No Foreign Casks, &c. to be used for repacking.-No foreign casks, bottles, corks, packages, or materials whatever, except any in which some goods shall have been imported and warehoused, shall be used in the repacking of any goods in the warehouse, unless the full duties have been fr paid thereon.-34.

Silks, Linens, &c. to be delivered out of Warehouse, to be cleaned.-It shall be lawful for the comissioners of the customs to permit any stuffs or fabrics of silk, linen, cotton, or wool, or of any mixture of them with any other material, to be taken out of warehouse to be cleaned, refreshed, dyed, stained, or calendered, or to be bleached or printed, without payment of duty of customs, under security, nevertheless, by bond to their satisfaction, that such goods shall be returned to the warehouse within the time that they shall appoint; and it shall be lawful for the said commissioners, in like manner and under like security, to permit any rice, the produce of places within the limits of the East India Company's Charter, to be delivered out of warehouse to be cleaned, making such allowance for waste as to the said commissioners shall appear to be reasonable.- 35.

Copper Ore may be taken out of Warehouse to be smelted.-It shall be lawful for the importer or pro. prietor of any copper ore warehoused to give notice to the proper officers of his intention to take such ore out of warehouse to be smelted, stating in such notice the quantity of copper computed to be contained in such ore, and delivering to such officers sufficient samples or specimens for ascertaining by proper assays, at the expense of the proprietor, such quantity of copper, and giving sufficient security by bond for returning such quantity of copper into the warehouse; and if such officers shall be satisfied of the fairness of the samples or specimens of such ore, and of the assays made of the same, and of the security given, they shall deliver such ore for the purpose of being smelted: provided that if any copper ore intended to be so smelted shall be imported into any port where such ore or where copper cannot be warehoused, the same may be entered as being to be warehoused at the port at which the copper after sinelting is to be warehoused, and such ore shall thereupon be taken account of and delivered for the purposes aforesaid, in like manner as if the same had been warehoused: provided also, that all copper So produced by smelting shall be deemed to be copper imported, and shall be warehoused as such.-) 36. Goods in bulk delivered.-No parcels of goods so warehoused which were imported in bulk shall be delivered, except in the whole quantity of each parcel, or in a quantity not less than 1 ton weight, unless by special leave of the proper officers.- 37.

Packages to be marked before delivery.-No goods so warehoused shall be delivered, unless the same or the packages containing the same shall have been marked in such distinguishing manner as the commissioners of customs shall from time to time direct.- 38.

Decrease and Increase may be allowed, under Regulations of the Treasury.-It shall be lawful for the commissioners of the treasury to make regulations for ascertaining the amount of the decrease or increase of the quantity of any particular sorts of goods, and to direct in what proportion any abatement of duty payable under this act for deficiencies shall, upon the exportation of any such goods, be made on account of such decrease: provided, that if such goods be lodged in warehouses of special security, no duty shall be charged for any amount whatever of deficiency of any of such goods on the exportation thereof, except in cases where suspicions shall arise that part of such goods has been clandestinely conveyed away, nor shall any such goods (unless they be wine or spirits) be measured, counted, weighed, or gauged for exportation, except in such cases of suspicion.- 39.

Allowances for Waste of Wine, Spirits, &c. in Warehouses not of special Security.-For any wine, spirits, coffee, cocoa nuts, or pepper lodged in warehouses not of special security, the following allowances for natural waste, in proportion to the time during which such goods have remained in warehouse, shall be made upon the exportation thereof; viz.

Embezzlement and Waste by Officers to be made good to Proprietor.-In case any embezzlement, waste, spoil, or destruction, shall be made of any goods or merchandise warehoused in warehouses under the authority of this act, through any wilful misconduct of any officer of customs or excise, such officer shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall upon conviction suffer such punishment as may be inflicted by law in cases of misdemeanor; and if such officer shall be so prosecuted to conviction by the importer, consignee, or proprietor of the goods or merchandise so embezzled, wasted, spoiled, or destroyed, no duty of customs or excise shall be payable for such goods or merchandise so embezzled, &c., and no forfeiture or seizure shall take place of any goods and merchandise so warehoused in respect of any deficiency caused by such embezzlement, waste, spoil, or destruction, and the damage occasioned by such embezzlement, &c. of such goods or merchandise shall be repaid and made good to such importer, consignee, or proprietor by the commissioners of customs or excise, under such orders as shall be given by the commissioners of the treasury, or any 3 of them.- 41.

