Protection to 34 of this principle this Government has freely received emigra nations, and invested them with the rights of citizenship; a it is claimed that such American citizens, with their desce subjects of foreign states, owing allegiance to the governme and whereas it is necessary to the maintenance of public pea claim of foreign allegiance should be promptly and finally Therefore any declaration, instruction, opinion, order, or dec officer of the United States which denies, restricts, impairs, c the right of expatriation, is declared inconsistent with the f principles of the Republic. SEC. 2000. All naturalized citizens of the United States, w naturalized citi- eign countries, are entitled to and shall receive from this G zens in foreign the same protection of persons and property which is accorde states. demanded. born citizens. Release of citi- SEC. 2001. Whenever it is made known to the President th zens imprisoned by foreign gov zen of the United States has been unjustly deprived of his li ernments to be under the authority of any foreign government, it shall be the President forthwith to demand of that government the such imprisonment; and if it appears to be wrongful and i of the rights of American citizenship, the President shall demand the release of such citizen, and if the release so dema reasonably delayed or refused, the President shall use such amounting to acts of war, as he may think necessary and obtain or effectuate the release; and all the facts and procee tive thereto shall as soon as practicable be communicated by dent to Congress. Title 70, Chap. 5. ization. Using false certificate of citizenship, &c. SEC. 5424. Every person applying to be admitted a citizen, False personaing as a witness for any such person, who knowingly perso tion, &c., in pro- other person than himself, or falsely appears in the name of curing natural person, or in an assumed or fictitious name, or falsely makes. counterfeits any oath, notice, affidavit, certificate, order, reco ture, or other instrument, paper, or proceeding required or a by any law relating to or providing for the naturalization of who utters, sells, disposes of, or uses as true or genuine, or fo lawful purpose, any false, forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit oa certificate, order, record, signature, instrument, paper, or p above specified; or sells or disposes of to any person other tha son for whom it was originally issued any certificate of citiz certificate showing any person to be admitted a citizen, sha ished by imprisonment at hard labor not less than one year, than five years, or by a fine of not less than three hundred nor one thousand dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment. SEC. 5425. Every person who uses, or attempts to use, o assists, or participates in the use of any certificate of citizensh ing the same to be forged, or counterfeit, or ante-dated, or kno same to have been procured by fraud or otherwise unlawfully or who, without lawful excuse, knowingly is possessed of forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit certificate of citizenship, p to have been issued under the provisions of any law of the Unit relating to naturalization, knowing such certificate to be fals ante-dated, or counterfeit, with intent unlawfully to use the obtains, accepts, or receives any certificate of citizenship know person to have been procured by fraud or by the use of any fal or by means of any false statement made with intent to procu aid in procuring, the issue of such certificate, or known to suc to be fraudulently altered or ante-dated; and every person who or may be admitted to be a citizen who, on oath or by affidavi ingly denies that he has been so admitted, with intent to evade any duty or liability imposed or required by law, shall be impri hard labor not less than one year nor more than five years, or not less than three hundred dollars nor more than one thousand or both such punishments may be imposed. right to vote. Using false cer- SEC. 5426. Every person who in any manner uses for the pu tificate, &c., as registering as a voter, or as evidence of a right to vote, or ot evidence of a unlawfully, any order, certificate of citizenship, or certificate, ju or exemplification, showing any person to be admitted to be a whether heretofore or hereafter issued or made, knowing th order or certificate, judgment, or exemplification has been un issued or made; and every person who unlawfully uses, or atte 35 use, any such order or certificate, issued to or in the name of any other SEC. 5428. Every person who knowingly uses any certificate of natu- Falsely claim- SEC. 5429. The provisions of the five preceding sections shall apply Provisions apto all proceedings had or taken, or attempted to be had or taken, before plicable to all any court in which any proceeding for naturalization may be commenced courts of naturalor attempted to be cominenced. [See §§ 2165–2174, NATURALIZATION.] Sec. ization. CIVIL ENGINEERS AND NAVAL STORE-KEEPERS. 1413. Civil engineers and store-keepers at navy- 1414. Store-keepers on foreign stations. 