this subject. There is, however, a difference between authors proper and compilers: the latter are more generally copyists. As to maps of an early date, and not infrequently later ones, I have failed in many instances to find all courts, streets, lanes, &c.

Ogilby and Morgan's map (1677), which has a Three Crown Court leading out of Garlick Hill, is no doubt correct: at least I have this court mentioned many years before Rocque's map of 1761.

Three Shear Court, so far as I at present am aware, was not in existence in 1731. Garlick Hill was in the parish of St. James, Garlick Hill or Hith Hill, which consisted of forty houses: there was, however, a Sugar

loaf Court.

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If there is a Three Shear Court now on the west side of Garlick Hill, I have no trace of such a court from 1708, and it does not appear in Dodsley (1761) or my authority of 1731. There was a Crown and Shears Court in St. Botolph's without Aldgate, by Rosemary Lane, and also a 3 Crown Court. As an indication of the unreliability of Dodsley, take a "Maiden Lane" (p. 240, vol. iv.) which he describes as extending from Deadman's Place to Gravel Lane," &c. This appears on his map as Maid Lane," and he has on the same page Maid Lane, Gravel Lane." I may be allowed to say that so far as CCC Court and Three Crown Court or 3 Crown Court are concerned, I take it they all represent the same thing, nor do I think that they necessarily referred to inn signs, any more than, for instance, Three Leg, Three Dagger, Six Garden, &c., Courts, or Seven Step Alley and Five Inkhorn Alley, ALFRED CHAS. JONAS.

&c.

Thornton Heath.

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YULE LOG IN CORNWALL (11 S. i. 129, 255). The practice of burning Yule logs is supposed to have reached England from Italy, across France. Certainly the French use, or till lately used, enormous Christmas logs. Though the custom has crept into some districts of Western Germany, it is not supposed to be Teutonic in origin.

The existing Yule observances of Europe combine what was once a religious festival and nothing more with pagan rites. Some of these rites were derived from the great feast which fell at the beginning of winter when the north of Europe was heathen. Others were drawn from customs which had become attached to the calends of January. Y. L. C.

"SECOND CHAMBER" (11 S. i. 209).—In Jeremy Bentham to his Fellow-Citizens of France, on Houses of Peers and Senates,' London, 1830, pp. 4-5, occur the following passage and note :—

.....

"5. Powers that present themselves to me as proposable, are the following: France, to the portion of supreme legislative II. A portion of judicial authority. For in authority in question this appendage stands attached at present. And, this is attached to the portion of legislative authority in England in the case of the Second Chamber called the House of Lords: and, in the Anglo-American Union, in the case of most of its compound States separately taken, as well as in that of the aggregate body composed of Deputies sent from all of them, styled the Congress: Senate is the denomination given to it in this latter case (a). likewise of its proposed substitute-a Senate,(a) In speaking of the Chamber of Peers, as I use the appellation of the Second Chamber, because such appears to me to be the practice. But, whatsoever it may be in respect of any in respect of the time of its institution. other order, it has not been so, in every instance, In the case of the Anglo-American Congress, mention is made of the House of Representatives before any

mention is made of the Senate."

The term apparently came into popular use in England at the time of the debates on the Australian Colonies Government Bill in 1850 (Hansard's Parliamentary Debates,' cxi. 1032), and since then has been used by almost every writer on the subject of constitutions : as Creasy, Rise and Progress of the English Constitution,' 1853, p. 311; Rowland, Manual of the English Constitution,' 1859, p. 586; Mill, Considerations on Representative Government, 1861, pp. 231-41; Hearn, Government of England,' 1867, p. 543; Bagehot, English Constitution,' 1867, p. 135; Todd, On Parliamentary Government in England,' 1867, i. 29; Bryce, American Commonwealth,' 1888, i. 180-85, &c.

Bentham may have obtained the term from Continental writers, and they in turn from American writers of late in the eighteenth century. ALBERT MATTHEWS.

Boston, U.S.

BURGLAR FOLK-LORE (11 S. i. 129).—I think I know what the " disgusting superstitions" are, or one of them, which burglars hold in raiding houses. It was an old and common belief among them that exonerando alvum on the scene of their depredations they secured immunity from interruption or discovery. I remember some twenty-five years ago the old parish clerk of Woodford Church, Essex (his name was Lowe), telling me that some fellows who broke into the

It is not easy to comprehend the crooked logic which actuates the practice. It seems to be an instance of that belief in sympathetic magic which establishes a vital connexion between a person and anything that belongs to or issues from his body, such as his saliva, hair, blood, or excrement. These retain some portion of his personality and consciousness, and may stand as his surrogates for good or for evil. They were consequently often used in the practices of witchcraft, e.g., by burning them the person could be injured. Thus in a Danish tale a maiden is enabled to escape from a kobold by leaving her spittle behind, which answers for her (see E. S. Hartland, 'The Legend of Perseus, ii. 60, 61, 155 seq.). In a similar way the excreta left behind were probably considered to represent and stand for the burglar while he made his escape in safety. The same superstition is known among German criminals. Mr. J. G. Frazer gives references to Mennhardt, Mythologische Forschungen,' 1884, p. 49; Wuttke, 'Deutsche Volksaberglaube,' § 400; Töppen, Aberglaube aus Masuren, p. 57. See The Golden Bough,' vol. i. p. 380.

