LAWOESTINE, ALEXANDRE CHARLES ANATOLE ALEXIS, Marquis de, a French General and Senator, born in Paris December 25, 1786; died there May 1, 1870. He was descended on his father's side from a German ancestry, was the grandson of Madame de Genlis, and the godson of Louis Philippe. At the age of nineteen he was a sub-lieutentant of cavalry, and took part in the great campaigns of the French armies between 1805 and 1814. In Spain he served as aide-de-camp of General Sebastiani, and, in the campaign of 1812, in Russia, was promoted to be major after Moskowa, and colonel after the battle of Arcis-surAube. At Waterloo he commanded the Third regiment of Chasseurs. Under the Bourbon Restoration he retired from the service, but, after the Revolution of 1830, he was made colonel of the Fifth Hussars, and was promoted to the lieutenant-generalship in 1841. After the revolution of 1848 he was removed from command, but was reinstated the following year. Having attached himself to the fortunes of the Prince-President, he was put in command of the National Guard of Paris some days before the coup d'état. In January, 1852, he was made a Senator; in October, 1863, appointed governor of the Hospital des Invalides, and authorized by the Emperor to receive the special title of "Excellency." The marquis was promoted to be Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor in 1847, and Grand Cross in 1853. LEE, ROBERT EDWARD, LL. D., an American soldier and educator, born in Stratford, Westmoreland County, Va., January 19, 1807; died in Lexington, Va., October 12, 1870. He was the son of General Henry Lee, the "LightHorse Harry Lee" of the Revolutionary War, the personal and political friend of Washington. His father died when he was eleven years of age; but his example and influence led him to aspire to the profession of arms, and in 1825, at the age of eighteen, he entered the Military Academy at West Point, where he was graduated in 1829, second in rank in a class of forty-six. Among his classmates were Generals O. M. Mitchel, James Barnes, Swords, C. P. Buckingham, Burbank, Brice, Thomas A. Davies, Hoffman, and Caleb C. Sibley, of the Union Army, and Generals Joseph E. Johnston, T. H. Holmes, and Blanchard, of the Confederate Army. The young cadet was at once appointed to a lieutenancy in the corps of Topographical Engineers, and through the uneventful years of military life between his appointment and the Mexican War rose only to the rank of captain. His singular capacities had, however, impressed themselves strongly on his superiors, and, when General Scott invaded Mexico, Captain Lee was appointed Chief Engineer of the army under General Wool. In

this branch of the service, Captain Lee, like the great Bonaparte, won his first recognition, and General Scott instantly advanced the young officer to whose skill he attributed the reduction of Vera Cruz. He was placed on the general staff and directed almost exclusively the engineering operations of the army of invasion. In every action subsequently fought during the campaign, General Scott took occasion to mention the skill, enterprise, and wonderful judgment, of his young aid. Lee received three promotions for his services in the campaign. In April, 1847, he was breveted major in recognition of his brilliant coöperation at Cerro Gordo; in August, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras and Churubusco, he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-colonel; and in September of the same year received the brevet rank of colonel for services at Chapultepec. He was assigned in 1852 to the important post of Superintendent at West Point, retaining his field-rank.

In this position he remained three years, initiating valuable reforms and augmenting the efficiency of the Institute by wise measures and profitable suggestions to Congress. Through his recommendation, the course of study, which had hitherto covered but four years, was increased to five, rendering it as complete and rigorous as those in Europe. In the midst of this brilliant administrative career, Congress authorized the raising of two cavalry regiments, and of the second Brevet-Colonel Lee was appointed lieutenant-colonel. The regiment was commanded by Albert Sydney Johnston, who afterward preceded Colonel Lee in the command of the Army of Northern Virginia. The regiment, when organized, in 1855, was sent to Texas, and remained on duty on our Southwestern border until 1859, fighting Indians and performing general garrison duty. In the autumn of this year Colonel Lee returned to Washington and took active part in the hunting down of John Brown. He proceeded_vigilantly against the feeble band at Harper's Ferry, and in a short time all who were not killed were prisoners. He resorted to no extreme measures, and it is on record that the prisoners were saved from the fury of the Virginia mob solely by his firmness.

