respective countries in a direct tax upon land! This author estimates the monopoly of grain to cost the nation £6,000,000 a year; that of butcher's meat, £18,000,000; and that of sugar £4,000,000 a year; besides those of timber, coffee, and other articles.

DECLINE OF THE WHISKEY TRADE.

A most remarkable reduction has taken place in the demand for this article during the past twelve months. The demand was much reduced a year ago; but now it is not half what it was then. The distillers, four or five years since, were running their works night and day, pressed with the demand for whiskey, and consuming rye and corn in immense quantities; at one time four thousand five hundred bushels daily. Now the consumption is less than two thousand bushels daily, and is rapidly diminishing. There is on hand here a stock of twelve thousand barrels of whiskey, and such is the decreased demand, that there is no diminution of stock, notwithstanding the great diminution of supply. The distillers appear to be as much pleased with the change as their fellow-citizens generally. They are now reducing their work as fast as possible, so that for the next crop of coarse grain we presume the demand in this market from the distillers will not exceed one fourth of what it was at the highest point. The falling off cannot be less than a million of bushels for the year. This change cannot but have some effect on the market. Yet, on the other hand, the men who for years back have been guzzling whiskey and leaving their families half starved, will now eat bread and meat, and keep their families well fed. In a multitude of families this happy change has already taken place. The nation will not be made poor by the revolution, but rich; business will not be stagnated, but stimulated by it. No man is vicious and wasteful without causing some mischief to society, and no man is industrious and virtuous without adding something to the common aggregate of general wealth and happiness. Society does not truly thrive upon the vices and dissipations of its members, but upon their morality and general good habits. Vice will be made a mother of trade, as every thing else is; but those who make money by it are likely to contract its pollution, and so sink with those whom they pamper or rob. Virtue makes the man who practices it vigorous and comfortable, and generally gives him some property. As the wealth of a nation is the aggregate of its individual wealth, so the business of a whole people is measured by the aggregate of its industry. The loss of the whiskey business, therefore, will be a gain to the general business and wealth of the country.-Journal of Commerce.

FRAUD IN PACKING FLOUR.

A communication has been published in the Utica Democrat charging the millers in various parts of the state of New York with fraud in packing flour. It was stated that 20,000 barrels of flour were sold annually in Utica, the most of which fell short from two to twenty-two pounds per barrel. The Rochester Daily Democrat publishes the following statements from the different flour dealers of Utica, by which it will be seen that the charges of fraud are totally unsupported by facts.

Dows, Guiteau & Kissam state that they have weighed one barrel from each lot in their store, and give the following as the result of the test :

W. P. Swift & Co. weighed one barrel from each lot in store, with the following

Butler, Farnell & Co. weighed a single barrel from each lot in store, with the follow.

1.-Notes of a Tour through Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Arabia Petræa, to the Holy Land; including a visit to Athens, Sparta, Delphi, Cairo, Thebes, Mt. Etna, Petra, etc. By E. JAY MORRIS. 2 vols. 12mo. pp. 253-303. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart. 1812.

A portion of the contents of these well-printed volumes originally appeared in the United States Gazette, under the title of "Memoranda of a Tour in the East." The intervals of the narrative have been filled up by the author, so that it now presents a continuous tour through Greece, Egypt, Arabia Petræa, and a part of Turkey. The minuteness of detail indulged in by Mr. M., will be of some utility to the traveller who pursues the same route, and will enable the reader to form a better opinion of the Egyptian monuments than would be conveyed by a mere record of impressions. The interesting works of Mr. Stephens, and the learned and elaborate travels and researches of Professor Robinson, noticed in a former number of this magazine, would seem sufficient to occupy public attention upon the East, but the route pursued in the narrative before us, and the necessary difference of description, give a fresh interest to the work of our author, and will of course command some degree of public favor. The volumes appear to give a faithful description of what came under the eye of the author, and they are written in an agreeable and easy style. 2-Poems and Lyrics. By WILLIAM B. TAPPAN. 12mo. pp. 263. Boston: Crocker & Ruggles. 1842.

