dividing by 100 gives the number of cwt. as a decimal.

2. When goods are sold by the thousand. PROBLEM:

What is the cost of 4250 shingles @ $2.25 per M.?

NOTE.-M. is often used to denote thousand.

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Point off three decimal places in the number of shingles, and multiply.

In other words, divide the number of shingles by 1000 and multiply the quotient by the cost per M. Dividing by 1000 gives the number of M. in decimal

form.

3. When goods are sold by the ton.

PROBLEM:

Find the cost of 2925 lb. of hay @ $16 per ton.

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1. Find the cost of 1000 lb. by dividing the cost of a ton by 2.

2. Point off three decimal places in the number of pounds and multiply by the cost of 1000 lb.

TALK:

Let the pupil make and solve many problems involving articles bought and sold by the hundred. Do the same with articles bought and sold by the thousand, or by the ton.

TALK:

PAGE FROM A CREAMERY BOOK.

A page from the book kept by a small creamery is shown here. It shows the number of pounds of milk

brought each day by its patrons and the totals for the week.

It also shows the value of the milk computed at 90c. per hundred pounds.

Make a page similar to the one given and let the pupil fill in the totals. He may prove his work by finding the sum of the totals below and in the column at the right. The sums in both cases should be the same. The total amount received during the week is marked with a *.

Let him compute for other values than 90c. per hundred pounds.

Have him make without aid pages similar to the one given.

Take pages from books used in the community where the pupil lives, and use them in the same way.

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A page from the time book used in a small mill

is given here. All parts have been filled in.

In the page given, 10 hours constitute a day's work. Have the pupil make a page of a time book where a day's work consists of 8 hours. Let him include more or less men than the number given on the page here. Also have him change the wage schedule.

Give him practice in such work. It is practical. Also have him find the totals. This gives him the total sum paid out in wages each week, and enables him to find the average wages per hour or day.

Tell the pupil of the time books used in large mills and factories, where hundreds and, in many cases, thousands of people work.

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PRACTICAL

ESTIMATES.

TALK:

A man builds a house. Before it is completed and ready for occupancy, many little experiences creep in to demonstrate that practical knowledge of measures means a good deal.

This chapter gives some idea of what a builder or repairer has to contend against.

Estimating means thinking, for every problem differs from every other, certain allowances have to be made for many reasons, and what is true in one case may not be in another. Hence, the pupil must derive much good from this line of work. It is now time to stop thinking that problems should work out even even to be correct. Do not allow him to work merely for results. Reasons should be given for every step.

LUMBER.

Facts That Should be Known about Lumber:

1. The unit of measure for boards, planks, timbers, and joists is a board foot.

A board foot is 1 foot long, 1 foot wide, and 1 inch thick.

2. Lumber is always considered 1 inch thick, unless otherwise stated. If a board is 2 inches thick, it contains twice as many board feet as one of the same length and width but 1 inch thick.

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