On Entry outwards Bond for due shipping and landing shall be given.-Upon the entry outwards of any goods to be exported from the warehouse to parts beyond the seas, and before cocket be granted, the person in whose name the same be entered shall give security by bond in double the value of such goods, with 1 sufficient surety, that such goods shall be duly shipped and exported, and shall be landed at the place for which they be entered outwards, or otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of the commissioners of customs.- 42.

Bond for Beef and Pork exported from Warehouse.-Upon the entry outwards of any salted beef or salted pork to be exported from the warehouse to parts beyond seas, and before cocket be granted, the person in whose name the same be entered shall give security by bond in treble the value of the goods, with 2 sufficient sureties, of whom the master of the exporting ship shall be 1, that such beef or pork shall be duly shipped and exported, and that no part thereof shall be consumed on board such ship, and that the same shall be landed at the place for which it be entered outwards; and that a certificate of such landing shall be produced within a reasonable time, according to the voyage, to be fixed by the commissioners of customs, and mentioned in the bond, such certificate to be signed by the officers of the customs or other British officer, if the goods be landed at a place in the British dominions, or by the British consul, if the goods be landed at a place not in the British dominions, or such goods shall be otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of said commissioners; and such master shall make and sign a declaration that such beef or pork is to be laden on board such ship as merchandise, to be carried to and landed at parts beyond the seas, and not as stores for the said ship; and if such ship shall not have on board at the time of clearance outwards a reasonable supply or stock of beef or pork, according to the intended voyage, borne upon the victualling bill, the master of such ship shall forfeit the sum of 1007.- 43.

Restrictions as to the Isle of Man.-No goods shall be exported from the warehouse to the Isle of Man, except such goods as may be imported into the said island with licence of the commissioners of cus toms, and in virtue of any such licence first obtained.- 44.

Goods removed from Warehouse under Care of Customs Officers.-All goods taken from the warehouse for removal or for exportation shall be removed or carried to be shipped under the care or with the authority or permission of the proper officer of customs, and in such manner, and by such persons, and within such spaces of time, and by such roads or ways, as he shall authorise or direct; and all such goods not so removed or carried shall be forfeited.- 45.

Ships to be not less than 70 Tons for exporting warehoused Goods.-It shall not be lawful for any person to export any goods so warehoused, nor to enter for exportation to parts beyond the seas any goods so warehoused, in any ship not of the burden of 70 tons or upwards.- 36.

Goods landed in Docks liable to Claims for Freight as before landing.-All goods or merchandise which shall be landed in docks, and lodged in the custody of their proprietors, under this act, not being goods seized as forfeited, shall be subject or liable to the same claim for freight in favour of the master and owner or owners of the respective ships or vessels, or of any other person or persons interested in the freight of the same, as they were subject and liable to before landing; and the directors and proprietors of such docks are empowered and required, upon due notice in that behalf given to them, to detain and keep such goods and merchandise, not being seized as forfeited, in the warehouses belonging to the said docks, until the respective freights to which the same are subject and liable be duly paid, together with the rates and charges to which the same shall have been subject and liable, or until a deposit be made by the owners or consignees of such goods or merchandise, equal in amount to the demands made by the master, owner or owners of the ships or vessels, or other persons, on account of freight; which deposit the directors or proprietors of such docks, or their agents, are directed to receive and hold in trust, until the claim or demand for freight upon such goods shall be satisfied; upon proof of which, and demand inade by the persons, their executors, &c. by whom the said deposit has been made, and the rates and arges due upon the said goods being paid, the deposit shall be returned to them by the said directors or proprietors.- 47.

Quantities of the Principal Articles of Foreign Merchandise remaining in Warehouse under the Locks of the Crown, in the Ports of London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Hull, on or about the 5th of January, 1832 and 1833.—(Papers published by Board of Trade, vol. ii. p. 66.)