This is, we believe, the third series of the poetical productions of the author; and none of the present collection have before been given to the public in a connected form. They are mostly short pieces and of recent date. The chief excellence of Mr Tappan, as a fugitive poet, consists in the moral and religious tendency of his mind, which is infused into every line or stanza that flows from his ready pen. Among the occasional pieces, we notice one on "Bread or Blood," the awful inscription upon some of the banners recently paraded in the provincial towns of England; another "For China," referring to the Chinese war and the opium question; which breathe the true Christian sentiment on these subjects.

3.-The Life of George Washington. By JARED SPARKS. 8vo. pp. 562. Boston: Tappan & Dennet. 1842.

This volume furnishes one of the most elegant specimens of the progress of the typographic art recently produced in the United States. The contents of the volume are essentially the same as those of the volume prefixed to Washington's Writings. Designed, however, for readers who may not have access to that work, such additions have been made as would contribute to enhance its value in the form of a separate publication. "The materials for the Life, as well as for the larger works, have been drawn from the manuscripts at Mount Vernon, papers in the public offices of London, Paris, Washington, and all the old thirteen states; and also from the private papers of many of the principal leaders in the revolution. The entire mass of manuscripts left by General Washington, consisting of more than two hundred folio volumes, was in the author's hands ten years." From these materials he aimed to select and combine the most important facts, tending to exhibit, in their true light, the character, actions, and opinions of Washington. It is unquestionably the most authentic and best Life of the immortal patriot that has been, or ever will be published, and it should find a place in every family and school-district library in the country.

4-The Works of the Right Rev. Father in Gol, JOSEPH BUTLER, D. C. L., late Lord Bishop of Durham. To which is prefixed an account of the character and writings of the author. By SAMUEL HALLIFAX, D. D., late Lord Bishop of Glocester. 8vo. pp. 593. New York: Robert Carter. 1842.

This is, we believe, the first complete American reprint of the works of Bishop Butler. The "Analogy of Religion" has long been a text book in most of our universities and theological schools, and has the consenting praise of all denominations of Christians as the most profound and unanswerable dissertation on natural and revealed religion, in human language. The volume contains, besides the "Analogy," two dissertations on " Personal Identity," and on the "Nature of Virtue," twenty-five discourses on "Human Nature, or man considered as a moral agent," and six sermons preached upon public occasions. The works of Butler, based as they are upon the reasonableness and philosophy of natural and revealed truth, are the property of all sects in Christendom. The present edition is printed from the English plates imported by Mr. Carter, for the express purpose of furnishing a complete and beautiful copy of a favorite theologian, whose profound knowledge, and prodigious strength of mind, are amply displayed in his incomparable writings.

5.- Mexico in 1842: A Description of the Country, its Natural and Political Features; with a sketch of its history, brought down to the present time. To which is added an account of Texas and Yucatan, and of the Santa Fe Expedition. 18mo. pp. 256. New York: Charles J. Folsom.

The present state of affairs in Mexico and Texas, naturally creates a desire to become acquainted with the physical and political condition of those countries; and it is the object of this work to bring together, from the latest and most authenticated sources, such data as may be useful for the better understanding of events in that quarter of the great American continent. It furnishes a mass of information in a comprehensive form, which, if accurate, must prove useful to the emigrant, as well as interesting to all who take an interest in the progress of republicanism. Nearly one hundred pages are devoted to a description of the new republic of Texas, embracing the correspondence of Santa Anna with Bee and Hamilton, and a notice of the Santa Fe expedition.

6.-The Domestic Circle, or Moral and Social Duties explained and enforced on Scriptural Principles, in a series of discourses. By the Rev. M. SORIN. 12mo. pp. 260. New York: Saxton & Miles.

