Nature of this Right-Who shall be considered as capable of exercising it-Where the Transitus may be said to be continuing-Where determined-How far the I. Definition Of the Remedies in the Common Law Courts for the Recovery of Tithes or the Value II. Debt on Stat. 2 & 3 Edw. 6. c. 13. for not setting out Tithes-Of the Provisions of the Statute, and the Construction thereof-Of the Persons to whom Tithes are due Of the Persons by whom and against whom an Action on the Statute may be I. Of the Nature and Foundation of the Action of Trover, and in what Cases such Action may be maintained II. By whom and against whom Trover may be maintained III. The Declaration-Plea, and herein of the New Rules -Defence, and herein of the the Doctrine of Liens- CHAP. XVIII. EJECTMENT. I. Of the Nature of the Action of Ejectment. IV. In what Cases previous Steps must be taken, before V. In what Cases a Notice to Quit must be given before Ejectment brought-Requisites of Notice-Waver of Notice Where Notice is not required. VI. Of the Mode of Proceeding in Ejectment, and herein of the Declaration. VII. Of the Service of Declaration. VIII. Of the subsequent Proceedings-Judgment against casual Ejector-Appearance of Defendant-Con sent Rule-Stat. 11. G. 2. c. 19. s. 13. enabling Landlord to defend. IX. Of the Proceedings in Ejectment, directed by Stat. 4. G. 2. c. 28. s. 2. in order to obviate the Difficulties attending Re-entries at Common Law, for NonPayment of Rent Arrear-Of the Proceedings where the Possession is vacant. X. Of the Pleadings and Defence. XI. Evidence. XII. Verdict-Judgment-Execution. XIII. Writ of Error. XIV. In what Cases a Court of Equity will restrain the Party from bringing further Ejectments, by grant ing a perpetual Injunction. XV. Of the Action of Trespass for Mesne Profits. I. Of the Nature of the Action of Ejectment. AN ejectment is a possessory action, wherein the title to lands and tenements may be tried, and the possession recovered in all cases where the party claiming title has a right of entry; whether such title be to an estate in fee, fee tail, for life, or for years. From this description it should seem, that, in strictness, this action could be maintained for the recovery of that species of property only, whereon an entry can be made. But it will be found that, in a few instances, which will be more particularly mentioned hereafter, this action has been extended beyond these limits. After the disuse of real actions (1), questions of title to land were usually tried in actions of replevin or trespass quare clausum fregit; and this practice continued, until the method of trying titles by the action of ejectio firme, was introduced (2). But in the ejectio firma, damages only could be recovered until some time between the 6th Rich. 2. and 7th Edw. 4. about which time it appears, from the year book of 7 Edw. 4. fol. 6. that it had been resolved by the judges, that the term, as well as damages, might be recovered (3). The action of ejectment now in use is formed on the plan of the ejectio firmæ, in its improved state, after it had been decided that the term might be recovered. In the action of ejectment, as was before observed, not only the title to the lands in question may be tried, but the possession also may be recovered, (1) By stat 3 & 4. Wm. 4. c. 27. s. 36. all real and mixed actions, (except a writ of right of dower, or writ of dower, unde nil habet, or a quare impedit, or an ejectment,) and plaints in the nature of any such writ or action, (except a plaint for free-bench or dower), were abolished after the 31st December, 1834. (2) In the conclusion of Alden's case, 43 Eliz. 5 Rep. 105. b. Sir E. Coke has remarked, that titles of land were at that day for the most part tried in actions of ejectio firma. (3) "Until the end of Edw. 4. the possession was not recovered in an ejectio firmæ, but only damages." Hale's H. C. L. by Runnington, Serg. Ed. 1820. p. 201. See further, on this subject, a very learned and elaborate note by the reporters in Doe d. Poole v. Errington, 1 Ad. & Ell. 756. n. I am not aware of any judgment for the recovery of the term prior to that in East. T. 14 H. 7. Rot. 303. a copy of the record of which will be found in Rastal's Entries, fol. 252. b. 253. a. ed. 1670. which circumstance renders it the most eligible mode of proceeding; inasmuch as in trespass, although the right may be ascertained, damages alone can be recovered. In the action of ejectment, indeed, the damages which are given are merely nominal: but the law has provided another remedy for the injury sustained by the party claiming title, in being kept out of possession from the time when his title accrued, to the time of recovering possession in the ejectment, viz. by an action of trespass for mesne profits; for a further account of which, see post, sect. xv. Of the Requisites to support an Ejectment.-In order to maintain ejectment, the party at whose suit it is brought, must have been in possession, or at least clothed with the right of possession, at the time of the actual or supposed oustera. Hence, this action is termed a possessory action. The party who has the legal estate in the lands in question, must prevail : hence, a party who claims under an elegitb, subsequent to a lease granted to a tenant in possession, cannot recover: although he give notice to the tenant, that he does not intend to disturb the possession, and only means to get into the receipt of the rents and profits of the estate. In the case of Lade v. Holford, Bull. N. P. 110. Ld. Mansfield, C. J. declared, "that he and many of the judges had resolved never to suffer a plaintiff, in ejectment, to be nonsuited by a term standing out in his own trustee, or a satisfied term set up by a mortgagor against a mortgagee; but that they would direct the jury to presume it surrendered." From this doctrine a conclusion has been drawn, which the case by no means warrants, viz. that a plaintiff in ejectment may recover on an equitable title. The true meaning of the resolution delivered by Lord Mansfield is, that where trustees ought to convey to the beneficial owner, it shall be left to the jury to presume that they have conveyed accordingly: or where the beneficial occupation of an estate by the possessore (under an equitable title,) induces a probability that there has been a conveyance of the legal estate to the person who is equitably entitled to it, a jury may be directed to presume a conveyance of the legal estate. An estate was devised to trustees in trust for I. S. an infant, with directions to convey the same to him on his attaining twenty-oned. In an action of ejectment, brought four years after I. S. attained twenty-one, it was holden, that a jury might be directed to presume a conveyance to a Keilw. 130.a. b Doe d. Da Costa v. Wharton, 8 T. R. 2. c Per Kenyon, C. J.7T. R. 3. and 8 T. R. 122. d England d. Syburn v. Slade, 4 T. R. €82. |