GENERAL EXPLANATION OF TABLES.

Persons of native birth have been divided into two general groups and further subdivided under each of the two, as follows:

1. Native-born of native father.

Persons under this group are classified as White, Negro, Indian, Chinese, Hindu, Japanese, and Korean.

2. Native-born of foreign father.

Persons under this group are further classified according to race of father in all tables where the data were secured for households, and according to country of birth of father in all tables where the data were secured for employees. Where classification is by race of father the classification used for several years by the United States Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization is followed.

Persons of foreign birth are classified according to race (or people). The classification of the United States Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization is followed.

In the study of households information is presented

1. By general nativity and race of the "individual” in all tables which show facts which are personal in their nature, such as Englishspeaking, occupation, or conjugal condition.

2. By general nativity and race of "head of family " in tables concerned with family matters; for example, family income.

3. By general nativity and race of "head of household" in all tables dealing with living conditions, among which are tables showing the composition of the household and the number of persons per room and per sleeping room. The distinction which has been made throughout this study between "family" and "household " is dependent upon the use of the term "apartment."

An "apartment" is a room or rooms within which all the usual daily processes of living, namely, cooking, eating, and sleeping, are carried on by the occupants. According to this definition an apartment may be, for example, a whole house; or it may be a single room of what was originally intended as an apartment; or it may be a corner or a wareroom or the back of a storeroom partitioned off and set aside for household uses. Two or more groups of occupants with distinctly separate money interests frequently rent a number of rooms jointly, occupying certain rooms separately but sharing one or more, usually the kitchen, or kitchen and living room. Under these conditions neither the rooms used by the one group of occupants nor those used by the other can be considered an apartment, since the room used in common must in such case be considered a room in each apartment and thus be counted twice. Where these conditions have been encountered the entire number of rooms has been considered one apartment.

The "household " includes all persons living within an apartment without regard to the relationships which exist among them. The

household may consist of one or more families with or without boarders or lodgers; or it may consist of a group of persons living together, no family included; or it may consist of various combinations of families," groups," and boarders or lodgers.

The term "family" as used throughout these tables refers in general to the immediate family composed of husband, wife, and children. Groups of persons among whom none of these relations exist are not considered families. Households in which complicated relationships exist have been resolved into the component immediate families. Remnants of families maintaining a home are considered families when either husband or wife is present.

The general tables show results of two practically independent studies, as follows:

STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.

All tables headed "Study of households" are based on information from the schedule which was filled out for certain selected households in each of the several communities. Names and addresses were secured of employees in a given industry who were heads of households; and for each such household a schedule was filled out by an agent of this Commission who visited the apartment and secured detailed information, so far as possible, for every occu pant, as well as data in regard to family and household organization and status at the time of the visit.

STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.

The general tables headed "Study of employees" present data from the schedule relating only to the individual employee. This schedule was filled out by the employee himself or by some one detailed by the employer to the task to whom the employee furnished data. The general tables of this series therefore concern the history and present status of the employee, while the other series, as has been stated, presents data not only for certain of the employees, but also for members of their households. All data included under the "Study of employees " are tabulated by sex and by the general nativ ity and race of the individual. For the native-born of foreign father the classification is by country of birth of father and not by race of father.

DESCRIPTION OF TABLES.

Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 1, 14, 27, and 40.-These tables enumerate the employees for whom data were secured for the "Study of employees." "The enumeration is by general nativity and race of employee.

Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race: Study of employees. Tables 2, 15, 28, and 41.-All foreign-born employees who report the num ber of years since their first arrival in the United States are here classified as in the United States under one year, one year, two years, three years, four years, five to nine years, ten to fourteen years, fifteen to nineteen years, or twenty years or over.

Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States, by race: Study of employees. Tables 3, 16, 29, and 42.-In these tables are shown the number of foreign-born employees who just prior to coming to the United States were in the same industry in which they were employed at the time of the investigation, in farming or farm labor, in general labor, etc. Persons who report their occupation as "none," "at home," or "at school" are excluded from these tables.

Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 4, 17, 30, and 43.-Employees are here classified according to the amount of their earnings. In some industries earnings are reported by the week, and in others by the day. Where employment is on the time basis the data are for "rate of pay "; where employment is on the piece basis the data are for "earnings."

Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 5, 18, 31, and 44.-These tables are similar to Tables 4, 17, 30, and 43, relating to earnings of males 18 years of age or over. In practically all industries the number of employees under 14 was too small for tabulation.

Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 6, 19, 32, and 45.-These tables show the number of employees who read some language and the number who both read and write some language.

Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups, and general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 7, 20, 33, and 46.For the purposes of these tables employees of each sex are divided into four age groups-16 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years, and 45 years or over-and are further classified according to whether they are single, married, or widowed. With the widowed are included the relatively few persons who are divorced or deserted.

Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband: Study of employees. Tables 8, 21, 34, and 47.-These tables show the number of foreign-born married employees who report wife in the United States and the number who report wife abroad. The tabulation is by the race of the employee.

Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States, and race: Study of employees. Tables 9, 22, 35, and 48.-Employees are here classified according to the number of years since their first arrival in the United States. The classes are: Under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, and 10 years or over. Under each group employees are classified according to whether they have made no visit or one, two, or three or more visits abroad.

Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 10, 23, 36, and 49.-Employees are here classified according to age, by years if between 14 and 19 years of age, and by year groups if 20 years of age or over.

Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of resi48296°-VOL 18-11- -31

dence: Study of employees. Tables 11, 24, 37, and 50.-These tables include only foreign-born employees who were 21 years of age or over at the time of their first arrival in the United States and who have been in the United States long enough to acquire citizenship. These persons are classified as in the United States 5 to 9 years and 10 years or over and are further classified under each year group as aliens, citizens, and persons with only their first papers.

Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race: Study of employees. Tables 12, 25, 38, and 51.-These tables classify foreign-born employees of non-English-speaking races according to whether they were under 14 years of age or 14 years of age or over at the time of their first arrival in the United States, and show the number in each of the two groups who are able to speak English.

Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race: Study of employees. Tables 13, 26, 39, and 52.-These tables classify foreign-born employees of non-Englishspeaking races according to the number of years since their first arrival in the United States. The classes are: Under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, and 10 years or over. Under each group the number able to speak English is shown.