The subjects embraced in this volume are, as may be inferred from the titlepage quoted, decidedly practical. The volume, it is stated by the author, was not originally intended for public inspection, but was composed chiefly to methodize the writer's own views on the several topics embraced in the series. The writer belongs to that numerous and respectable denomination of Christians-the Methodists; but we see little in the book that any serious or well-disposed person can object to on the score of sectarian sentiment. The principal subjects discussed are-the nature and obligation of the marriage compact; the the duties of parents and children, masters and servants; family religion, &c.

7-A Practical Treatise on the Law of Contracts not under Seal, and upon the usual Defences to Actions thereon. By JOSEPH CHITTY, Jun., Esq., of the Middle Temple. Fifth American edition, from the third London edition; corrected, re-arranged, and enlarged by TOMPSON CHITTY, Esq., of the Middle Temple. With notes of American decisions on the law of contracts, to the present time; by J. C. PERKINS, Esq. Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam. 1842.

The work before us is probably the most able and comprehensive treatise on the law of parol contracts ever written. Its author is so well known, that any mention we can make of him will in no respect add to his high reputation as a lawyer, nor need members of the American Bar be reminded of the usefulness of any legal work proceeding from his pen. Indeed, there are few whose libraries do not contain some of the numerous volumes he has written and compiled, and we venture to say that few of these are of more real importance than the one before us. In addition to the text, which comprises the entire body of the English law upon the subject of unsealed agreements, the margin contains a full and exceedingly copious selection of digested American cases, embracing the most important rules of law upon contracts, in nearly all of the different states in the Union. These are well arranged too, and are alone worth nearly the price of the work. We are gratified to perceive the handsome and permanent manner in which it is got up. The durability of law books, when their high price is considered, is of no little importance, and the publishers we have mentioned have spared no expense in rendering this so. They have also published several other legal works of much importance, and we take pleasure in recommending them to the notice of the members of the American Bar.

8.-The Duty of the Free States; or Remarks suggested by the case of the Creole. By WILIAM E. CHANNING. 12mo. Parts 1 and 2-pp. 54 and 93. Boston: William Crosby & Co.

The first part of this tract was devoted to an examination of the affair of the Creole ease. Its object, however, says Dr. C., was not so much to determine the merits of a particular case, as to set forth general principles of justice and humanity, which have been too much overlooked in the intercourse of individuals and nations. The same object is kept in view in the second part, which has no reference to the Creole, but is devoted to the consideration of the duties of the free states. Dr. Channing here declares it to be his great aim, in what he has written and now writes, on matters of public interest, to re-unite politics and morality, to bring into harmony the law of the land and the law of God. He views, and justly in our opinion, among the chief causes of the miseries of nations, the divorce which has taken place between politics and morality; and he would give up all hope for a better day, till this breach be healed. We have read the dissertation with deep interest, and earnestly commend it to the attention of the whole American people, as the offspring of a profound mind, deeply penetrated with the love and veneration of humanity and its high destiny.

9-The Bankrupt Law of the United States, with an outline of the System; together with the Rules and Forms in Massachusetts, and references to recent decisions. By P. W. CHANDLER, one of the Commissioners of Bankruptcy in Massachusetts. 12mo. pp. 103. Boston: James H. Weeks. 1842.

This volume contains a neat and compact edition of the Bankrupt Law of 1840, including the rules and forms which have been adopted in the district of Massachusetts, besides presenting a general outline or exposition of the bankrupt system, introduced by the law, with reference to the more important decisions which have been made upon the act, and which have come before the public in an authentic shape. The act of Congress confers extraordinary powers upon the courts of the United States, and several questions under the law have already been decided upon full consideration; and these decisions are referred to very amply in this volume, "because the time has not yet come for a systematic treatise on the subject; and it was desirable that the work should not be increased beyond its present

size."

10.-Persevere, and You Must Succeed, or The History of Mary Smith. 18mo. pp. 94. Boston: William Crosby. 1812.

