saults of all its enemies; that I am an active friend of the Government of the United States, and the enemy of the socalled Confederate States; that I ardently desire the suppression of the present rebellion against the Government of the United States; that I sincerely rejoice in the triumph of the overthrow of the armies, navies, and all armed combinations in the interest of the so-called Confederate States; that I will cordially oppose all armistices or negotiations for peace with rebels in arms, until the Constitution of the United States and all laws and proclamations made in pursuance thereof, shall be established over all the people of every State and Territory embraced within the National Union; and that I will heartily aid and assist the loyal people in whatever measures may be adopted for the attainment of these ends; and further, that I take this oath freely and voluntarily and without mental reservation. So help me God.

armies and navies of the United States and in the defeat and

Resolved, That the returns of this election shall be made to the Secretary of State, and that the result be declared by the proclamation of the acting Gov

ernor.

Resolved, That the Convention do nominate and offer to the people a candidate for Governor, and that the delegates from the several Senatorial and Representative districts be requested to nominate and present to the Convention candidates for their respective districts, to be placed upon the general Legislative ticket. Provided, that nothing in this resolution shall be construed to prevent the people in the different counties making nominations for candidates for the Legislature.

The Convention then nominated W. G. Brownlow for Governor, and Senators and Representatives of the Legislature, and persons to hold the elections in the different counties. It then adjourned.

The vote on the proceedings of the Convention was taken on February 22d, 1865. In East Tennessee, 15 counties, the vote for ratification was 9,605, for rejection 9; in Middle Tennessee, in 21 counties the vote for ratification was 11,377, for rejection 37; in Shelby County, West Tennessee, the vote for ratification was 873; for rejection 2. The vote of the Tennessee troops was, for ratification 3,438; for rejection 0. Total for ratification 25,293; do. for rejection 48.

The vote of the State at the Presidential election in 1860 was 145,333. The vote of the State on the election of delegates to the State Convention in 1861 was as follows:

Union majority........67,054 A proclamation was issued by Gov. Johnson declaring the amendments to the Constitution to be ratified. An election was subsequently held for Governor and members of the Legislature, on a general ticket, and carried without opposition. W. G. Brownlow was chosen Governor. The subsequent events belong to the record of 1865.

The military operations in the State were confined to raids by the enemy with the exception of the advance of Gen. Hood upon Nashville. (See ARMY OPERATIONS.) The distress of the inhabitants, especially in East Tennessee, became most severe. It was stated, in an address to President Lincoln, that of a voting popVOL. IV.-49 A

ulation of 35,000 Union men in East Tennessee, 15,000 to 18,000 had stolen away from home and enlisted in the Union army in Kentucky; that the enemy in 1861 took 60,000 hogs, and other stock in proportion; that Burnside's, Sherman's, and Longstreet's armies had exhausted the remaining supplies; that probably not five per cent. of the usual breadth of wheat could be sown in the spring of 1864, as the fences had been destroyed and the farms left desolate. Even the supply of seed for the common products of farms was gone. Contributions were sent by the Northern people to aid the sufferers.

The permanent Federal military posts were Nashville and Murfreesboro in Middle Tenat Memphis and Gallatin in West Tennessee, nessee, and Knoxville in East Tennessee. In the vicinity of these posts detachments were also stationed. At the commencement of the year the Confederate General Longstreet held a line in East Tennessee extending from Strawberry Plains to Sevierville, and numerous skirmishes took place between the hostile forces before Longstreet withdrew to Virginia. The attack on Fort Pillow, in West Tennessee, and the raid of Gen. Forrest at that time, are stated under the title of ARMY OPERATIONS; also the defeat of Gen. Sturgis in his march from Memphis toward Mississippi. In August East Tennessee was invaded by Wheeler, and much damage was caused in the destruction of the railroad, burning of bridges and depots. On Sept. 4th Gen. Gillem surprised and defeated the small force of the guerrilla John Morgan at Greenville, in East Tennessee. Morgan had sought to rest himself for the night at a private house, when the occupant, Mrs. Williams, the wife of a member of Gen. Burnside's staff, informed the Federal forces, a number of whom arrived in season to slay him as he attempted to escape from the house. Gen. Gillem took about seventy-five prisoners. The important military movements in East Tennessee, near the close of the year, will be found under ARMY OPERATIONS. In Middle Tennessee, early in September, Gen. Wheeler appeared with his force, consisting of several thousand horsemen and several sections of artillery. His advance came within the neighborhood of Murfreesboro. Nearly half the railroad between that post and Nashville was destroyed. This expedition was soon followed by another under Gen. Forrest, which came near Tullahoma, and destroyed a few miles of the railroad and cut the telegraph wires in several places. The raid of the enemy, however, was a success. Three regiments of Federal infantry and several pieces of artillery were captured; one of the regiments, the 110th colored, was reported to have been treated as prisoners of war. Several miles of trestle-work and several bridges were also destroyed by Forrest.

