ty. She has written some of the most touching verses bust by Angus Kecher,) engraved on steel by Thompin the language, imbued with poetry and passion: and son. This is the only likeness of Mrs. Hemans ever since we saw her lately at breakfast in Frazer's Maga-published. There is also an article by Willis entitled zine, we have fallen positively in love with her, and The Gipsey of Sardis. Since the secession of Campbell intend to look with a favorable eye upon each and all in 1831, Samuel Carter Hall has edited the New of her future productions. Monthly-the editorship of Bulwer only enduring for a short interval.

The Brothers, a Tale of the Fronde; 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers.-This novel is from the Robert Gilfillan, of Edinburg, the Scottish lyrical pen of Mr. Herbert of New York, one of the editors writer, has published a second edition of his songs. of the American Monthly Magazine. Detached chap-Some of them are said to be of surpassing beauty. ters of it have appeared from time to time in that jour- Mr. Hoskins' Travels in Ethiopia above the Second nal, and gave indication of the glowing talent which is Cataract of the Nile, are very highly spoken of. The now so apparent in the entire work. As an historical work is a large quarto; and the expense of getting it novel, in excellent keeping, written with great fluency up has been so great, as to leave its author no chance and richness of diction, we know of (nothing?) from of remuneration. It contains ninety illustrations, by the American press possessing higher claims than Thea Neapolitan artist of great eminence. The risk attending the publication of so valuable a book, will Letters to Young Ladies; by Mrs. L. H. Sigourney.operate to deter any American bookseller from attemptW. Watson of Hartford, has just published a seconding it. edition of this little volume. It contains 200 pages, The new number of Lardner's Cyclopædia is A Hisand consists of twelve letters on subjects appertaining tory of Greece, vol. 1, by the Rev. C. Thirwall, M. A., Felto the female character. Mrs. Sigourney blends a strong low of Trinity College, Cambridge. There will be three and commanding good sense, with the loftier qualities volumes of it. Alas, for our old and valued friend, of the poet. She has written nothing which is not, in Oliver Goldsmith! The book is said to be faithfulits particular way, excellent. but very stupid.

Brothers of Mr. Herbert.

Hilliard, Gray & Co. have just published The Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language, with Pronouncing Vocabularies of Classical, Scriptural and Modern Geographical Names, by J. E. Worcester; 1 vol. 12 mo. Also-An Elementary Dictionary for Common Schools, &c. &c.; by the same. The latter of these two works is merely a condensation of the former; and is in so much to be preferred, as it omits references and authority-giving, in cases of doubt, what is deemed upon the whole the proper pronunciation. The Comprehensive Dictionary was first published in 1830. Several editions have been since printed. It contains 6000 words more than Walker.

Matsells, of Chatham, New York, has published A Few Days in Athens, being a translation of a Greek M.S. discovered in Herculaneum; by Frances Wright.-We have been sadly puzzled what idea to attach to this very odd annunciation-the book itself we have not yet been able to obtain. What it is, and what it is not, must deeply concern every lover of Fanny Wright, pure Greek, and perfect independence.

Anecdotes of Washington, illustrative of his patriotism and courage, piety and benevolence, is the title of one of the last of the "Books for the Young." It is a Scottish publication.

Sir James Mackintosh has just issued A View of the Reign of James II, from his accession to the enterprize of the Prince of Orange. The History of the Revolution in England in 1688, a late work by the same author, sold for three guineas: it was reprinted by the Harpers. The present book is said to be nothing more than a part of the former work in a new dress.

The Honorable Arthur Trevor has issued a volume of The Life and Times of William III, King of England, and Stadtholder of Holland.

Irving's Crayon Sketches, Parts I and II, have been reprinted in Paris by Galignani. Fanny Kemble has been also reprinted there.

Captain Ross, the hero of the North Pole, is losing ground in public favor. Singular discrepancies are said to have been discovered in his last volume, between his map and his text.

We perceive that J. N. Reynolds' Voyage of the Sketches of American Literature, by Flint, are in course United States' Frigate Potomac-Dr. Bird's Infidel- of publication in the London Athenæum. They are Tocqueville's Democracy in America-Professor Long-not very highly spoken of-being called abstruse and fellow's Outre-Mer-and John P. Kennedy's Horse-dull. Shoe Robinson-all of which we noticed favorably in the Messenger—are highly praised in the London Literary Gazette. Outre-Mer sells in that city for nearly $5-Horse-Shoe Robinson, and the Infidel, for $6 50

each.

