New Beverley (soon renamed Burlington) was established, becoming a center of settlement. It was made the capital of West Jersey in 1693.

In 1681 the assembly, with the governor appointed by the proprietors, framed a new government for West Jersey, on the general principles of the "Concessions."

There was to be a governor and council, and a general assembly of representatives of the people. The general assembly had the power to make laws, to levy taxes, and to appoint officers. Liberty of conscience was allowed, and no persons were rendered incapable of office in respect of their faith and worship.

West Jersey continued to be governed in this manner until the surrender of the proprietary government to the Crown.

Carteret died in 1679, and, being sole proprietor of East Jersey, by his will he ordered it to be sold for payment of his debts; and it was accordingly sold to William Penn and eleven others, who were called the Twelve Proprietors. They afterwards took twelve more into proprietorship. Perth Amboy was made the capital of East Jersey in 1686.

Very serious dissensions soon arose between the two provinces, as well as between them and New York, which threatened the most serious calamities. A quo warranto was ordered by the Crown, in 1686, to be issued against both provinces. East Jersey immediately offered to be annexed to West Jersey, and to submit to a governor appointed by the Crown. Soon afterwards the Crown ordered the two Jerseys to be annexed to New England, and the proprietors of East Jersey made a formal surrender of its patent, praying only for a new grant, securing their right of soil. Before

this request could be granted, the Revolution of 1688 took place, and they passed under the allegiance of a new sovereign.

From this period, both of these provinces were in a state of great confusion and distraction; and remained so, until the proprietors of both made a formal surrender of all their powers of government, but not of their lands, to Queen Anne, in April, 1702. The Queen immediately reunited both provinces into one province, and by commission appointed a governor over them.

The legislature met alternately at Burlington and Perth Amboy until 1790, when Trenton was selected as the capital of the State.

Slavery (Indian and Negro) had been introduced by the Dutch and Swedes, and was legally recognized by the English on their occupation. East New Jersey enacted a fugitive slave law in 1675.

Various early settle

Settlement of Pennsylvania. ments were made, as we have seen, by the Dutch and Swedes on the western bank of the Delaware, or South River. The ascendency was finally obtained under a charter of 1664 to the Duke of York. The plantation, however, continued in a feeble state until 1681, when William Penn obtained a patent from Charles II. by which he became the proprietary.

After framing his "Concessions" for the government of West Jersey, Penn had become absorbed in affairs at home. He made another missionary trip to Holland and Germany in 1677, and, on his return to England, twice addressed a committee of Parliament to secure the insertion in a bill for the relief of Protestant dissenters of a clause enabling the Friends to affirm instead of taking an oath in legal procedure. This would have been inserted, but the bill was not presented owing to

the sudden proroguing of Parliament by Charles II., in compliance with the demand of Louis XIV. as a condition of the grant of a pension to the English king by the French monarch.

Meanwhile the agitation against the "Popish Plot," which was fomented by the extreme Protestants in order to exclude the Roman Catholic Duke of York from succession to the Crown, had thrown the country into a panic, and there came a reaction against the toleration, even among Protestant dissenters, who were willing to stay under the ban lest the disabilitites of the Catholics be removed with their own. Penn wrote treatises pleading for pure tolerance, and for the reform of Parliament by impeaching corrupt ministers, punishing members suborned to vote for ministerial measures, and holding frequent sessions of the national legislature. He also actively aided in the repeated elections of Algernon Sidney, the champion of civil rights, only to see Sidney debarred from his seat by court influence.

With the cause of toleration blocked for the time, Penn's thoughts again turned to America, and he asked from the privy council of the Crown, in repayment of the claim he had inherited from his father against it, the grant of the territory north of Maryland and west of West Jersey. Disputes with the Duke of York and with Lord Baltimore delayed the grant until March 14, 1681, when it received the royal signature. Penn desired to give the province the name "Sylvania," whereto the king prefixed "Penn," in honor, he said, of Penn's father, his loyal subject, the Admiral.

By the charter for Pennsylvania Penn was made governor, with a right to form whatever government he saw fit under the following conditions:

Laws should not be repugnant to English law; appeal from them might he had to the Crown; Parliament was supreme in questions of trade; the right to levy taxes and customs was reserved to England; Penn was to keep an agent in London; neglect by Penn to fulfil the conditions would cause reversion of the grant to the Crown (this, as we shall see, occurred in 1692); and no communication was to be had with countries at war with England; Anglican ministers were to be appointed by the Bishop of London should twenty colonists desire it, a condition inserted on demand of the Bishop which Penn was forced to accept, doing so most reluctantly, since it contained the principle of church establishment, to afford dissenters an escape from which Penn was founding the colony.

Appointing Colonel William Markham, his cousin, as his deputy, and sending him with three commissioners to Pennsylvania to manage affairs till his own arrival, Penn began to promote colonization from England and Germany by publishing accounts of the resources of the country. His work was very effective, twenty thousand acres being sold to prospective settlers, for Penn refused to encourage speculation among nonresidents by granting monopolies. He drew up a constitution, "Conditions and Concessions, which contained some of the principles of James Harrington's utopian book on government, Oceana, published in 1656. It is also said that Algernon Sidney aided him in the composition of the plan.

This provided for a council of seventy-two members, elected by the people every three years, and one third of whom retired each year, and for an assembly elected annually. No qualifications were prescribed for electors.

Penn came over with a company late in 1682. He convened the assembly at Upland, a Swedish settlement

which he renamed Chester, and it passed the "Great Law of Pennsylvania" incorporating Penn's ideas of freedom and tolerance. In November, 1683, Penn made a treaty with the Indians, purchasing their lands. Philadelphia was founded as the capital, and in two years it contained 2500 inhabitants. Germantown near by was shortly settled by a body of Penn's proselytes from Germany. They declared that it was wicked for Christians to hold slaves, and their influence subsequently made Philadelphia the center of the abolition movement.

In 1684, Penn returned to England and used the great influence he had now acquired to restore the philosopher John Locke, who had been dismissed from Oxford by Charles II. for his political views, and to release twelve hundred imprisoned Quakers. He vehemently opposed the cruelty of Jeff, the judge at the "Bloody Assizes" following Monmouth's Rebellion. He wrote more books on toleration, and, in 1687, upon publication of the "Declaration of Indulgence" by James II., he drew up the address of thanks by the Quakers. At the Revolution of 1688 he spoke boldly before the privy council in James's behalf. In 1690, he was proclaimed by Queen Mary, in the absence of the king, as a dangerous person, but no steps were taken against him.

While in Pennsylvania Penn had written an attractive account of the region from his own observation. He supplemented this and disseminated the two publications widely, to the increase of colonists.

Meanwhile things were not running smoothly in Pennsylvania. The council and the assembly were at odds, and Penn did not receive his rents. Then the Crown, already displeased with Penn, became dissat