The permanent occupation of Nashville as a military base for the Federal army caused a most rapid development of the social evil

known as the prostitution of women. Its ef fects upon the army were so bad as to require the interference of military authority. This authority was exercised to restrict and regulate the evil.

Early in the summer of 1863, Gen. R. S. Granger, then commanding this post, was "daily and almost hourly beset by the commanders and surgeons of regiments urging him to devise some method (in order to preserve the health and efficiency of their troops) to rid the city of this class of women." The first arrangement that suggested itself was expulsion. They were collected together, and put on board a steamer. "On the 8th of July the boat, with her remarkable crew, shoved off from her moorings. On reaching Louisville, Ky., where they were directed to discharge their freight, the authorities refused to receive any such commercial articles. The manager of the boat then took them to Cincinnati, where a similar fate awaited them. By an order from Washington, the boat was directed to return. She arrived and discharged her miserable cargo on Aug. 3, 1863."

Sickness among the soldiers increased at once, and again the officers renewed their complaints and demands for a remedy. The Provost Marshal, Col. Spaulding, of the 18th Michigan infantry, subsequently of the 12th Tennessee cavalry, proposed, with Gen. Granger's permission, to institute a plan for the preservation of the health of the city in this particular. The General endorsed his scheme, and it was put in operation at once. He proposed that these persons should be compelled to report to a medical officer for examination, and if found to be free from contagious diseases, permitted to pursue their vocation; on condition, first, that they should pay a fee for this license, and secondly, that they should submit at stated periods to a medical inspection. Whenever they were found to be diseased, they were to be sent to a hospital and not permitted to leave it until they were cured.

For the first certificate of health one dollar was charged; for the license five dollars; for every subsequent certificate one dollar. This money was to be applied to the support of a hospital.

On the 20th of August a notice was served on every public woman to report, under penalty of arrest and imprisonment in the workhouse for not less than thirty days.

After a trial of some months, the plan was completed; and now, every ten days, these people are obliged to report to the surgeon. Two special hospitals were established at Nashville; one for unfortunate females and the other for their male counterparts in the army. These were placed under the charge of Surgeon W. M. Chambers, U. S. volunteers, with Surgeons Fletcher and J. J. O'Reilly as assistants.

Up to the 1st of Jan., 1864, sixty patients had been placed in the hospitals and restored to

health. Had no such institution existed, it is probable that there would have been many hundreds of other patients in the military hospitals alone, not to speak of citizens and their innocent victims in private life.

Eleven have been reformed, and are now living virtuous unmarried lives; and at least thirty-two have forsaken their old mode of existence, and are married women. And this, too, without any special effort at their reformation; for the hospital is simply a medical institution, established solely for the purpose of preserving the health of the army.

Of 126 women, of whose biographies Dr. Chambers has taken notes, only four were educated, and they were driven, they say, to a vicious life, by the mistreatment of friends and husbands.

The majority of the women, he believes, are led to adopt this deplorable expedient for support by the cruelties of friends. The majority of them were left without parents, and the mistreatment of guardians drove them to the streets. One in six are impure from choice, or are the victims of the inherited malady, known in medical science as nymphomania. A very large majority-the doctor thought four-fifths could be restored to a virtuous life, if the proper efforts were made for their rescue.

The number of patients in the hospital averages from five to ten; it has been as high as twenty-eight; every arrival of troops from the front or the North invariably increases the sick list. Excepting at such times, sickness is very seldom contracted in the city; it is imported. The statistics show that officers are more immoral than the enlisted men; yet hardly once a month now (whereas formerly it was a daily incident) is a prescription made for them. The plan has saved thousands of men from the sick list, thereby promoting the efficiency of the army. One report concludes in these words:

The method adopted in the army at this post has met with the hearty approval of all classes of society, commencing with the lieutenant-general commanding the armies of the United States, and of all citizens who have had the subject before them, together with the unfortunates themselves; and I will add, that if a similar plan had been adopted at the various cities North, where the troops went to or passed through them veteranizing, there would not have been one case of sickness where now there are twenty. The

facts of this hospital bear me out in this conclusion.

The most noteworthy of these facts is the startling announcement that out of nineteen hundred and two soldiers, patients at the military special hospital, only twenty-four of them contracted their maladies in Nashville. Complaints from officers have entirely ceased.