A superb work has appeared in Paris-Descriptions of the French Possessions in India, viz: Views of the Coromandel and Madras Coasts-Sketches of the Temples, Gods, Costumes, &c. of the inhabitants of French India. The book is richly ornamented with lithographic plates of exquisite finish, and altogether the publication is worthy of the government under whose direction it has been gotten up.

The finest edition ever yet published of Milton's Paradise Lost, is that of Sir Egerton Brydges, of which the first volume is already issued. It contains the first six books-an engraving from Romney's picture "Milton Dictating to his Daughter," and a fine vignette, "The Expulsion," by J. M. W. Turner, R. A. The edition will be completed in six vols.

The Right Hon. J. P. Courtney has in press "Memoirs of the Life, Works, and Correspondence of Sir William Temple.

James, the author of Darnley, has completed the Life of Edward the Black Prince.

Lady Dacre, who wrote the Tales of a Chaperon, has The July number of the London New Monthly Ma-published Tales of the Peerage and Peasantry. The work gazine contains a portrait of Mrs. Hemans (from the is ostensibly edited by Lady Dacre, but there can be no

doubt of her having written it. Every lover of fine | wise, upon each individual article in every Messenger. writing must remember the story of Ellen Wareham in the Tales of a haperon. Positively we have never seen any thing of the kind more painfully interesting, with the single exception of the Bride of Lammermuir. The Tales in the present volumes are The Countess of Nithsdale, The Hampshire Cottage, and Blanche.

Barry Cornwall's Life of Edmund Kean is severely are under consideration. handled in Blackwood's Magazine for July.

The seventh Bridgewater Treatise has appeared in two volumes. It is by the Rev. W. Kirby, the naturalist, and treats of The History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals. The article on the Bridgewater Treatises insire to give it as as much as possible a Southern characthe London Quarterly (we believe,) is one of the most admirable essays ever penned-we allude to the paper entitled The Universe and its Author.

Mr. Simms, author of the Yemassee, has in prepara-lish the entire volume, (the Tales of the Folio Club.) tion a novel founded upon incidents in the war of the revolution in South Carolina. He will thus find himself at issue with Mr. Kennedy in Horse-Shoe Robinson. De Kalb, Marion, Gates, and a host of other worthies will figure in the pages of Mr. Simms.

In every publication like ours, a brief sentence or paragraph is often wanted for the filling out a column, and in such cases it is customary to resort to selection. It has been our custom, hitherto, to offer some few We think it as well, therefore, to mention that, in all Editorial Remarks explanatory, complimentary, or other-similar instances, we shall make use of original matter.

VOL. I.]

RICHMOND, SEPTEMBER 1835.

T. W. WHITE, PRINTER AND PROPRIETOR.

[No. 13.

FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM.

The present number closes the first volume of Before the departure of Lord Exmouth, an American the Messenger; and accompanying it, the Publisher squadron of two frigates and two sloops of war, under will transmit to each subscriber a title page and copious Commodore Shaw, came to Algiers with the ostensible Index to the volume. Gratified that his past endeavors purpose of presenting to the Dey a copy of the treaty, to please, have been crowned with success--the Pub-signed in the preceding year, with the ratifications by lisher anticipates with confidence that, with the conti- the President of the United States. Other circumstances nued patronage of the public, the forthcoming volume however had rendered its appearance necessary. shall in no respect be behind, if it does not greatly outstrip its predecessor.

For the Southern Literary Messenger.
SKETCHES OF THE HISTORY

And Present Condition of Tripoli, with some
account of the other Barbary States.
NO. VIII. [Continued.]

In the beginning of April 1816, Admiral Lord Exmouth, Commander of the British naval forces in the Mediterranean, arrived at Algiers commissioned by his Government to negotiate with the Dey, in favor of some of the inferior powers, which were in alliance with or under the protection of Great Britain, and in order to give greater weight to his arguments, he was accompanied by a fleet consisting of six sail of the line, and nineteen frigates and smaller vessels.

The treaty concluded with the United States under the guns of Decatur's ships, was more mortifying to the Algerines than any which had previously been made with a Christian nation; captives had been surrendered without ransom, property seized had been restored, and the right of demanding tribute or presents had been distinctly renounced. The Dey saw that his credit would be seriously impaired when these engagements should become publicly known; he suspected that had he held out longer, he might have escaped the humiliation, and he flattered himself that he might still retrieve what had been lost. No Barbary sovereign ever considered it incumbent on him to observe a treaty longer than it was compatible with his interests; yet every man, however rude may be his ideas of moral conduct, knows the advantage of being, or of seeming to be in the right. With these views Omar determined to seek, and he accordingly soon found a pretext for quarrel.

