be able to speak the English language, and that he must write his own name in making his declaration of intention to become a citizen, and in his petition for citizenship.

Anarchists Excluded.

The American people believe in the preservation of law and order in society by means of organized government sustained by the loyalty and intelligence of all good citizens. Those who oppose this principle are not welcome to the country, nor to citizenship.

The latest immigation law, which was passed February 20, 1907, taking effect July 1, 1907, excludes from admission into the United States "anarchists, or persons who believe in or advocate the overthrow, by force or violence, of the government of the United States, or of all government, or of all forms of law, or the assassination of public officials;" and the same act provides that "no person who disbelieves in or who is opposed to all organized government, or who is a member of or affiliated with any organization entertaining and teaching such disbelief in or opposition to all organized government, or who advocates or teaches the duty, necessity, or propriety of the unlawful assaulting or killing of any officer or officers, either of specific individuals or of officers generally, of the government of the United States, or of any other organized government, because of his or their official character, shall be permitted to enter the United States or any territory or place subject to the jurisdiction thereof."

By the naturalization law of 1906 no such person can be naturalized or admitted to citizenship, and by the same law an applicant for citizenship must state in his declaration of intention to become a citizen, and in his petition for citizenship, that he is not an anarchist and is not a disbeliever in organized government.

Expatriation.

The American people believe that any person anywhere in the world has the right to change his residence, and remove to another country, and become a citizen thereof. The national Congress has declared this principle, and it is set forth in the following terms in section 1999 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1269):

"Whereas, the right of expatriation is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; and whereas in the recognition of this principle this government has freely received emigrants from all nations, and invested them with the rights of citizenship; and whereas it is claimed that such American citizens, with their descendants, are subjects of foreign states, owing allegiance to the governments thereof; and whereas it is necessary to the maintenance of public peace that this claim of foreign allegiance should be promptly and finally disavowed; therefore any declaration, instruction, opinion, order, or decision of any officer of the United States which denies, restricts, impairs, or questions the right of expatriation is declared inconsistent with the fundamental principles of the Republic."

Having admitted a foreigner to citizenship, the nation is logically bound to protect him in the same manner and to the same extent as if he were a native citizen. This policy is expressed in the next section of the Revised Statutes (2000), which provides that "all naturalized citizens of the United States, while in foreign countries, are entitled to and shall receive from this government the same protection of persons and property which is accorded to native-born citizens."

But the naturalized citizen is under some obligations to the nation whose society he has sought and whose protec

tion he has received. He is not entitled perpetually to absent himself from the country, and thereby enjoy the benefits and protection of American citizenship while neglecting to perform its duties. The act of Congress passed on the 2d of March, 1907, relating to expatriation, provides that an "American citizen shall be deemed to have expatriated himself when he has been naturalized in any foreign state in conformity with its laws, or when he has taken an oath of allegiance to any foreign state;" and also that "when a naturalized citizen shall have resided for two years in the foreign state from which he came, or for five years in any other foreign state, it shall be presumed that he has ceased to be an American citizen, and the place of his general abode shall be deemed his place of residence during said years; provided, however, that such presumption may be overcome on the presentation of satisfactory evidence to a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States, under such rules and regulations as the Department of State may prescribe; and provided, also, that no American citizen shall be allowed to expatriate himself when this country is at war."

For the full text of the expatriation law, see post, 210.

Our Island Possessions-The Hawaiian Islands.

The Hawaiian Islands were annexed to the United States under a joint resolution of Congress adopted on the 7th of July, 1898, accepting the proposed transfer and cession of the islands by the government of the Republic of Hawaii. The islands thereupon became a part of the territory of the United States. By an act approved April 30, 1900 (31 Stat. at L. 141, chap. 339), Congress provided a form of government for the islands. The act contains, with many other things, the provision that “all persons who were citizens of the Republic of Hawaii on

August 12, 1898, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States and citizens of the territory of Hawaii. And all citizens of the United States resident in the Hawaiian Islands, who were resident there on or since August 12, 1898, and all the citizens of the United States who shall hereafter reside in the territory of Hawaii for one year, shall be citizens of the territory of Hawaii.”

Legal proceedings were required to be in the English language. Voters must be male citizens of the United States, residents of the territory one year, twenty-one years of age, and able to "speak, read, and write the English or Hawaiian language."

It will be seen that persons who were citizens of the Republic of Hawaii on the date named in the act, August 12, 1898, became citizens of the United States by virtue of the act, and did not need a formal naturalization. A similar result followed from the annexation of the Republic of Texas, in 1845. By the Constitution of Texas adopted under the authority of a resolution of Congress annexing the Republic, and which Constitution was ratified by Congress in December, 1845, every free male person who had attained the age of twenty-one years, and who was a citizen of the United States, or who was, at the time of the adoption of the state Constitution by the Congress of the United States, a citizen of the Republic of Texas, or who had then resided in the state six months, was declared to be a qualified voter. Here citizens of the Republic were placed on the same footing as citizens of the United States.

-Porto Rico.

Porto Rico was annexed to the United States by a treaty with Spain concluded December 10, 1898. A scheme of government for the island was enacted by

Congress on the 12th of April, 1900. The act declared that all inhabitants continuing to reside in Porto Rico, who were Spanish subjects on the 11th day of April, 1899, and then resided in Porto Rico, and their children born subsequent thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens of Porto Rico, and as such entitled to the protection of the United States. But they were not declared to be citizens of the United States.

-Philippine Islands.

The Philippine Islands were ceded by Spain to the United States by the same treaty. An act for the government of the islands, passed July 1, 1902, substantially repeated the provisions contained in the Porto Rico act as to citizens.

Citizens of Porto Rico and of the Philippine Islands, and residents of other outside possessions, may become citizens of the United States by the naturalization law of 1906 (34 Stat. at L. 606, chap. 3592), which provides (830):

"All the applicable provisions of the naturalization laws of the United States shall apply to and be held to authorize the admission to citizenship of all persons not citizens who owe permanent allegiance to the United States, or who may become residents of any state or organized territory of the United States, with the following modifications: The applicant shall not be required to renounce allegiance to any foreign sovereignty; he shall make his declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States at least two years prior to his admission; and residence within the jurisdiction of the United States, owing such permanent allegiance, shall be regarded as residence within the United States within the meaning of the five years' residence clause of the existing law."