South Woodford.

A. SMYTHE PALMER.

[Reply also from G. K. testifying to similar practices in Germany. We cannot insert any more on this subject.]

GEORGE CUMBERLAND (11 S. i. 249) was the second son of Richard Cumberland. He was

born in 1762, entered the Royal Navy, and was killed at the siege of Charlestown, South Carolina, 1776. See Ward and Roberts's Romney Catalogue Raisonné,' p. 38. I rather think we received the dates from a member of the family. W. ROBERTS.

THE HON. JOHN FINCH (11 S. i. 249) was the fourth son of Heneage Finch, third Earl of Aylesford; he was born 22 May, 1755,

and was killed in America 29 June, 1777, not, as stated, 3 July, 1777. F. DE H. L.

WILKINSON LISTER KAYE (11 S. i. 249) was a gentleman cadet from 19 Jan., 1813, to 11 Dec., 1815, when he entered the Royal Artillery (No. 1621, Kane's List) as second lieutenant, at the of seventeen years three months. He was promoted first lieutenant, 1 May, 1822; second captain,

age

This Wilkinson Lister Kaye could, obviously, not have been admitted to Westminster School in 1787.

T. T. V.

Wilkinson Lister Kaye was the illegitimate son of Sir John Lister Kaye, 4th Bt. He died, I believe, at Bath in the seventies; but if G. F. R. B. is anxious to know any. thing more about him, I might perhaps be able to help him, if he would let me know. CECIL LISTER KAYE.

Denby Grange, Wakefield.

Sir John Lister Kaye, Bt., M.P. for York, born 1697, died 1752, married, as his first wife, Ellen, daughter of John Wilkinson (Foster, Pedigrees of Yorkshire Fam.," West Riding, 1874, under Kaye of Woodsome).

W. C. B.

[MR. F. BOASE also thanked for reply.] "COMBOLOIO" (11 S. i. 129, 197).-Can the Greek (modern) kóμßos be traced to any Arabic root?

J. M.

GRINLING GIBBONS (11 S. i. 149).-I think the querist will find what he is looking for in The Daily Telegraph of about three months ago. I am sorry I cannot give information more definite, but my copies have disappeared.

Some brief references to the life of Grinling Gibbons appear in Miss Lena Milman's Sir Christopher Wren,' pp. 135-9, &c. In a foot-note on p. 136 she cites John Evelyn as spelling in his 'Diary' the wood-carver's

name without the s final.

Notes on Books, &c.

The Annals of the Harford Family. Edited by Alice Harford. (Westminster Press, 411A, Harrow Road.)

IT would be well if more books of the type of these annals were published. We have comparatively few family histories relating to people who never rose into a prominent position, which is to be regretted. The lives of the lesser squires and yeomen, like those of the merchants in provincial towns, mean much in the development of a country. If we are to know what England was in past centuries, we ought to discover how her smaller landowners and traders transacted their public and private business, and what their ideals and ambitions were.

The Harfords described in this volume were never people of great note, yet they helped to make history, and were thoughtful spectators while it was being made by others. Philip Harford was the monk of Evesham who was made abbot that he might surrender the abbey to Henry VIII., in return for certain personal advantages. Another Harford, a strong Parliamentarian in the great Civil War, is said to have revealed many things to the party with which he sympathized when Hereford was garrisoned by the Royalist troops. Long after his day, in 1815, about three months after Waterloo, a member of the same family was in Paris, and, dining with the Duke of Wellington, had an opportunity to ask "whether Bonaparte had shown much military talent in his manoeuvres at Waterloo. No, not at all,' he said; there was nothing of the kind. It was a battle of giants.' He attributed the victory to the wonderful spirit which animated the British Army, seconded by the spirit of the whole nation. There was not a man in my army,' he observed, but knew well that if I should send him home in displeasure, his own sister would not speak to him.'

་

Students of the occult will be interested in the example of premonitory dreaming mentioned "William Henry Harford....suron p. 147: vived until the autumn of 1877, a happy old age in the fulness of eighty-four years, having rejoiced in his children's children. Frank Harford followed his grandfather to the silent land two years later, when a squadron of the 10th Hussars, in which he was a lieutenant, missed the ford in the flooded Cabul river, and was swept away in the darkness. His last thought was surely for his mother, who twice in her dreams saw a vision of her son Frank, dripping wet and gazing at her, before the tidings came.'