It has been stated that the Algerine brig taken by the Americans and sent into Carthagena, had been there

him, requested Commodore Shaw who had just reached Mahon, to come with his whole force to Algiers.

The particulars of this negotiation have never been made public; from what has transpired, it appears that the Admiral began by exacting conditions much less favorable to Algiers, than those which he finally sub-detained by the authorities, on the plea of irregularity in scribed. Whatever may have been those terms, the the capture, but really in order that the Spanish GovernDey refused to admit them, and demonstrations were ment might obtain some concessions from the Dey in remade on both sides, of an appeal to arms; the negotia- turn for the vessel. Omar did not fail to express to the tions were however renewed, and on the 4th, engage- Consul, at first his surprise, then his indignation at this ments were concluded, to which upon the whole the delay, which he insisted was a violation of the treaty. Dey could have made no objections. The Ionian Is- Mr. Shaler endeavored to reason with him, and relands which had been placed under the protection of newed his assurances that the brig would be soon reGreat Britain, were to be respected as part of the Bri- stored; but he became daily more open in his threats, tish dominions; and thirty-three slaves, natives of and more insulting in his language, until the Consul not Malta and Gibraltar (British possessions) were libe-knowing to what lengths his arrogant folly might lead rated without ransom. A treaty of peace was made with Sardinia, by which that country was placed on the same footing with Great Britain, except that a present not exceeding in value five thousand pounds sterling, was to be paid on the arrival of each of its Consuls at Algiers; the Sardinian captives were to be restored, on payment by that Government of five hundred dollars per man. These terms may be considered as fair, and the King of Sardinia who had just received Genoa from the hands of the British, acknowledged his obligations for this additional favor. But the treaty by which the Government of the Two Sicilies was bound to ransom its subjects at the price of one thousand dollars each, and to pay an annual tribute of twenty-four thousand dollars, besides Consular presents, could scarcely have been considered as a boon in Naples, and it must have consoled Omar for the concessions made to other two powers.*

The King of Sardinia, besides the Island from which his title is derived, possesses Savoy, Piedmont and Genoa on the VOL. I.-91

Immediately after the arrival of the squadron the Consul demanded an audience of the Dey, and presented to him the ratified treaty, in which no alteration had been made by the American Government. Omar was at that moment elated by his success in obtaining such immense sums from Sardinia and Naples, through the agency of their kind and generous patrons the British, and he determined if possible to make the Americans pay as dearly for his friendship. He therefore at first pretended not to understand the meaning of this second treaty as he termed it; he however admitted though with apparent unwillingness the explanation of Mr. Shaler, and having called for the original Arabic copy signed in the preceding year, compared it with that now offered. This examination being ended, the

continent of Europe; he likewise styles himself sovereign of Corsica, Sicily, Rhodes, Cyprus and Jerusalem. The King of Naples is styled the King of the Two Sicilies.

Omar showed no backwardness, and considering the war begun, he imprisoned the British Consul, and sent orders to the Governors of the other ports of the Regency to seize all vessels which might be lying in them under the flag of his enemies; the Admiral however thought proper to agree to a truce during the time de

Dey insisted that the treaty ratified by the President | without authority from his Suzerain, and he therefore rewas essentially different from his own copy; that seve- quired six months delay before he could give a final anral clauses had been varied, and others which he had swer. Lord Exmouth granted him but three hours, and been particular in having inserted, were altogether omit-gave evidences of an intention to bombard the city. ted; among the latter he cited one binding the United States to pay a certain sum on the presentation of each of their Consuls, which indeed existed in the Arabic version but had been fraudulently introduced without the knowledge of the American Commissioners. He dwelt on the delay in restoring the brig, as an instance of flagrant disregard of engagements on the part of the Ame-manded by him, and even sent a irigate to bear his ricans, who he considered had thus shewn themselves unworthy of confidence, and concluded by declaring that the treaty with them was null and void. The next day the Prime Minister returned the ratified copy to Mr. Shaler using the most insulting language on the occasion; and when the Consul warned him of the consequences which might ensue, he replied with a sneer that his master entertained no apprehensions, "as he had been assured by the British that the Americans had neither ships nor money."

Mr. Shaler at this immediately retired on board the squadron; Omar then became more reasonable, and after some days negotiation, he agreed to submit the questions of the brig and of the future relations between the two countries to the President of the United States in a letter from himself, and to observe the treaty of 1815 until the answer could be received. He accordingly wrote to the President on the 24th of April, recapitulating, according to his own views, the occurrences which attended the signature of the treaty, and declaring that as it had been violated by the Americans themselves, a new one must be made, to which effect he proposed a renewal of the treaty of 1796.