Warehousing Ports, &c.-Certain ports only are warehousing ports; nor may all sorts of goods be warehoused in every warehousing port. We subjoin a list of the warehousing ports in Great Britain and Ireland, and a specification of the goods that may be warehoused in each, classed in tables.

Arundel-Goods in Table C.

England.

Barnstaple-All goods except tobacco, East India goods, and goods in
Table F, other than sugar.

Bideford-Goods in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, and goods
in Table C.

Boston-Wine and spirits in Table B.

Bridgewater-Wine and spirits in Table B, and wood and tar in Table
C, rum, and tallow.

Bridport-Rum, brandy, wine, hemp, iron in bars, timber, barilla,
alum, tallow, ashes, hides and skins, sugar, currants, and other fruit.
Bristol-East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D, E and F.
Chepstow-Timber, deals, hemp, linseed, staves, tallow, and tar.
Chester-Rum in Table A, and wine and spirits in Table B.
Chichester-Wood, pitch, tar, and iron in Table C, and wool in

Table E.

Dartmouth-Goods in Table A, B, C, and D (except tobacco.)
Dover-Goods in Table B (except tobacco), and timber and wood in
Table C.

Exeter-All goods except tobacco, East India goods, and goods enu.
merated in Table F, other than sugar.
Falmouth-Goods in Table A, B, C, and D.

Gloucester-Spirits in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, tallow
in Table C, and barilla in Table E; sugar not East India, and all
other goods not East India produce, and not in Table F.
Goole, near Hull-All articles, except tobacco and snuff.
Grimsby, ditto-Goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E (except tobacco).
Hull-East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E.
Ipswich-Wine and spirits in Tables A and B, and barilla.
Laucaster-Goods in Tables A, B. C, and E.

Liverpool-East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D, E,

and F.

London-East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D, E, and F.
Lynn-Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, and timber and

wood in Table C.

Maldon-Wood goods.

Milford-Goods in Tables C and D.

Newcastle-Goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E.

Newhaven-Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, and timber and wood in Table C.

Plymouth-Goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E.

Pool-Goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E (except tobacco). Portsmouth-Goods in Tables A, B, C, and E (except tobacco), and hides in Table D.

Rochester-Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, and timber and wood goods in Table C.

Rye-Wine in Table B, wood in Table C, and clover seed in Table E.
Shoreham-Wine and spirits in Table B, and goods in Table C.
Southampton-Spirits in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, goods
in Tables C, D, and E, and East India goods removed for exporta.
tion to Guernsey and Jersey.

Stockton-Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, timber and
goods in Table C, clover seed and green fruit in Table E, potashes,
sugar, coffee, hides, &c.
Sunderland-Goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E (except tobacco).
Swansea-Goods in Table C.

Weymouth-Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, wood in
Table C, almonds of all sorts, barilla, clover seed, currants, figs,
oil of olives, salad oil, prunes, raisins of all sorts, and liquorice juice
in Table E.

Whitby-Goods in Tables C and D.

Whitehaven-Goods in Tables A, B, C, and E.

Wisbech-Wood goods.

Yarmouth-Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, hemp and iron in Table C, and goods in Table E.

Scotland.

Aberdeen-East India and all other goods.
Borrowstoness-Timber and wood in Table C.

Dumfries-Wine in Table B.

Dundee Wine and spirits in Tables A and B ; iron, pitch, tar, timber, and wood, in Table C.

Glasgow-East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E. Grangemouth-Fustic, hemp, iron, logwood, mahogany, pitch, rosin, staves, far, tallow, tow, turpentine, timber, and wood, in Table C, and flax in Table E.

Greenock-East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E. Leith-East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E. Montrose-Wine, spirits, and sugar; and goods in Tables C and D; ashes, butter, cheese, coffee, feathers, hams, hides, honey, spruce beer, seeds, vinegar, and yarn.

Port Glasgow-East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, and E.

Angustura bark Indigo
Cotton wool
Ginger

Cocoa nuts
Coffee

Cotton wool
Ginger

Pimento

Rum

Wine

Pimento

Rum

Sugar

Imported from the West Indies.

Mahogany
Molasses

Indigo

Mahogany
Molasses

The growth and produce of, and imported direct from, any of the territories or dominions of the crown of Portugal.