It is the object of this simple tale, to illustrate the sentiment embraced in the titlepage, and the writer has, we think, succeeded to a charm in the endeavor.

11-The Life of Wilbur Fisk, D. D., First President of the Wesleyan University. By JOHN HOLDICH. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 455. New York: Harper & Brothers.

Well known and highly esteemed as was the excellent individual whose Life is here given, we doubt if his warmest admirers and most intimate friends have been fully aware of his many excellencies, and the extent of his useful labors; they will learn, for the first time, from this beautiful memoir, how great and good a man he was-at least so it has been with us; we had never appreciated him at half his real worth. Death has consecrated his virtues, and presented his character to us in many interesting lights that wholly escaped our notice while he was living. Professor Holdich was designated by Dr Fisk, a few days only before his decease, to write his Life; and from the conviction, no doubt, that no other person was so well qualified, from personal intimacy, and a perfect knowledge of him, to do entire justice to his character. The confidence was not misplaced-the sacred trust has been nobly discharged; and the result is a work no less just to its subject than creditable to its author, and which will be read with the deepest interest by the community. 12-The Great Commission, or The Christian Church Constituted and Charged to Carry the Gospel to the World. By the Rev. JOHN HARRIS, D. D., author of " Mammon," the "Great Teacher," etc. 12mo. pp. 484. Boston: Gould, Kendall & Lincoln. To this treatise was awarded the prize of two hundred guineas, offered for the best essay "on the duty, privilege, and encouragement of Christians to send the Gospel to the uninlightened nations of the earth." The competition was understood to be confined within the limits of the United Kingdom. The extension of it to America was subsequently suggested, but the suggestion, say the adjudicators, came too late to admit of its being properly adopted. Another prize of fifty guineas was awarded to Rev. Richard Hamilton, of Leeds. There were forty-two essays received by the committee, differing of course very widely in character and claims, "from some of an inferior order, rising through higher degrees in the scale of merit, to a considerable number of sterling excellence." Appended to the American edition of this treatise, is an introductory essay by Dr. WILLIAMS, of New York. Aside from the interest the work possesses to the friends of missions, its literary claims are of the highest order of excellence, and must place it among the classics in religious literature.

13.-The Great Awakening. A History of the Revival of Religion in the time of Edwards and Whitfield. By JOSEPH TRACY. 8vo. pp. 433. Boston: Tappan & Dennet. 1842. In 1840, public meetings were held in some places, chiefly by those denominated Presbyterians or Calvinists, in commemoration of what Edwards called "The Revival of Religion in New England, in 1740." This "revival" forms the basis of the present work; and we are informed by the author, that opinions concerning it were various and discordant, even among those who entertain similar doctrinal or theological views; some thinking it worthy of unmixed eulogy in public celebrations, others speaking of it with only guarded and qualified commendations, and others doubting whether it should not be mentioned rather with censure than otherwise. The design of Mr. Tracy, in the present work, is to furnish the means of suitably appreciating what he considers the good and the evil of that period of religious history. The volume is enriched with many anecdotes of Whitfield and his times, and is on the whole a well written work on a subject that interests a large portion of the religious community of the present day.

14.-Wilson's American Ornithology, with Notes by Jardine; to which is added a synopsis of American Birds, including those described by Bonaparte, Audubon, Nuttall, and Richardson. By T. M. BREWER. 18mo. pp. 746. Boston: Otis, Broaders & Co.

The present edition of Wilson's Ornithology, adapted to general circulation, supplies a want long felt in the United States, and it will doubtless serve to extend the fame of the author, give a wide scope to the influence of his genius, and promote an interest in the study of American ornithology. In accomplishing these objects, Mr. Brewer the American editor has followed the original work of Wilson, adding thereto the copious and valuable Notes of Jardine. The compiler acknowledges his indebtedness to Audubon for the assistance he received from the labors and writings of that illustrious ornithologist. It is neatly printed, and handsomely illustrated with steel engravings.