Is The Fortnightly Imperial and Foreign Affairs: a Review of Events,' is this month confined to the United States. Mr. Sydney Brooks says that Mr. Taft is a failure, has caused disruption in his party, and inherited Mr. Roosevelt's plans without Mr. Roosevelt's personality to carry them through and impress himself on the American public. A first article by Mr. Benjamin Kidd on A National Policy is concerned with thinking in communities," a somewhat vague phrase in which the

author evidently has great faith, and which means Tariff Reform. Mr. Archibald Hurd in England's Peril: Invasion or Starvation,' emphasizes. the claims of the Navy as against the Army. We must say that we are tired of this sort of perpetual sermonizing on the Army and Navy, which is now much overdone. Mr. I. Zangwill has a lucid and interesting explanation of Zionism and Territorialism,' two causes which seem Mr. G. F. Abbott covers much of the same ground, alike rather hopeless. In 'The Jewish Problem though he does not go into such detail as Mr. Zangwill. Water Transport or Rail?' seems to us to make out a good case against the revival of canals in this country, recently discussed by a Commission, There are two articles on French men of letters which are attractive: Alfred de

Musset after George Sand,' by Mr. Francis Gribble, and The Worship of Beyle,' by Mr. A. F. Davidson. While we cannot regard Mr. Gribble as

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England's authority on the love-affairs of the French romantics (a claim put forward by the publishers of the book to be derived, we presume, from his Fortnightly articles), his writing is always clever and entertaining. At the Bedside of Menelik' is sure to attract attention at the present moment, as is a brief discourse on The Tragedy of "Macbeth," by M. Maeterlinck, admirably translated by Mr. A. T. de Mattos. This last article is full of fine thought and expression; but we doubt if it will satisfy the English Shakespearian. In matters of drama and poetry it is doubtful if a foreigner can ever have the same insight as the native-born critic. We can regard neither M. Jusserand nor M. Maeterlinck, distinguished as both are, as gifted with the full sense of humour and national life necessary to understand Shakespeare. En revanche, we have little doubt that Matthew Arnold did not understand Racine.

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MR. ARCHIBALD HURD discusses in The Nineteenth Century The New Naval Estimates'; and Sir Edmund C. Cox in England and Germany: How to Meet the Crisis,' suggests that we ought to say to Germany that her shipbuilding constitutes a series of unfriendly acts, that she must put an end to her warlike preparations, or we shall forthwith sink every battleship and cruiser you possess." The writer's view of the politics of Europe seems about on a par with the wisdom of this extraordinary pronouncement. 'Racial Feeling in India,' by Mr. E. Armine Wodehouse, is a useful plea for a saner consideration of the subject than the present outrages suggest to most people. Mrs. A. Colquhoun has an interesting, but somewhat one-sided article on article in the number, and one particularly welThe Husband of Madame de Boigne.' The best criticism, is Canon Beeching's Shakespeare as come in a periodical which does little for literary a Teacher.' The Canon covers with marked cidentally criticizes the positions of M. Jusserand ability a good deal of debatable ground, and inand Mr. Frank Harris in their recent books. latter, in particular, comes in for some severe The attack on his audacious theories. the Working Mother,' by Miss Alice S. Gregory, 'The Case for deals with some legislation just now come into force which should sensibly improve the conditions of the maieutic art, and reduce the chances Gamp. of employing women typified by the vicious Mrs.

THE April Cornhill is well varied in interest, and contains several excellent articles. Bishop Welldon in The Brontë Family at Manchester offers some hitherto unpublished matter which throws a pleasant light on Charlotte and her somewhat grim old father. The novelist was loved for her kindly charity. "In deeds of charity men reason much and do little-women reason little and do much, and I will act the woman still,' was her reply to a paternal comment on the gift of a sovereign to a poor man. Becky,' by Col. Charles Callwell, and The Thoughts of a Territorial,' by "A Major," are both humorous and informing studies of our army. 'In Search of Homes for Old-Age Pensioners,' by Edith Sellers, is a poignant and obviously veracious study of a question but ill appreciated by the general public. Mr. Marmaduke Pickthall has in Karakter: a Symptom of Young Egypt,' an excellent short story, full of artistic touches which reveal the difference between Eastern and Western education, the latter superficially achieved being a real danger to Young Egypt. Mr. John Barnett has a picturesque account of Sir Richard Hawkins: The Complete Seaman." Mr. W. H. Hudson (one of the few writers of real distinct ion in style now before the public) interests The Immortal Nightus by his observations on ingale.' Recent legislation has favoured, we are glad to find, the prosperity of these delightful songsters. Mr. Hudson tells us that they are most abundant in the three counties of Hampshire, Surrey, and Kent. They are a little less numerous in Sussex and Berkshire; but these five counties (or six if we add Buckinghamshire) undoubtedly contain more nightingales than all the rest of England together." Mr. Laurence Gomme in The Tradition of London' gathers into a single article skilfully the scattered hints of days when the worship of Diana took place on the present site of St. Paul's-hints derived from Welsh sources, and referring, he holds, to the Lundinium Augusta of the Romans.