1438. Officers to act as store-keepers on foreign 1439. Bonds of. SEC. 1413. The President, by and with the advice and consent of the Title 15, Chap. 1. Senate, may appoint a civil engineer and a naval store-keeper at each of the navy-yards where such officers may be necessary. Civil engineers and store-keepers at navy-yards. Store-keepers tions. SEC. 1414. The Secretary of the Navy may appoint citizens who are not officers of the Navy to be store-keepers on foreign stations, when on foreign ́stasuitable officers of the Navy cannot be ordered on such service, or when, in his opinion, the public interest will be thereby promoted. [Sec. 1568.] SEC. 1415. Every person who is appointed store-keeper under the provisions of the preceding section shall be required to give a bond, in bond. such amount as may be fixed by the Secretary of the Navy, for the faithful performance of his duty. Store-keeper's as store-keepers SEC. 1438. The Secretary of the Navy shall order a suitable commis- Title 15, Chap. 2. sioned or warrant officer of the Navy, except in the case provided in Officers to act section fourteen hundred and fourteen, to take charge of the naval stores for foreign squadrons at each of the foreign stations where such on foreign stastores may be deposited, and where a store-keeper may be necessary. SEC. 1439. Every officer so acting as store-keeper on a foreign station shall be required to give a bond, in such amount as may be fixed by the Secretary of the Navy, for the faithful performance of his duty. tions. Bonds of. SEC. 1478. Civil engineers shall have such relative rank as the Presi- Title 15, Chap. 4. dent may fix. Rank of civil engineers. SEC. 1527. The store-keeper at the Naval Academy shall be detailed Title 15, Chap. 5. from the Paymasters' Corps, and shall have authority, with the approval Store-keeper at of the Secretary of the Navy, to procure clothing and other necessaries the Academy. for the midshipmen and cadet engineers in the same manner as supplies are furnished to the Navy to be issued under such regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Navy. SEC. 1556. * * # Civil engineers during the first five years after Title 15, Chap. 8. date of appointment, when on duty, two thousand four hundred dollars; Pay of civil on leave or waiting orders, one thousand five hundred dollars; during engineers. 36 the second five years after such date, when on duty, two thousand se hundred dollars; on leave or waiting orders, one thousand eight 1 dred dollars; during the third five years after such date, when on d three thousand dollars; on leave or waiting orders, two thousand hundred dollars; after fifteen years from such date, when on duty, tl thousand five hundred dollars; on leave or waiting orders, two th sand six hundred dollars. Officers serving SEC. 1567. Officers who are ordered to take charge of naval stores as store-keepers foreign squadrons, in the place of naval store-keepers, shall be enti on foreign stations. to receive, while so employed, the shore-duty pay of their grades ; when the same is less than fifteen hundred dollars a year, they may allowed compensation, including such shore-duty pay, at a rate not ceeding fifteen hundred dollars a year. Civilians, store SEC. 1568. Civilians appointed as store-keepers on foreign stati keepers on for- shall receive compensation for such services, at a rate not exceed eign stations. fifteen hundred dollars a year. Title 24. Equal rights under the law. Sec. 1990. Peonage abolished. 1991. Foregoing section, how enforced. 5517. Marshal refusing to execute process. SEC. 1977. All persons within the jurisdiction of the United Sta shall have the same right in every State and' Territory to make a enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full a equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons a property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to li punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of eve kind, and to no other. Rights of citiSEC. 1978. All citizens of the United States shall have the same rig zens in respect to in every State and Territory, as is enjoyed by white citizens thereof real and personal inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal pro property. Civil action for erty. SEC. 1979. Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinand deprivation of regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory, subjects, rights. causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other pers within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, priv leges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be li ble to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or oth proper proceeding for redress. [See §§ 563, 629, R. S. Secs. 563-6 relate to jurisdiction.] Conspiracy. SEC. 1980. First. If two or more persons in any State or Territory co spire to prevent, by force, intimidation, or threat, any person fro accepting or holding any office, trust, or place of confidence under th United States, or from discharging any duties thereof; or to induce b like means any officer of the United States to leave any State, distric or place, where his duties as an officer are required to be performed, to injure him in his person or property on account of his lawful discharg of the duties of his office, or while engaged in the lawful discharge thereo or to injure his property