In February, 1861, Colonel Lee rejoined his regiment at San Antonio, Texas, and remained there until December 12, 1860, when he returned to Virginia on leave of absence. On the 16th of March, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the First Cavalry. On the 20th of April, 1861, Colonel Lee, after a service of twenty-five years, resigned his position in the United States Army, sending his letter of resignation to General Scott, at Washington. It was in the following terms:

ARLINGTON, VA., April 20, 1861. GENERAL: Since my interview with you on the 18th inst., I have felt that I ought not longer to retain my commission in the Army. I therefore tender my resignation, which I request you will recommend for acceptance. It would have been presented at once but for the struggle it has cost me to separate myself from a service to which I have devoted all the best years of my life and all the ability I possessed. During the whole of that time-more than a quarter of a century-I have experienced nothing but kindness from my superiors, and the most cordial friendship from my comrades. To no one, general, have I been as much indebted as to yourself for uniform kindness and consideration, and it has always been my ardent desire to meet your approbation. I shall carry to the grave the most grateful recollections of your kind consideration, and your name and fame will always be dear to me.

Save in defence of my native State, I never desire again to draw my sword. Be pleased to accept my most earnest wishes for the continuance of your happiness and prosperity, and believe me most truly R. E. LEE.

yours,

To his sister, the wife of an officer loyal to his flag, he wrote:

MY DEAR SISTER: I am grieved at my inability to see you. **** I have been waiting for a more "convenient season" which has brought to many before me deep and lasting regret. We are now in a state of war which will yield to nothing. The whole South is in a state of revolution, into which Virginia, after a long struggle, has been drawn; and though I recognize no necessity for this state of things, and would have forborne and pleaded to the end for redress of grievances, real or supposed, yet in my own person I had to meet the question whether I should take part against my native State. With all my devotion to the Union, and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have, therefore, resigned my commission in the army, and save in defence of my native State-with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be needed-I hope I may never be called upon to draw my sword.

This was the only "definition" of his position ever given by him. From his early training, and all his State associations, he was a supporter of the doctrine of State rights. His resignation was instantly accepted, and he at once took up his residence in Richmond, as commander of the forces of Virginia, with the rank of major-general, to which he had been appointed by Governor Letcher. He remained in his State, and set to work to organize the State troops, declining any command that took him into the general service of the Confederacy. At this time Montgomery was the Confederate capital, and the Virginia troops were virtually independent; but, soon after the assumption of command by General Lee, the seat of government was transferred to Richmond, and he was formally recognized as one of the insurgent chiefs, receiving the rank-hitherto unknown in this country-of full general, the commission coming from the Confederate War Department. He was thus placed third on the list of the Confederate army roster, Cooper and Albert Sydney Johnston only outranking him in priority of appointment. He was assigned to command the forces in Western Virginia, to oppose Generals McClellan and Rose

crans. The campaign was one of the feeblest of the whole list of Confederate operations, and the brilliant promise of Lee was obscured by disaster, bad management, and defeat. In two or three decisive actions, McClellan, or rather Rosecrans, captured or destroyed his army and finished the campaign in West Virginia. Transferred from this field he took command on the coast and established his headquarters at Charleston, S. C. His only aim was to defend the coast towns, and he seems to have been successful in holding the less exposed points. Here he remained until spring. Meantime the Confederates had grown tired of Jefferson Davis as a military leader, and earnestly pressed General Lee for the position of general-in-chief of their armies. The desire was acquiesced in by the President, and General Lee was transferred to Richmond as sole director of all the armies of the Confederacy, subject only to the supervision of the President. He assumed his new office in March, 1862, just as McClellan was cautiously preparing his Peninsular invasion. The presence of Lee as an organizer was at once felt in all the Confederate armies, and new vigor seemed to inspire the Ary of Northern Virginia, which had heretofore met with no marked success since the affair at Bull Run. In May the army of General McClellan lay advantageously posted about the northern approaches of Richmond, and the North was in daily expectation of the fall of the Confederate capital.

Early on the 31st began that fearful series of battles which resulted in the failure of MeClellan, and the transfer of operations north of the Potomac. At Seven Pines, on May 31st, General J. E. Johnston was badly wounded, and General Lee took the field in person. He established his lines firmly and immediately assumed the offensive, against the entire right wing of McClellan's army. This movement he followed up with vigor, and in less than a week the Army of the Potomac was protected by the gunboats at Harrison's Landing on James River. At Malvern Hill, however, the tide was turned, the Confederates were repulsed with very heavy loss, and the ablest officers criticised Lee harshly for endangering his army and capital by so ill-judged an action.

Early in this series of brilliant offensive operations, General Lee had dispatched General Jackson, with his corps, to move up the valley and drive McDowell and Banks back upon Washington and Harper's Ferry. As soon as McClellan was paralyzed, Lee began a northward movement with all his forces, and in a very short time appeared with Jackson in the Valley and on the plains of Manassas. The movement began on the 18th of August, and Pope's army was demolished and driven back upon Washington by the 2d of September. The suggestion of this campaign, beyond all question the most brilliant and vigorous of the Confederate movements during the war, is claimed by the friends of Jefferson Davis, who