THE first editorial article in The Burlington is concerned with Oriental Art,' to which, it is suggested, the West may well turn for refreshment and inspiration. Indian art in particular has not received the attention that it deserves, and we learn that an India Society is being formed to study it. Short notices record the deaths of Count Seckendorff, a distinguished amateur in art, and Mr. A. C. Whitman, well known for his mastery of prints and engravings. Mr. F. R. Martin has an article on New Originals and Oriental Copies of Gentile Bellini found in the East.' The frontispiece shows a copy of a Bellini portrait by a famous Persian miniaturist, Behzad. The differences between the traditions of East and West, further shown by other reproductions, are of great interest. Mr. Claude Phillips continues his expert criticism of the Italian pictures in the Salting Collection. This article is admirably illustrated, as, indeed, it deserves to be. Ancient Peruvian Pottery,' by Dr. C. H. Read, is an excursion into a little-known subject, which, to judge from the specimens reproduced, fully deserves further attention. Mr. Roger Fry's article on The Sculptures of Maillol' introduces to us a sculptor from Provence who has different artistic aims from those of the dominating Rodin. He is the artist of repose, as Rodin is of violent

action. 'A Newly Discovered Picture by Jacob Ruisdael' shows that at the sale of the rather miscellaneous and generally depreciated pictures belonging to the Erle-Drax Collection a landscape catalogued as by T. Rombouts was secured, and discovered, after cleaning, to bear Ruisdael's. signature and the date 1660.

There are, as usual, several interesting notes on various points, but the outstanding feature of the number is the wealth of illustrations, which add much to the critical comments.

BOOKSELLERS' CATALOGUES.-APRIL.

MR. P. M. BARNARD'S Tunbridge Wells Catalogue 35 is devoted to Eighteenth-Century History and Literature. The works are moderately priced, and Addison, Akenside, Burke, Defoe, Garrick, Pope, Sheridan, Swift, and others are represented. There are many first editions.

Mr. Barnard also sends No. 8 of his Manchester Series. It opens with Alpine Books, followed by America and the West Indies. It also contains a good general list. Among specialities we note a collection of 26 Lewis Carroll items, mostly privately printed, including An Easter Greeting for every one who loves Alice,' On Catching Cold,' The Alphabet Cipher,' &c., half-calf, 51. 58. Mr. Barnard's catalogues are so scholarly that it is surprising to find the author's name twice misprinted "Dodson." Under Lamb is the first American edition of Elia' (published five years before the English edition), a fine copy with the leaf of advertisements at end, 1828, 51. 5s. Under Shelley is the first edition, in original boards, of The Masque of Anarchy, 1832, and with it there is joined a coloured print of the Peterloo Massacre, 4l. 48.

Messrs. S. Drayton & Sons, of Exeter, send No 212 is a Brief Catalogues 212, 213, and 214. List of Second-Hand Books; 213 is a Clearance Theological Catalogue; and 214 a Brief List of Educational Books, all at low prices.

Mr. Francis Edwards's Catalogue 303 has a number of books from the library of Charles Kingsley, many with his book-plate. We note Berkeley's Works and Darwin's Descent of Man." Mill's Dissertations' is the copy referred to in Kingsley's Letters and Memoirs.' The copy of Mill's

Political Economy' is copiously annotated, and these MS. notes synchronize with Kingsley's active interest in Chartism and the working classes, 2 vols., 8vo, cloth, 1849, 27. 10s. Under Froude is Carlyle, the First Forty Years,' 2 vols., 17. 15s., a presentation copy with letter which shows in a few words the views of Froude as to his history of Carlyle: "I take no pleasure The bequest to me has brought with it in it. little but perplexity and vexation, has cost me many friends, and has probably shadowed over There is also a what remains to me of life." presentation copy to Mrs. Kingsley of Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle,' 1883, 21.

Under

The general portion, as in all Mr. Edwards's catalogues, is full of items of interest. America is Dudley's (Duke of Northumberland's) 'Arcano del Mare, Libri Sei,' Books I. to IV. (should be six), with 82 maps and plates of ships, navigating instruments, &c., in one thick volume,