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His inmost counsels from their destin'd aim.

But see the angry victor hath recall'd

169. But see the angry victor hath recall'd, &c.] Dr. Bentley hath really made a very material objection to this and some other passages of the poem, wherein the good angels are represented, as pursuing the rebel host with fire and thunderbolts down through Chaos even to the gates of hell; as being contrary to the account, which the angel Raphael gives to Adam in the sixth book. And it is certain that there the good angels are ordered to stand still only and behold, and the Messiah alone expels them out of heaven; and after he has expelled them, and hell has closed upon them, vi.

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Eye-witnesses of his almighty acts,
With jubilee advanc'd.

These accounts are plainly contrary the one to the other: but the author doth not therefore contradict himself, nor is one part of his scheme inconsistent with another. For it should be considered, who are the persons that give these different accounts. In book the sixth the angel Raphael is the speaker, and therefore his account may be depended upon as the genuine and exact truth of the matter. But in the other passages Satan himself or some of his angels are the speakers; and they were

too proud and obstinate ever to acknowledge the Messiah for their conqueror; as their rebellion was raised on his account, they would never own his superiority; they would rather ascribe their defeat to the whole host of heaven than to him alone; or if they did indeed imagine their pursuers to be so many in number, their fears multiplied them, and it serves admirably to express how much they were terrified and confounded. In book the sixth, 830, the noise of his chariot is compared to the sound of a numerous host; and perhaps they might think that a numerous host were really pursuing. In one place indeed we have Chaos speaking thus, ii. 996.

-and heav'n gates Pour'd out by millions her victorious

bands

Pursuing;

But what a condition was Chaos in during the fall of the rebel angels? See vi. 871.

Nine days they fell; confounded Chaos roar'd,

And felt tenfold confusion in their fall

Through his wild anarchy, so huge a

rout

Incumber'd him with ruin.

We must suppose him therefore to speak according to his own frighted and disturbed imagination; he might conceive that so much

Ruin upon ruin, rout on rout,
Confusion worse confounded

His ministers of vengeance and pursuit
Back to the gates of heav'n: the sulphurous hail
Shot after us in storm, o'erblown hath laid
The fiery surge, that from the precipice
Of heav'n receiv'd us falling; and the thunder,
Wing'd with red lightning and impetuous rage,
Perhaps hath spent his shafts, and ceases now
To bellow through the vast and boundless deep.
Let us not slip th' occasion, whether scorn,
Or satiate fury yield it from our foe.
Seest thou yon dreary plain, forlorn and wild,
The seat of desolation, void of light,
Save what the glimmering of these livid flames
Casts pale and dreadful? Thither let us tend
From off the tossing of these fiery waves,
There rest, if any rest can harbour there,
And re-assembling our afflicted Powers,
Consult how we may henceforth most offend
Our enemy, our own loss how repair,

How overcome this dire calamity,
What reinforcement we may gain from hope,

If not what resolution from despair.

170

175

180

185

190

could not all be effected by a single hand: and what a sublime idea must it give us of the terrors of the Messiah, that he alone should be as formidable as if the whole host of heaven were pursuing! So that this seeming contradiction, upon examination, proves rather a beauty than any blemish to the poem. 181. The seat of desolation, As in Comus, 428.

-where very desolation dwells.

T. Warton.

186. -our afflicted Powers,] The word afflicted here is intended to be understood in the Latin sense, routed, ruined, utterly broken. Richardson.

191. If not what resolution] What reinforcement; to which is returned If not: a vicious syntax: but the poet gave it If none. Bentley.

Thus Satan talking to his nearest mate With head up-lift above the wave, and eyes That sparkling blaz'd, his other parts besides Prone on the flood, extended long and large Lay floating many a rood, in bulk as huge As whom the fables name of monstrous size, Titanian, or Earth-born, that warr'd on Jove, Briareos or Typhon, whom the den

By ancient Tarsus held, or that sea-beast

193. With head up-lift above the wave, and eyes

That sparkling blaz'd, his other
parts besides

Prone on the flood,]
Somewhat like those lines in
Virgil of two monstrous ser-
pents. Æn. ii. 206.

Pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta,
jubæque

Sanguineæ exuperant undas; pars cætera pontum

Pone legit.

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195

200

nounced as four syllables; and not Briareus, which is pronounced as three.

Et centum geminus Briareus.

Virg. Æn. vi. 287.
And Briareus with all his hundred
hands.
Dryden.