After an experience of one year, Dr. Chambers wrote:

From carefully kept statistics I am more than ever impressed with the opinion that the system is attended with the very best results to the army, and hope now soon a like plan shall be adopted in all the cities been sent here from Memphis and Louisville to exwhere troops are stationed. Already surgeons have amine into the working of the plan in the city, and I

There are between three and four hundred of these persons in Nashville. The fees paid to the medical officers entirely support the hospital. The adoption of this plan, therefore, in other cities, will be attended by no expense; on the contrary, it would save, if universally adopted, millions of dollars and hundreds of lives every year.

TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. The present divisions of the vast domain of the United States, which have been organized into territories, are Arizona, Colorado, Dakota, Idaho, Indian Territory, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington. For their area, population, original organization, etc., see ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA, 1862.

ARIZONA. The explorations in 1864 brought to light and led to the occupation of districts of rare value in this territory. Adding the resources of northern and central Arizona, now known to those long developed below the Gila River, and there is, with many barren acres common in all metalliferous countries, an extent of mineral, agricultural, pastural, and timber lands, equal in the aggregate to the area of the State of New York. In gold, silver, platinum, copper, and lead, no portion of the world is richer. The agricultural lands on the Salinas River are capable of supplying food for a State. Irrigation is not necessary in that region if the rains are as frequent as during the last year; other parts have suffered for two years from drought. In the southern districts, where it is required, the rivers are large and regular in their flow. The wheat produced is excellent, and the grasses unsurpassed in nutritious qualities. Wood is abundant.

The seat of Government is Prescott. The territorial officers are John N. Goodwin, of Maine, Governor; Richard C. McCormick, of New York, Secretary; Turner, of Iowa, Chief Justice; Coles Bashford, of Wisconsin, Attorney General. A weekly newspaper called the "Arizona Miner" is published at Fort Whipple. At the election for delegate to Congress, Charles D. Poston, Republican, received 514 votes; Charles Leib, Democrat, 226, and 145 scattering.

COLORADO. This territory is unusually rich in gold. The delegate from the territory to Congress, Mr. H. P. Bennett, made the following statement before the House: "Judging from what I know of the undeveloped resources of this country, from what I am told by practical miners who are well informed upon this subject, I say here to-day, before this House and before this country, to be placed upon the records and read of all men, that within five years' time, and by the year 1869, the gold fields of Colorado Territory will produce $50,000,000 annually, and even then its full resources of mineral wealth in gold alone remain not wholly developed. I speak from the united testimony of practical miners who have spent several

that the gold-bearing region of Colorado is far more extensive, quite as inexhaustible, and the gold-bearing quartz of a much richer quality than in California."

In 1859 the amount of Colorado gold received at the Philadelphia mint was $62,000; in 1861 it was $1,000,000, and in 1864 it was estimated at $20,000,000. Some difficulties occurred with the Indians during this year. The military force of the territory is strong and able to contend with them. An act was passed at the last session of Congress to enable the people of the territory to form a State Government. The people, however, postponed the subject. The Governor of the territory is John Evans, who resides at Denver City.

DAKOTA.-The Governor of this territory is Newton Edmonds. The capital is Yankton, on the Missouri River, due west from Chicago, and about sixty miles from the Iowa State line. The state of hostilities which prevailed a year ago between a portion of the Sioux tribes and the Government continued during 1864, and great excitement has necessarily existed even among those tribes who are friendly to the whites. The failure of the crops among the Indians has been so great as to make it necessary to provide supplies to keep them from starvation.

IDAHO. This territory was organized under an act of Congress of March, 1863. Its Governor is Caleb Lyon: the Secretary, W. B. Daniels. Two weekly newspapers are published in the territory, the "Boise News" at Idaho City, and the "Golden Age" at Lewiston. At the election for delegate to Congress, the Democratic candidate was chosen by a small majority. The boundaries of the territory were thus defined by Congress:

"Beginning at a point in the middle channel of the Snake River, where the northern boundary of Oregon intersects the same; then follow down said channel of Snake River to a point opposite the mouth of the Kooskooskia, or Clearwater River; thence due north to the fortyninth parallel of latitude; thence east, along said parallel, to the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west of Washington; thence south, along said degree of longitude, to the northern boundary of Colorado Territory; thence west, along said boundary, to the thirty-third degree of longitude west of Washington; thence north, along said degree, to the forty-second parallel of latitude; thence west, along said parallel, to the eastern boundary of the State of Oregon; thence north, along said boundary, to the place of beginning."

This boundary was changed at the session of Congress of 1863-'64. The last section of the Montana Act provides that "until Congress shall otherwise direct, all that part of the territory of Idaho included within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencing at a point formed by the intersection of the thirty-third degree of longitude west from Washington with