Carpets, Turkey
Cassia fistula

Callings or lute

strings
Cheese
Chip hats
Citrate of lime
Citron in salt and

water
Clover seed
Cochineal and cochi-
neal dust

Cocoa nuts
Coffee
Copal

Cotton wool and cot

ton yarn
Currants
Elephants' teeth
Essence of Bergamot

and of lemon
Essence of British

America spruce,
imported
thence
Euphorbium

Table E.

Hams
Harp-strings

Hones
Jalap
Jesuits' bark
Jet

India rubber
Indigo

Isinglass

Juice of lemons
Limes and oranges
Juniper berries
Lamp-black

Plain linen (except
sail cloth)
Linseed cakes
Liquorice powder
Maccaroni

Madder, ground
Mahogany
Manna
Mercury

Mohair yarn
Molasses

Oil of almonds

amber

aniseed

bay

cajeputa

carraway
cassia
castor
cinnamon
cloves
jessamine

juniper
lavender
linseed

mace

marjoram

nutmegs

olives

Oil of turpentine and walnut

Oils, chemical and perfumed, not otherwise enumerated

Opium

Orange flower water

ointment
Ottar of roses
Pearl barley
Pictures

Pigs' chops and faces
Pimento
Pitch, Burgundy
Platting of straw
chip
Pots, melting
Prunes

Quicksilver

Radix serpentaris

Rags

Raisins of all sorts

Rape cakes

Rhinehurst

Rhubarb

Rum

Saccharum saturn
Saffron

Sal ammoniacus

gein

from

Succus liquoritize

oranges

palma

Tapioca

Feathers for beds

pine

Figs
Flax

rock

rosemary and
rosewood

Tar, Barbadoes
Tornsal
Toys

Verdigris

Vermicelli

sassafras

Vermillion

spike

thyme

Wexford-Wine, sugar, hemp, iron, tallow, foreign spirits, and vine- German sausages gar, coffee, cocoa, rice, pepper, ginger, and pimento.

Vanelloes, and all other upmanufac

Not being the produce of, nor imported from, any place within the Not being the produce of, nor imported from within, the East India Company's charter, and not being imported from the West Indies

Rates for warehouse rent on goods deposited in the king's warehouses in the several outports, viz.

On large cases and vats containing toys or other merchandise, and packages of wine and other liquids, per week, 6d. each.

Packages of baggage, small packages of presents; viz. boxes, kegs, jars, &c., per week, 2d. each. All other packages not before de scribed (except tobacco), per week, 4d. each.

For every hogshead of tobacco deposited in the king's warehouse a London, 2.; and for every hogshead taken out of the same, 25. For every hogshead of tobacco warehoused in the king's warehouse at the outports, 11-2d. per week.--(Treasury Orders, Nov. 27, 1824, and March 19, 1830.)

(The act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 20. has the following proviso :

The commissioners of customs shall remit or return the duties payable or paid, on the whole or any portion of wine, spirits, or other fluid, which shall be lost by any unavoidable accident in the warehouse in which it was deposited according to the provisions in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 57., or any other act to be passed for the warehousing of goods; and the duties upon the following articles, deposited in warehouses of special security, viz. wine, currants, raisins, figs, hams, cheese, and mahogany, when taken out of warehouse for home use, shall be charged upon the quantities actually delivered.

Loss by Fire in Warehouses.-The 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 66. enacts, that the clause in the general warehousing act, 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 56. § 41. (antè, vol. ii. p. 713.), providing for the indemnification of the merchants for damage occasioned to merchandise in warehouses by embezzlement, waste, or spoil, or by the wilful misconduct of the officers, shall not extend, or be taken to extend, to any damage or loss occasioned by fire.- 4.-Sup.)

WATCHES (Ger. Uhren, Taschenuhren; Fr. Montres; It. Oriuoli da tasca, o da saccoccia; Sp. Relojes de faltriquera; Rus. Karmannüe tschasü), portable machines, generally of a small size and round flat shape, that measure and indicate the successive portions of time; having, for the most part, their motions regulated by a spiral spring. When constructed on the most approved principles, and executed in the best manner, a watch is not only an exceedingly useful, but a most admirable piece of mechanism. It has exercised the genius and invention of the most skilful mechanics, as well as some of the ablest mathematicians, for nearly 3 centuries. And, considering the smallness of its size, its capacity of being carried about uninjured in every variety of position, the number and complexity of its movements, and the extraordinary accuracy with which it represents the successive portions of time as determined by the rotation of the earth on its axis, we need not wonder at Dr. Paley having referred to it as a striking specimen of human ingenuity.