199.-or Typhon, whom the den By ancient Tarsus held,] Typhon is the same with Typhoeus. That the den of Typhoëus was in Cilicia, of which Tarsus was a celebrated city, we are told by Pindar and Pomponius Mela. I am much mistaken, if Milton did not make use of Far

naby's note on Ovid, Met. v. 347.

to which I refer the reader. He took ancient Tarsus perhaps from Nonnus:

Ταρσος αειδομένη πρωτοπτολις,
which is quoted in Lloyd's Dic-
tionary. Jortin.

-θεων πολεμιος
Τυφως ἑκατοντακαρανος· τον ποτε
Κιλίκιον θρεψεν πολυω-

νυμον αντρον.

Pind. Py. i. 30.

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Leviathan, which God of all his works
Created hugest that swim th' ocean stream:
Him haply slumb'ring on the Norway foam
The pilot of some small night-founder'd skiff
Deeming some island, oft, as sea-men tell,

205

Dr. Bentley reads nigh-founder'd; but the common reading is better, because if (as the Doctor says) foundering is sinking by a leaking in the ship, it would be of little use to the pilot to fix his anchor on an island, the skiff would sink notwithstanding, if leaky. By nightfounder'd Milton means overtaken by the night, and thence

agreed, that the author of the book of Job by the leviathan meant the crocodile; and Milton describes it in the same manner partly as a fish and partly as a beast, and attributes scales to it: and yet by some things one would think that he took it rather for a whale, (as was the general opinion,) there being no crocodiles upon the coasts of Norway, and what follows being - at a loss which way to sail. That

related of the whale, but never, as I have heard, of the crocodile. 202. Created hugest, &c.] This verse is found fault with as being too rough and absonous, but that is not a fault but a beauty here, as it better expresses the hugeness and unwieldiness of the creature, and no doubt was designed by the author.

202. -th ocean stream:] The Greek and Latin poets frequently turn substantives into adjectives. So Juvenal xi. 94. according to the best copies,

Qualis in oceano Auctu testudo na-
taret: ver. 113.
Littore ab oceano Gallis venientibus-

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the poet speaks of what befel the pilot by night, appears from ver. 207. while night invests the sea. Milton, in his poem called the Mask, uses the same phrase: the two brothers having lost their way in the wood, one of them says,

-for certain

Either some one, like us, nightfounder'd, here, &c.

Pearce.

205. -as sea-men tell,] Words well added to obviate the incredibility of casting anchor in this manner. Hume.

That some fishes on the coast of Norway have been taken for islands, I suppose Milton had learned from Olaus Magnus and other writers; and it is amply confirmed by Pontoppidan's description of the Kraken in his account of Norway, which are authorities sufficient to justify a poet, though perhaps not a natural historian.

With fixed anchor in his scaly rind
Moors by his side under the lee, while night
Invests the sea, and wished morn delays :
So stretch'd out huge in length the Arch-Fiend lay
Chain'd on the burning lake, nor ever thence
Had ris'n or heav'd his head, but that the will

210

And high permission of all-ruling heaven
Left him at large to his own dark designs,
That with reiterated crimes he might
Heap on himself damnation, while he sought
Evil to others, and enrag'd might see
How all his malice serv'd but to bring forth
Infinite goodness, grace and mercy shown
On Man by him seduc'd, but on himself
Treble confusion, wrath and vengeance pour'd.

215

220

207. Moors by his side under speaking of the moon, iv. 609.

the lee,] Anchors by his side under wind. An instance this among others of our author's affectation in the use of technical terms.

207.while night

Invests the sea,]

A much finer expression than umbris nox operit terras of Virgil, Æn. iv. 352. But our author in this (as Mr. Thyer remarks) alludes to the figurative description of night used by the poets, particularly Spenser. Faery Queen, b. i. cant. ii. st. 49. By this the drooping day-light 'gan to fade,

And yield his room to sad succeeding

And o'er the dark her silver mantle threw.

209. So stretch'd out huge in length the Arch-Fiend lay] The length of this verse, consisting of so many monosyllables, and pronounced so slowly, is excellently adapted to the subject that it would describe. The tone is upon the first syllable in this line, the Arch-Fiend lay; whereas it was upon the last syllable of the word in ver. 156. th ArchFiend replied; a liberty that Milton sometimes takes to pronounce the same word with a

different accent in different places.

night,

Who with her sable mantle 'gan to shade

The face of earth.

Milton also in the same taste

We shall mark such words as are to be pronounced with an accent different from the common

use.

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