improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or subcontractor, and any contractor or subcontractor, shall have a lien therefor. Notice of such lien, duly verified, must be filed with the clerk of the circuit court of the county in which the building, erection, or other improvement to be charged with the lien is situated, within 4 months after the material is so furnished or the labor performed.

Tennessee. -All persons performing work or furnishing materials, by special contract with the owner or his agent, which contract must be in writing and signed by her if the owner be a married woman, have a lien upon any lot of land upon which a house has been constructed, built, or repaired, or fixtures or machinery furnished or erected, or improvements made. The benefit of this lien extends to any workman or furnisher of material who gives notice to the owner within 30 days after the completion of the work, or after his discharge. The lien continues for 1 year from the completion of the work, during which time suit to enforce it must be begun.

Texas. - Mechanics, contractors, builders, and material men may have liens. In the case of homesteads, no lien is allowed, unless the contract be in writing and signed by the wife. The original contractor must file his contract for record in the county recorder's office within 4 months after the accruing of the indebtedness; other persons within 30 days. If the contract be verbal, other formalities are required.

Utah. - Mechanics, material men, contractors, subcontractors, builders, architects, engineers, artisans, and all persons of every class performing labor upon or furnishing materials, or designs, plats, maps, surveys, and the like, to be used in the construction, alteration, addition, or repair of any building, bridge, aqueduct, railroad, wagon road, or other structure or improvement upon land, or any mine or mining claim, have a lien thereon. Notice of intention to hold and claim the lien must be filed in the office of the county recorder within 60 days after the completion of his contract, in case of the original contractor; in every other case, within 40 days after furnishing the last material or performing the last labor. Liens may be enforced in any court of competent jurisdiction within 12 months after the completion of the original contract or the suspension of work thereunder for 30 days.

Vermont. - The claimant must record a memorandum asserting a lien, signed by him, in the town clerk's office of the town where the improvement is situated, within 3 months, and follow this by an action on the claim if the debt be then due, or if not due, then within 3 months after it becomes due. The property on which the lien is claimed is to be attached within 5 months after judgment is obtained, a certified copy of the record is to be recorded, and the lien then becomes one in the nature of a mortgage to be enforced by foreclosure.

Virginia. -A subcontractor's lien shall in no case exceed the amount of the indebtedness of the owner to the general contractor at the time the notice was served by a subcontractor. The general contractor, subcontractor, or other person contracting to furnish material, within 60 days after the completion of the improvements, must file in the office of general record for the county or corporation, a sworn statement of his account for the work done and materials furnished, signifying the claimant's intention to claim the benefit of such lien, and describing the property; and the subcontractor, in addition, shall give notice in writing to the owner of the property of the amount and character of his claim. This lien is enforceable in equity; but no suit may be brought after 6 months from the time when the last payment was due.

Washington. - Any person performing labor upon, or furnishing material to be used in the construction, alteration, or repair of any mining claim, building, wharf, bridge, dike, flume, tunnel, fence, machinery, railroad, street railway, wagon road, aqueduct, or any other structure, or who performs labor in any mine or mining claim, or stone quarry, has a lien upon the same for such labor and materials. Any person who, at the request of the owner of any real property, cleans, grades, fills in, or otherwise improves the same, or any street or road in front of, or adjoining, the same, has a lien upon such real property for such labor or the materials furnished for such purpose. The claimant, within 90 days after the completion of any building, alteration, or repair, or after ceasing to labor thereon or furnish materials therefor, must file a statement of his claim properly verified in the county auditor's office. No such lien binds the property longer than 8 months thereafter, unless foreclosure proceedings be begun. Such liens are foreclosed as mortgages of real estate.

West Virginia. - Every mechanic, builder, artisan, workman, laborer, or other person, who shall perform any labor upon or furnish any material or machinery for constructing, altering, repairing, or removing a house, mill, manufactory, or other building, appurtenances, fixtures, bridge, or other structure, by virtue of a contract with the owner or his authorized agent, shall have a lien to secure the payment of the same upon such house or other structure, and upon the interest of the owner in the lot of land on which the same stands or to which it may be removed. The laborer and mechanic shall have the first lien, and the liens of the laborers, mechanics, or persons furnishing machinery or material to a contractor shall take precedence over any lien already taken or to be taken by the contractor indebted to them.