so as to molest, interrupt, hinder, or impede hi in the discharge of his official duties; Second. If two or more persons in any State or Territory conspire t deter, by force, intimidation, or threat, any party or witness in any cour of the United States from attending such court, or from testifying t any matter pending therein, freely, fully, and truthfully, or to injur such party or witness in his person or property on account of his having so attended or testified, or to influence the verdict, presentment, o indictment of any grand or petit juror in any such court, or to injur such juror in his person or property on account of any verdict, present ment, or indictment lawfully assented to by him, or of his being or hav ing been such juror; or if two or more persons conspire for the purpose of impeding, hindering, obstructing, or defeating, in any manner, the due course of justice in any State or Territory, with intent to deny to any citizen the equal protection of the laws, or to injure him or his property for lawfully enforcing, or attempting to enforce, the right of any person, or class of persons, to the equal protection of the laws; Third. If two or more persons in any State or Territory conspire, or go in disguise on the highway or on the premises of another, for the purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws; or for the purpose of preventing or hindering the constituted authorities of any State or Territory from giving or securing to all persons within such State or Territory the equal protection of the laws; or if two or more persons conspire to prevent by force, intimidation, or threat, any citizen who is lawfully entitled to vote, from giving his support or advocacy in a legal manner, toward or in favor of the election of any lawfully qualified person as an elector for President or Vice-President, or as a member of Congress of the United States; or to injure any citizen in person or property on account of such support or advocacy; in any case of conspiracy set forth in this section, if one or more persons engaged therein do, or cause to be done, any act in furtherance of the object of such conspiracy, whereby another is injured in his person or property, or deprived of having and exercising any right or privilege of a citizen of the United States, the party so injured or deprived may have an action for the recovery of damages, occasioned by such injury or deprivation, against any one or more of the conspirators. [See § 563, 629, R. S.] SEC. 1981. Every person who, having knowledge that any of the Action for neg. wrongs conspired to be done, and mentioned in the preceding section, lect to prevent are about to be committed, and having power to prevent or aid in pre- conspiracy. venting the commission of the same, neglects or refuses so to do, if such wrongful act be committed, shall be liable to the party injured, or his legal representatives, for all damages caused by such wrongful act, which such person by reasonable diligence could have prevented; and such damages may be recovered in an action on the case; and any number of persons guilty of such wrongful neglect or refusal may be joined as defendants in the action; and if the death of any party be caused by any such wrongful act and neglect, the legal representatives of the deceased shall have such action therefor, and may recover not exceeding five thousand dollars damages therein, for the benefit of the widow of the deceased, if there be one, and if there be no widow, then for the benefit of the next of kin of the deceased.. But no action under the provisions of this section shall be sustained which is not commenced within one year after the cause of action has accrued. [See § 629, R. S.] [Secs. 1982 to 1988 relate to the duties of district attorneys, commissioners, &c.] forces. SEC. 1989. It shall be lawful for the President of the United States, Aid of the mili or such person as he may empower for that purpose, to employ such tary and naval part of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as may be necessary to aid in the execution of judicial process issued under any of the preceding provisions, or as shall be necessary to prevent the violation and enforce the due execution of the provisions of this Title. ished. SEC. 1990. The holding of any person to service or labor under the Peonage abolsystem known as peonage is abolished and forever prohibited in the Territory of New Mexico, or in any other Territory or State of the United States; and all acts, laws, resolutions, orders, regulations, or usages of the Territory of New Mexico, or of any other Territory or State, which have heretofore established, maintained, or enforced, or by virtue of which any attempt shall hereafter be made to establish, maintain, or enforce, directly or indirectly, the voluntary or involuntary service or labor of any persons as peons, in liquidation of any debt or obligation, or otherwise, are declared null and void. SEC. 1991. Every person in the military or civil service in the Terri- Foregoing sectory of New Mexico shall aid in the enforcement of the preceding tion, how section. forced. en. SEC. 5516. Every person who willfully obstructs, hinders, or prevents Title 70, Chap. 7. any officer or other person