Lord Exmouth having obtained the results above stated at Algiers, sailed with his fleet for Tunis where similar arrangements were subscribed at once by the Bey; the Sardinian captives were restored without ransom, and the Neapolitans were liberated on payment by the Sicilian Government of three hundred dollars for each. The Pasha of Tripoli also willingly got rid of his remaining slaves from those countries at the prices proposed by the British Commander, and the Sovereigns of both these Regencies promised, that prisoners taken in war with Christian nations should not in future be made slaves. The Admiral then returned to Algiers, where he at length ventured to require from the Dey a similar abolition of slavery in his dominions. Omar in reply manifested his surprise at this demand, which was indeed at variance with those made and assented to a few weeks before; he however submitted it to his Divan and soldiery, and having received assurances of their support, he declared that as Algiers was a dependency of the Porte, he could not enter into such an engagement

Ambassador to Constantinople.

The treaty between the United States and Algiers having been by this time published in Europe, its conditions excited great attention, as they were infinitely less favorable to the latter party than those which had been obtained up to that period, by any Christian Power; numerous speculations were formed by politicians as to the probability of their being maintained, and the movements of the American squadron in the Mediterranean were attentively noted in the public prints. The eighteenth article of this treaty provides-that American armed vessels should be allowed to bring their prizes into the ports of the Regency and to dispose of them there, while those of nations at war with the United States were to be obliged to depart with their prizes as soon as they had procured the requisite supply of provisions and water. The evident partiality displayed in this article induced Lord Exmouth to demand explanations on the subject from the Dey; Omar however soon satisfied his Lordship by an assurance that he had no intention to observe it or any other stipulation contained in the treaty.

The British fleet quitted Algiers about the middle of May and returned to England where a great portion of the seamen were discharged, and the ships were ordered to be dismantled. No official announcement had been made of the results of the expedition, but the general tenor of the engagements entered into were sufficiently understood, and the newspapers of England and France were filled with articles, in which they were severely reprobated and contrasted with those dictated by the Americans with the aid of a trifling force. In Parliament Mr. Brougham on the 18th of June, called for the production of the treaty which had been made with Algiers, declaring that if the terms were really such as were supposed, “a great stain would be fixed on the character of the country, as they distinctly acknowledged the right of depredation exercised by these Barbarians by providing a ransom for the slaves whom they had made." Lord Cochrane insisted that "two sail of the line would have been sufficient to compel the Dey of Algiers to any terms." Lord Castlereagh the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs evaded the call for the treaty, stating however "that the cause of humanity had been materially advanced by the negotiations which had been carried on, as it was for the first time agreed to by the Dey of Algiers, that captives should be conever, in order to deliberate upon the propositions of Lord sidered and treated on the European footing as prisonExmouth. It then again acquired importance; which it losters of war, and set at liberty at the conclusion of every when the Dey in 1917 transferred his residence to the Casauba. The members of the Government of Algiers besides the Dey were, the Hasnagee or Minister of Finance, the Aga who was Commander in Chief and Minister of War, the Vikel Adgee or Minister of Marine, the Khogia de Cavallas or Adjutant General, and the Bet el Mel or Judge of inheritances.

*The Divan of Algiers consisted originally of all the soldiers and civil officers of the Government; it had however become a mere name, and was scarcely ever convened, until Omar formally assembled one, on a much more limited scale how.

peace." This declaration was probably considered by that ingenious statesman as a necessary fiction. The British Government however felt that more was required of it by the nation, and a circumstance soon occurred which afforded an excuse for the employment of

measures better calculated to secure the public voice in | of August, 1816; and having been joined by a Dutch its favor.

against which it was sent.

