Stock. In the following table is shown the stock of manganese ore on hand at the mines December 31, 1908, in the various States:

Stock of manganese ore on hand at the mines, December 31, 1908, by States, in long tons.

Manganiferous ores.-The total production of manganiferous ores in the United States in 1908 amounted to 523,034 long tons. All of the ore, except a few hundred tons from Virginia, was mined in the Lake Superior district and in Arkansas and Colorado. Of the Colorado production, 15,973 tons, valued at $39,468, were used in the manufacture of spiegeleisen, while the rest was used for flux in the silver, lead, and copper smelters. All the ore used in steel manufacture was mined at Leadville.

The Lake Superior ores were not used for their manganese content. The following table gives the quantity, value, average price per ton, and manganese content of the manganiferous ores used in the manufacture of spiegeleisen during the years 1905-1908:

Production of Colorado manganiferous silver ores used in the manufacture of ferromanganese and spiegeleisen, 1905-1908, in long tons.

The following table gives the quantity, value, average price per ton, and manganese content of the flux ores for 1905 to 1908 in the States from which returns have been received:

Production of manganiferous ores used for fluxing or other purposes in Colorado and Arkansas, 1905-1908, in long tons.

The following table shows the total production of all kinds of manganiferous ores in the United States, as far as known. The product

of the Western States is manganiferous silver ore; that of the other States, manganiferous iron ore. The manganiferous silver ores of Colorado, used in the manufacture of spiegeleisen, are separated from those used as flux. The ores from the other Western States were used for fluxing purposes only. All the eastern ores were presumably used in the manufacture of iron-manganese alloys:

Production of manganiferous ores in the United States, 1885-1908, in long tons.

a Manganiferous silver ore used in the manufacture of spiegeleisen and ferromanganese. Manganiferous silver ore used for flux; mainly from Colorado, but in a few cases probably including other Western States.

c Contains some Montana ore.

d Georgia 195 tons, Maine 50 tons, and Vermont 481 tons.

• North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee 96 tons, and Vermont 1,000 tons.
Published as manganese ore in previous volumes of Mineral Resources.
Not recorded.
Estimated.

Manganiferous residuum from zinc roasting.-The material classed under this head is a residual product from certain zinc oxide works using New Jersey zinc ores. The crude ore consists of a mixture of franklinite, zincite, and willemite, the first being predominant. During the roasting the bulk of the zinc is removed as zinc oxide, and the residuum consists of a mass of manganese and iron oxides. This is used for the manufacture of spiegeleisen and ferromanganese. The following table shows the quantity, value, and average price per ton of manganiferous zinc residuum produced from 1905 to 1908: Production of manganiferous zinc residuum in the United States 1905-1908, in long tons.

The following table gives the production of manganiferous zinc residuum in the United States as far as has been recorded:

Production of manganiferous residuum from zinc roasting in the United States, 1889-1908,

The prices of manganese ores used in the steel industry vary from $5 to $15 per long ton, according to the grade of the ore. They are governed by the following schedule of prices established by the Carnegie Steel Company:

Schedule of prices paid per ton of 2,240 pounds for domestic manganese ore delivered at Pittsburg or Bessemer, Pa., and South Chicago, Ill.

Prices are based on ores containing not more than 8 per cent silica or 0.25 per cent phosphorus, and are subject to deductions as follows: For each 1 per cent in excess of 8 per cent silica there shall be deduction of 15 cents per ton; fractions in proportion. For each 0.02 per cent, or fraction thereof, in excess of 0.25 per cent phosphorus, there shall be a deduction of 2 cents per unit of manganese per ton.

Ores containing less than 40 per cent manganese or more than 12 per cent silica or 0.27 per cent phosphorus are subject to acceptance or refusal at the buyer's option. Settlements are based on analysis of sample dried at 212° F., the percentage of moisture in the sample as taken being deducted from the weight.

The manganese ores for oxidizing and coloring purposes are valued according to the quantity of manganese peroxide present, their consistency, etc., and prices range up to $25 per ton for the better grades of ore. Manganiferous ores used in steel manufacture and for fluxing range in price upward from $2 per ton.

IMPORTS.

During 1908 there were imported into the United States 178,203 long tons of manganese ore, valued at $1,350,223; the imports in 1907 amounted to 209,021 tons, valued at $1,793,143, a decrease in

a The manufacture of spiegeleisen from manganiferous residuum was begun in 1870, but there is no record of the tonnage of raw material used prior to 1889.

both quantity and value for the imports during 1908. On account of the small domestic production and the small portion even of this product used in making spiegeleisen and ferromanganese, the importation of foreign manganese ores is a matter of increasing importance as the iron and steel industry in this country develops. By far the larger portion of the imported manganese ore was obtained from India, where large deposits have been developed in the last few years and new ones are still being found. Brazil furnished considerable ore, and small quantities were imported from Cuba, France, Japan, and Germany.

The following tables, compiled from statistics furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor, show the imports of manganese ore into the United States from different countries and by ports of entry for 1906, 1907, and 1908:

Imports of manganese ores into the United States, 1906-1908, by countries, in long tons.

Manganese ores imported into the United States, 1906-1908, by customs districts, in long

The following table shows the total quantity of manganese ore imported into the United States, as far as has been recorded. The figures from 1868 to 1888 represent imports from Canada only; those from 1889 to the present time represent total imports.

Imports of manganese ore into the United States, 1868-1908, in long tons.

a Figures prior to 1889 represent imports from Canada only, total importations from other countries for these years not being obtainable.

This total duplicates the importation from January 1 to June 30, 1873.

WORLD'S PRODUCTION.

The following table gives the latest available statistics with regard to the world's production of manganese ore. The unit is either the long or the metric ton, except for Canada, where the short ton is used.

NEW ENGLAND AND NEW YORK.

Vermont.-Manganese ore occurs in Otter Creek valley, Vermont, near the towns of Brandon and South Wallingford. In both localities the deposits are on the west slope of the Green Mountains, at

a For detailed descriptions of deposits, see Manganese Ores: Mineral Resources U. S. for 1907, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, pp. 91-101.