Wisconsin. -Any building, lot, wharf, or channel upon which labor or materials are used or furnished by any person, mechanic, or otherwise, for any construction, repairing, fencing, filling, or dredging,

is liable to a mechanic's lien thereon, and the lien binds 1 acre of ground in connection therewith, if within a city or village, or 40 acres elsewhere. The lien does not exist unless evidenced by the filing of a claim therefor in the circuit court within 6 months from the last date of furnishing the labor or materials. A subcontractor has the same right to a lien as a principal contractor, if within 60 days after completing his subcontract he give notice of his claim and its amount to the property owner. The lien lapses unless foreclosed by suit brought in a court of record within 1 year from filing, or unless renewed for 1 year by notice setting forth the claimant's interest in the property within 30 days before the expiration of such year.

Wyoming. -Any person who shall perform any labor or furnish materials or machinery for the erection, repair, or removal of any house, mill, or other building, at the request of the owner thereof, shall have a lien thereon for the same.

PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA

British Columbia. - Every contractor or subcontractor, laborer, or furnisher of material has a lien for his labor and material furnished in connection with the construction, erection, alteration, or repair of any building and other works. The lien must be filed within 31 days after the work is completed. An action to enforce the lien must be commenced within 30 days after filing.

Manitoba. -Unless he sign an agreement to the contrary, every workman who places or furnishes any materials to be used in making, constructing, erecting, fitting, altering, improving, and repairing any erection, building, land, wharf, pier, bulkhead, bridge, trestle work, vault, mound, well excavation, sidewalk, paving, fountain, fish pond, drain, sewer, aqueduct, roadbed or way, or any of the appurtenances, for any contractor, owner, or subcontractor, shall be entitled to a lien for the price of such work, service, or materials upon such erection, building, land, or the structures aforesaid. Every claim for a lien must be registered, with an affidavit verifying the same, within 30 days after the completion of the work. The lien must be proceeded on by action, the form of which is specifically provided by the Mechanics', Wage Earners' and Others' Lien Act of 1899, within 90 days from the date of the completion of the work.

New Brunswick. - The lien of wage earners is for wages not exceeding 30 days. An itemized claim of the lien, verified by affidavit, must be registered within 30 days from the completion of the work. Registered liens are good for 90 days only, unless proceedings be taken to realize within that time.

Ontario. - The liens must be registered in the local registry office during the progress of the building, or within 1 month after its completion, or the furnishing of material. All liens must be enforced within 90 days by action in the high court of justice, or in the county or division court.

Quebec. - Laborers, workmen, architects, and builders, in the order named, have a right of preference over other creditors, only upon the additional value given to the estate by their work. This rignt of preference gives them, on the property upon which the building is erected, a lien or privilege which exists without registration during the whole time the work lasts. If the lien be registered within the 30 days following the completion or the cessation of the work, it exists for 1 year from the date of the registration.

MORTGAGES AND TRUST DEEDS

There are provisions in all jurisdictions whereby, when the mortgage debt has been paid, the mortgagee must enter satisfaction thereof of record, or become liable to certain penalties. The methods prescribed for the enforcement of mortgages vary considerably in the different jurisdictions. In some states they may be enforced only in equity; in others, there are statutory actions provided, as by scire facias; and in still others, it is permitted to insert a power of sale in the instrument itself under which the mortgagee or other person named therein may, on default, sell the premises conveyed to satisfy the debt. Where trust deeds are used, such a power of sale is given to the trustee, and after due advertisement and notice he may sell as above. Usually after the sale of such realty, either under judicial decree or under such a power, all right, title, and interest of the mortgagor therein is foreclosed; but in some jurisdictions he or his judgment creditors are allowed a certain period within which he or they may redeem the said premises by the payment of the amount for which the property was sold with interest thereon, together with taxes and costs.

Alabama. - The power to foreclose a mortgage by sale of the property, or otherwise, may be given to the mortgagee without the aid of the courts, and the mortgagee may purchase at the sale, if such power be incorporated in the mortgage. The foreclosure in such instances is governed by the provisions of the instruments. Power to sell the mortgaged lands follows the assignment of the debt. Without such power they are foreclosed in equity. An equity of redemption exists for 2 years after the sale; the debtor must tender to the purchaser, or any one who has the title to such realty, the purchase money with 10 per cent. per annum and all other lawful charges. Vendors of lands have a lien on the land for the purchase money, which may be enforced by a bill in chancery, whether expressed in the conveyance or not, as against all persons having verbal or written notice.

Arizona. – The mortgage may contain a power of sale; whether it do or not, it may be foreclosed by suit in the district court. Without such foreclosure and sale thereunder the owner cannot recover possession. Trust deeds may be given upon all interests in real estate.

Arkansas. - Sales under mortgages and deeds of trust can be made only after appraisement, and the property must bring two-thirds