extension of slavery, as one of the conditions upon which any new State shall be admitted into the Union.

"Resolved, That this Legislature views with regret and alarm the attempt of the inhabitants of Missouri to obtain admission into the Union as one of the United States, under a Constitution which legalizes and secures the introduction and continuance of slavery—and also contains provisions to prevent freemen of the United States from emigrating to and settling in Missouri, on account of their origin, color and features. And that in the opinion of this Legislature, these principles, powers and restrictions, contained in the reputed (reported) Constitution of Missouri, are anti-republican and repugnant to the Constitution of the United States, and subversive of the inalienable rights of man.

"Resolved, That the Senators from this State in the Congress of the United States be instructed, and the Representatives requested, to exert their influence and use all legal measures to prevent the admission of Missouri as a State into the Union of the United States, with those anti-republican features and powers in their Constitution.

"Resolved, That the Secretary of State be requested to transmit a copy of the foregoing report and resolutions to each of the Senators and Representatives from this State in the Congress of the United States."

The report and resolutions presented by the committee were adopted by the House and by the Council without a division.

Thus, on the threshold of the slavery controversy, which, for forty years, was to be waged in Congress

with ever increasing intensity and bitterness, Vermont made her position so plain that there could be no shadow of doubt concerning it. The fact that Senator Palmer on certain roll calls-not on all of them-was found voting with the Senators who upheld slavery, subjected him to severe criticism at home.

In 1821 Rev. Joseph R. Andrus, a native of Cornwall, sailed for the west coast of Africa in charge of a colony of Negroes as the first agent of the American Colonization Society. The climate proved unhealthful and he died a few months after his arrival.

The Vermont Legislature, in 1820, found it inexpedient to concur in an amendment to the United States Constitution proposed by the State of Pennsylvania, providing that every bank or moneyed institution incorporated by Congress, together with its branches should be confined to the District of Columbia. A communication from former Governor Galusha to Governor Skinner conveyed the information that a settlement had been obtained with the United States Government for expenses incurred in the War of 1812 for rations, transportation of baggage, etc., the sum of $4,421.18 having been received in payment therefor.

The term of Senator Isaac Tichenor continued for several years after the Federalist party which elected him had ceased to be an important factor in political affairs. It became the duty of the Legislature of 1820 to elect his successor for the term beginning in March, 1821, and Horatio Seymour of Middlebury was chosen. He was born in Litchfield, Conn., May 31, 1778, being one of a numerous group of men prominent in the early

period of Vermont history, who were natives of Litchfield county, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale College in the class of 1797, taught school for a year, attended the Litchfield law school for a year, and came to Middlebury in 1799, where he continued his legal studies with Daniel Chipman, being admitted to the bar in 1800. He was a member of the Council from 1809 to 1813, was Postmaster for nine years, State's Attorney for Addison county, 1810-13 and 1815-19, served as United States Senator for two terms, was the Whig candidate for Governor in 1833 and 1834, and Judge of Probate, 1847-55. He died November 21, 1857.

A Council of Censors was elected in 1820, its members being William Hunter of Windsor, Charles Rich of Shoreham, Joel Brownson of Richmond, Joseph Scott of Craftsbury, Augustine Clark of Montpelier, Isaac N. Cushman of Woodstock, William Nutting of Randolph, John Phelps of Guilford, Joel Pratt of Manchester, Amos Thompson of Poultney, Asa Aldis of St. Albans, Jedediah Hyde of Grand Isle and Joshua Y. Vail of Montpelier. Three sessions of the Council were held at Montpelier, the first, June 6-7, 1820; the second, October 17-27, 1820; the third, March 15-26, 1821. This body reported to the Governor and Council that the law requiring the levying of a tax of one cent on the dollar of the list of the polls and ratable estate of the inhabitants of the State for the support of schools was neglected in many towns; and the law was considered defective, as it failed to impose a penalty for neglect. The law regulating the rate of interest had been "grossly and openly violated by a large proportion

of our moneyed citizens throughout the State"; and the laws regarding the sale of spirituous liquors had not been strictly executed. Five constitutional amendments were proposed.

They provided that the legislative power should be vested in an Executive Council and the House of Representatives; that the executive power should be vested in a Governor and Lieutenant Governor; that there should be two Representatives in the Legislature for every two thousand inhabitants and a Council of one member from each county; the membership of the House never to be less than one hundred and twenty or more than one hundred and fifty, no county to have fewer than three members or more than the number of towns it contained; that no member of the Legislature during his term of office should be appointed Judge of a court, High Bailiff, Sheriff, State's Attorney, Justice of the Peace or an officer of the State Prison; that the Governor should not grant pardons, remit fines, or command the State forces in person except by advice of the Council; that Judges of the Supreme Court should not be eligible to hold town or other State offices; that these Judges should be chosen for terms of seven years, and should be subject to removal by impeachment or by joint resolution if two-thirds of the whole number voted in the affirmative. A Constitutional Convention was called, which held a two days' session at Montpelier, February 21-22, 1822. Every proposal of amendment was rejected, most of them by large majorities. The amendment concerning the right of Supreme Court Judges to hold other offices received 93 votes, while 121

were cast against it. This was the only one of the five proposals submitted which was largely supported.

During the summer of 1820, Thomas Macdonough, the hero of Plattsburg, visited Vermont and the scene of his famous victory, being welcomed with much enthusiasm.

The census of 1820 showed a population of 235,981 Most of in Vermont, a gain of 18,086, or 8.3 per cent. the counties made very small gains. Washington's gain was the largest, while Windsor and Orange increased substantially in population. The town of Windsor stood at the head of the list with 2,956 inhabitants. A few of the more populous towns reported as follows: Woodstock, 2,610; Springfield, 2,702; Hartland, 2,553; Middlebury, 2,535; Chester, 2,493; Randolph, 2,487; Bennington, 2,485; Rutland, 2,369; Montpelier, 2,308; Weathersfield, 2,301; Danville, 2,300; Rockingham, 2,155; Pawlet, 2,155; Burlington, 2,111; Shaftsbury, 2,022; Brattleboro, 2,017; Hartford, 2,010; Tunbridge, 2,003. The number of females exceeded the number of males by slightly over two hundred, and 750 free colored persons were reported. Sixty-six Vermont towns showed a decrease in number of inhabitants. Some of the Vermont losses were as follows: Rupert, 298; Halifax, 191; Middletown, 168; Charlotte, 153; Shoreham, 152; Cornwall, 150; Wardsboro, 149; Bristol, 128; Danby, 127; Highgate, 124; New Haven, 122; Orwell, 119; Arlington, 109.

McMaster calls attention to the fact that this decade, from 1810 to 1820, is the only census period in the Nation's history in which "the population of the cities.