charged with the execution of any warrant Obstructing or process issued under the provisions of sections nineteen hundred and execution of proeighty-four and nineteen hundred and eighty-five, Title "CIVIL RIGHTS," cess in civil or any person lawfully assisting him, from arresting any person for rights cases, &c. whose apprehension such warrant or process may have been issued; or Marshal refusing to receive or execute process. rescues, or attempts to rescue, such person from the custody of the officer or other person lawfully assisting when so arrested, pursuant to the authority herein given; or aids, abets, or assists any person so arrested, directly or indirectly, to escape from the custody of the officer or other person legally authorized to arrest the party; or harbors or conceals any person for whose arrest a warrant or process has been issued, so as to prevent his discovery and arrest, after notice or knowledge of the fact that a warrant has been issued for the apprehension of such person, shall, for any of such offenses, be subject to a fine of not more than one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not more than six months, or both. SEC. 5517. Every marshal and deputy marshal who refuses to receive any warrant or other process when tendered to him, issued in pursuance of the provisions of section nineteen hundred and eighty-five, Title "CIVIL RIGHTS," or refuses or neglects to use all proper means diligently to execute the same, shall be liable to a fine in the sum of one thousand dollars, for the benefit of the party aggrieved thereby. An act to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights. Whereas, it is essential to just government we recognize the equality of all men before the law, and hold that it is the duty of government in its dealings with the people to mete out equal and exact justice to all, of whatever nativity, race, color, or persuasion, religious or political; and it being the appropriate object of legislation to enact great fundamental principles into law: Therefore, March 1, 1875. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Equal enjoyStates of America in Congress assembled, That all persons within the ment of inns, jurisdiction of the United States shall be entitled to the full and equal public convey enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges ances, theaters, of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement; subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of every race and color, regardless of any previous condition of servitude. &c. &c. Forfeit to perSEC. 2. That any person who shall violate the foregoing section by son aggrieved by denying to any citizen, except for reasons by law applicable to citizens denial of equal enjoyment of inns, of every race and color, and regardless of any previous condition of servitude, the full enjoyment of any of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, or privileges in said section enumerated, or by aiding or inciting such denial, shall, for every such offense, forfeit and pay the sum of five hundred dollars to the person aggrieved thereby, to be recovered in an action of debt, with full costs; and shall also, for every such offense, Punishment for be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall denying, &c. be fined not less than five hundred nor more than one thousand dollars, or shall be imprisoned not less than thirty days nor more than one year: Election of Provided, That all persons may elect to sue for the penalty aforesaid or to proceed under their rights at common law and by State statutes; and having so elected to proceed in the one mode or the other, their right to proceed in the other jurisdiction shall be barred. But this proviso shall not apply to criminal proceedings, either under this act or the criminal Effect of recov- law of any State: And provided further, That a judgment for the penalty in favor of the party aggrieved, or a judgment upon an indictment, shall be a bar to either prosecution respectively. remedies. cries. Jurisdiction of act. SEC. 3. That the district and circuit courts of the United States shall courts under this have, exclusively of the courts of the several States, cognizance of all crimes and offenses against, and violations of, the provisions of this act; and actions for the penalty given by the preceding section may be prosecuted in the territorial, district, or circuit courts of the United States wherever the defendant may be found, without regard to the other party; Duty of dis- and the district attorneys, marshals, and deputy marshals of the United trict attorneys, States, and commissioners appointed by the circuit and territorial courts marshals, and commissioners of the United States, with powers of arresting and imprisoning or bailunder this act. ing offenders against the laws of the United States, are hereby specially authorized and required to institute proceedings against every person who shall violate the provisions of this act, and cause him to be arrested and imprisoned or bailed, as the case may be, for trial before such court of the United States, or territorial court, as by law has cognizance of the offense, except in respect of the right of action accruing to the per |