Spring watches are constructed nearly on the same principle as pendulum clocks. Instead of the pendulum in the latter, a spring is used in the former, the isochronism of the vibrations of which corrects the unequal motions of the balance.

Historical Notice.-The invention of spring watches dates from about the middle of the 16th century, and has been warmly contested for Huygens and Hooke. The English writers generally incline in favour of the latter. Dr. Hutton says-(Mathematical Dictionary, art. Watch), that the words "Rob. Hooke invenit, 1658," were inscribed on the dial plate of a watch presented to Charles II. in 1675. But Montucla affirms (Histoire des Mathématiques, tom. ii. p. 513. ed. 1800), that Huygens made this "belle découverte" in 1656, and presented a spring watch to the States of Holland in 1657. Comparing these statements, it certainly appears that the claim of Huygens to the priority of the discovery is the better established of the two. We do not, however, believe that either of those distinguished persons owed, in this respect, any thing to the other. The probability seems to be, that the happy idea of employing a spring to regulate the motion of watches occurred to them both nearly at the same time. Improvement of Watches.-Owing to the facility with which the longitude may be determined by the aid of accurately going watches, it is of great importance to have them made as perfect as possible. In this view liberal premiums have been given to the makers of the best marine watches, or chronometers, by the governments of England, France, Spain, &c. In the reign of Queen Anne, parliament offered a reward of 20,000l. to any one who should make a watch, or other instrument, capable of determining the longitude at sea, within certain limits. This magnificent premium was awarded, in 1764, to the celebrated John Harrison, for a marine watch, which, being tried in a voyage to Barbadoes, determined its longitude with even more than the required accuracy. Other premiums, though of inferior amount, were subsequently given to Messrs. Mudge, Arnold, Earnshaw, &c. Since 1822, 2 prizes, one of 3001. and one of 2001., have been annually given to the makers of the 2 chronometers adjudged to be the best, after having been submitted to a twelvemonth's trial at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. And to such perfection has the manufacture attained, that some of the chronometers employed by navigators, though carried into the most opposite climates, have not varied to the extent of 2 seconds in their mean rate of going throughout the year.

Watch Manufacture.-The watch-making business is carried on to a great extent in London; the artists of which have attained to an unrivalled degree of excellence in this department. There are about 14,000 gold and 85,000 silver watches annually assayed at Goldsmith's Hall, London-(Jacob on the Precious Metals, vol. ii. p. 413.)-the aggregate value of which is, probably, not much under 600,000. The manufacture is also carried on to a considerable extent at Liverpool, Coventry, Edinburgh, &c. Watch movements used to be extensively manufactured at Prescot in Lancashire; but atterly, we believe, the manufacturers have been withdrawing to Liverpool.

On the Continent, watches are principally manufactured at Paris, Geneva, and in Neufchâtel.

...

Some of the French and Swiss watches are excellent; but, generally speaking, they are slight, and inferior to those made in London. Paris and Geneva watches are largely exported to foreign countries; and are every where in high estimation, particularly among the ladies.

Watches impressed with any mark or stamp, appearing to be or to represent any legal British assay mark or stamp, or purporting by any mark or appearance to be of the manufacture of the United Kingdom, or not having the name and place of abode of some foreign maker abroad visible on the frame and also on the face, or not being in a complete state, with all the parts properly fixed in the case, may not be imported into the United Kingdom, even for the purpose of being warehoused.--(3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52. 58. See antè, p. 10.

Watches in China.-Pretty considerable numbers of European watches are imported into China; and we anticipate, now that the monopoly is put down, a large increase of the trade. It may be worth mentioning, that those among the Chinese, as well as among some other Eastern nations, who can afford it, uniformly wear watches in pairs! This sort of extravagance is not, however, confined to watches, but extends to a variety of other articles. Shawls, for example, are invariably worn in India in pairs of exactly the same pattern; and it is hardly possible, indeed, to find a native dealer who will sell a single shawl.