squadron of five frigates and a sloop, under Admiral The rocks at the bottom of the sea near some Van Capellen, the whole armament appeared before parts of the shores of Algiers and Tunis are cover- Algiers on the 27th of that month. Before detailing the ed with coral of the finest quality; on these coasts, operations of this force, it will be proper to give some the British and French have long maintained estab-account of the situation and defences of the place lishments, to which persons provided with their license annually resorted in the spring in order to fish Algiers stands on the western side of a semicircular for this substance. The establishments of the French bay, the shore of which between the two Capes at were at Calle and Bastion-de-France, where they had its extremities, extends about fifteen miles. Of these forts and even claimed the sovereignty of the terri-Capes the eastern is called Cape Matifou; the shore of tory, paying however a large sum yearly to the Govern- the bay on this side and on the south, is low and ments of those Regencies. The coral fishers under Bri-level, offering every where facilities for landing, which tish license were nearly all natives of the Italian States circumstances induced Charles the Fifth to disembark and islands; they assembled principally at Bona, a his army there, on his unfortunate expedition in 1541. small and ruinous place in Algiers about four hundred Since that period, a number of strong batteries have miles west of the capital, occupying the site of the been erected along the edge of the bay, connected by celebrated ancient city of Hippo-Regius, where re-lines which if well manned would render landing imsided a Vice Consul of Great Britain, and a number practicable. The western side of the bay is formed by of magazines were erected for the reception of the a ridge of hills, which terminate on the north in a bold coral and of goods brought for sale; there was no promontory called Ras Acconnater or Cape Caxine; fort and no pretension was made to jurisdiction over this ridge separates the bay of Algiers from that of Sidi the territory. While the British fleet was lying before Ferruch where the French forces landed in 1830. Algiers, and the Dey was momentarily in expectation The city is built upon the declivity of a steep hill, of an attack, he despatched an order to his Aga or Gov-about three miles south-east of Cape Caxine. Its ernor of Bona, to secure all persons living there under general form presents a triangular outline, and the the protection of Great Britain. Owing to the great houses being all white it has the appearance of a distance from Algiers, this order did not arrive until the sail when seen from a distance at sea. One side 23d of May, by which time the truce with Great Bri-is on the bay, the walls on the other two sides extain had been agreed to, and the fleet had quitted the tend up the hill from the water's edge; they are African coast. The Aga on receiving the commands of about thirty feet in height and twelve in thickness, the Dey, instantly sent out his whole force to seize the built of brick, with towers at intervals, and a shallow Christians, but the latter being more numerous than the ditch on the outside. At the place where these walls Algerines, made resistance and several persons were meet, is situated the Casauba or citadel, an octagon fort killed on both sides. The people of the country and separated from the houses of the town by a deep moat, neighborhood, however coming to the aid of the soldiers, and which has served since 1817 as the treasury and the Europeans were overpowered, some escaped in their palace of the Dey. About a mile south-east of the Caboats, and some were murdered by the exasperated sol- sauba on a hill completely commanding the city, was a diers and populace; the rest were dragged to prison, and square castle of brick, mounting sixty guns, called the their magazines and dwellings including that of the Bri-Kallahai or Emperor's Castle, which name it derived tish Vice Consul were pillaged. This is a simple state- from occupying the spot where Charles the Fifth pitchment of the facts as subsequently ascertained; the oc-ed his tent. Two other forts situated near the shore, currence was indeed to be lamented, but there is no reason for attributing it to any predetermined motive either on the part of the Dey or of his agents; it might have happened in the best regulated country, and as Shaler observes, is by far more defensible than the massacre of the American prisoners by the British sol-pally to keep the inhabitants in order; they howdiers at Dartmoor. That the Dey had a right to order ever served as effectual protections against the atthe seizure of persons living in his dominions under the tacks of the Arabs and Kabyles. The whole circumflag of a nation with which he conceived himself en- ference of the town does not exceed a mile and a half, gaged in hostilities, cannot be disproved; and the Euro- and there are scarcely any suburbs, the ground around peans by their resistance subjected themselves to the the walls being devoted to cemeteries and gardens. chances of war. Mr. Shaler justly censures Lord Ex-The houses are closely built, the streets being with one mouth for not having taken measures to protect the sufferers at Bona which he might easily have done as he passed by the place on his way from Tunis.

one north of the city called Akoleit, and the other south called Babazon, mounting about thirty guns each, completed the fortifications of the place on the main land as they existed in 1816. They were of little importance in a military point of view, being intended princi

or two exceptions narrow tortuous lanes, many of them covered over: the mosques, bazaars and public buildings are generally inferior in size and style. The popu lation has been variously estimated, but the researches made by the French since their capture of the place,

cluding the Turkish garrison, the number of which va ried between seven and ten thousand.

The British government however chose to regard the affair as an act of signal atrocity, and without waiting to demand explanations on the subject, prepared imme-show that it has never exceeded fifty thousand, indiately to avenge the cause of humanity, and to chastise the Algerines for the insult offered to the national flag. A fleet of five sail of the line, five frigates, five sloops of war and forty smaller vessels, accordingly sailed from Gibraltar under Lord Exmouth on the 14th

The defences on the sea side were indeed formidable. Opposite and eastward of the city, at the distance of two hundred and fifty or three hundred yards was a