In 1832, there were exported from Great Britain 18,678 watches of British manufacture; of these, 13,379 were silver, 4,187 metal, 435 gold, 671 being without cases. The duty on foreign watches and clocks is an ad valorem one of 25 per cent., and no account is kept of the numbers of each imported. In 1832, their aggregate value amounted to 25,3321.: the total value of the foreign clocks and watches exported during the same year being 1,0517.-(Parl. Paper, No. 490. Sess. 1833.)

WATER. It may be thought unnecessary, perhaps, to say any thing in a work of this sort with respect to a fluid so well known and so abundant. But, besides being an indispensable necessary of life, water is, in most large cities, an important commercial article. It is in the latter point of view, principally, that we mean to consider it.-Inasmuch, however, as the mode of supplying different places with water, and its price, necessarily vary in every possible way, we shall limit our remarks on these subjects to the metropolis only. The few remarks we intend to offer of a general nature will apply indifferently to any populous place, the supply of which with water occasions a considerable expense.

1. Quality of Water.-Dr. Ure has made the following statements with respect to the quality of water:-"Water," says he, "is a very transparent fluid, possessing a moderate degree of activity with regard to organised substances, which renders it friendly to animal and vegetable life, for both which it is, indeed, indispensably necessary. Hence it acts but slightly on the organs of sense, and is therefore said to have neither taste nor smell. It appears to possess considerable elasticity, and yields in a perceptible degree to the pressure of air in the condensing machine.

"Native water is seldom, if ever, found perfectly pure. The waters that flow within or upon the surface of the earth contain various earthy, saline, metallic, vegetable, or animal particles, according to the substances over or through which they pass. Rain and snow waters are much purer than these, although they also contain whatever floats in the air, or has been exhaled along with the watery

vapours.

"The purity of water may be known by the following marks or properties of pure water :-
"1. Pure water is lighter than water that is not pure.

2. Pure water is more fluid than water that is not pure.

"3. It has no colour, smell, or taste.

"4. It wets more easily than the waters containing metallic and earthy salts, called hard waters, and feels softer when touched.

5. Soap, or a solution of soap in alcohol, mixes easily and perfectly with it.

"6. It is not rendered turbid by adding to it a solution of gold in aqua regia; or a solution of silver, or of lead, or of inercury, in nitric acid; or a solution of acetate of lead in water.

"Water was, till modern times, considered as an elementary or simple substance; but it is now ascertained to be a compound of oxygen and hydrogen."

2. Supply of Water.-London was very ill supplied with water previously to the early part of the 17th century, when the New River water was introduced into the city. This exceedingly useful work was planned and carried into effect by the famous Sir Hugh Middleton, who expended his whole fortune on the project; having, like many other public benefactors, entailed poverty on himself and his posterity by embarking in an undertaking productive of vast wealth to others, and of great public utility. The New River has its principal source near Chadwell, between Hertford and Ware, about 20 miles from London; but the artificial channel in which the water is conveyed is about forty miles in length. Sir Hugh Middleton encountered innumerable difficulties during the progress of the undertaking, which it is probable would have been abandoned, at least for a time, but for the aid afforded by James I. The New River Company was incorporated in 1619, 6 years after the water had been brought to the reservoir at Islington. The undertaking yielded very little profit for a considerable number of years; but it has since become extremely profitable; so much so, that an original 5001. share has been sold for 13,000l.!

The Chelsea Water-Works Company was formed in 1723, and (with the aid of 3 smaller companies, none of which are now in existence) it, and the New River, supplied all that part of the metropolis north of the Thames with water, down to the year 1810. In that year, however, 3 new companies, the East London, West Middlesex, and Grand Junction, were established, under the authority of different acts of parliament. At this moment the metropolis is supplied with water by the following companies:

New River,

Chelsea,

East London,

West Middlesex,

Grand Junction,
Lambeth,

Vauxhall, or South London, and
Southwark Water Works.

The following statements with respect to these companies are taken from Mr. Wade's valu able treatise on the police of the metropolis. The Report of the commissioners appointed by government in 1827, to inquire into the state of the supply of water in the metropolis is the principal authority on which they are founded.