en his hands and knees bent his course for home. In this posture he crawled a full half mile before his calls for assistance were heard, and twice had

to deviate several rods from a direct line to a rivulet to quench his raging thirst.-We are happy to state

氯

that he is like to do well.

The ship Mercury arrived in the Chesapeake, fašš week, in eight days from the Balize.

N. Y. Col.

city, about ten days ago, showed the editor the Ingenious invention.-A young gentleman of this drawing of an apparatus, to be attached to a gas Somerset notes-Gentlemen at a distance have sup the gas, at once generating and consuming it; no lamp, which being once lighted, supplies itself with posed that they accommodated the editor of the matter what the substance, coal or resin, &c. Of WEEKLY REGISTER by forwarding the bills of the its success we have no doubt. We understand he Somerset bank, in this state, in payment of their is now constructing one. dues. One person, in his zeal to serve us, gave 3 per cent. premium in the notes of a bank of his vicinity, that would have been, at least, fifteen per cent. better here than those of Somerset, which now have little, if any, circulation amongst us, and I do not know that they can be disposed of at twenty five per eent. discount. It follows, that we cannot consider them as money.

Richmond inspections, for six months, ending April 30-102,924 barrels superfine flour; 340 half do. do; 12,035 bbls. fine, do; 1,796 do. X middlings; 213 do. do; 245 do. s. stuff; 256 do. condemned-total 17,809.

Mobile promises soon to become a place of much trade. The imports, coastwise, were valued at a million of dollars for the last year-1700 bales of cotton were shipped there in the last six months, and a like quantity remained to be shipped.

Marshal Massena.

This distinguished officer has recently died at Paris. The following account of him is from the Moniteur of the 6th April.

"Andrew Massena, prince of Essling, duke of Rivoli, grand cross of the royal order of the legion of honor, commander of the royal and military order of St. Louis, &c. &c. was born at Nice, on the 8th of May, 1758, and died in the hotel at Paris, in the street de Bourbon, on the morning of the 4th of April, after a long and excruciating illness.

"After having at an early period of life served three years at sea, he entered into the army of France during the year of 1775, when he joined the royal Italian regiment, in which his uncle was captain.

Mammoth vegetables, &c. Letters are published from an officer of the U. S. army stationed at Fort "He successively became commander of the seOsage, which seriously state that they have raised cond battalion of the Var, colonel of the ci-devant cabbages there which were sixteen feet in circumfer- regiment of la Sarre, and a general of brigade ence; a beet that was 2 feet 44 inches in circumfer- and of division in 1798. The ensuing year he com ence, and two feet 4 inches in length, weighing manded a body of 20,000 men, charged with the 13 lb.-a pumpkin, 14 feet in circumference, and expedition of Onello, and the taking of Saorgio; weighing 172 lb. with 4 others on the same vine he afterwards almost uniformly commanded the adthat weighed more than 100 pounds each; and a vanced guard of the army of Italy, took the printurnip that weighed 17 lb. cipal part in its movements, and acquired the epithet of the cherished child of victory!

The same letters announce the discovery of a large number of bones, not far from the bank of the "Hostilities recommencing in 1799, he, as comQuicaurrie river, 150 or 160 miles from its conflu-mander of the army of the Danube, made that meence with Missouri, and about 925 from Fort Osage, morable campaign which the battle of Zurich renwhich are supposed to have belonged to the mam-dered at once so decisive and glorious; of which moth. The shoulder blade is described as being 70,000 prisoners were the trophies, and where he 4 feet long and 3'broad.

contended with those two great generals prince Charles and marshal Suwaroff. He immediately afterwards took upon himself to conduct the wreck of the army of Italy, and acquired new reputation by the defence of Genoa, where his heroic bravery second time conquered Italy.

The legislature of Connecticut has closed a more lively and spirited session than any had in that state for several years. But the council generally op-a posed itself to the reformations proposed and car- "After having sat in the legislative assembly as ried in the house of representatives. "Every bill, deputy for the department of the Seine, he com(says the Hartford Times,) which passed the house, manded the new army of Italy, in the campaign of intended either to remove popular complaints or re- 1805, and penetrated with it into Germany. He dress public grievances, was neglected by the coun was after this entrusted with the conquest of the cil." The majority of the house of representatives kingdom of Naples, whence he was called into Pohave published an address "to the friends of tolera-land, and returned to France on the peace of Tilsit. tion and equal rights," which shall appear in our

next.

The two men sentenced to be hung for negro stealing in North Carolina, have had their punishment commuted to an imprisonment in a dungeon

for 12 months.

A girl at Brookville, Indiana, only 17 years old, is said to weigh 335 lbs.

Noah Webster jun. has sold the copy-right of his spelling book for 40,000 dollars, to Messrs. G. God

win and sons, of Hartford, Con.

"In 1809, war again summoned him to the plains of Germany, where, after several honorable actions, he received, upon the field of Essling, the title of prince, having there sustained the shock of the enemy's right, and thus saved the French army by his manœuvres and his judgment. He afterwards bore a brilliant part in the battle of Wagram, during which, although sick and wounded, he was seen at the head of his troops, whom he animated by his example.

"His military career ended with the command of The yellow fever is dreadfully raging at Havanna. the army of Portugal, in 1810 and 1811, and where Vessels from that port arriving at Savannah, are to he again displayed the firmness of his character, in be examined by the health officer, &c. A vessel the midst of those difficulties which he surmounthas arrived at the Philadelphia lazaretto from Gua-ed. He has left a widow, two sons, and a daughdaloupe, which lost four of her crew on the paster, who is married to the lieut. general the count Reille, his eleve, and aid-de-camp since 1793,"

sage.

No. 16 OF VOL. XII.]

BALTIMORE, SATURDAY, JUNE 14, 1817.

[WHOLE NO. 302.

Hac olim meminisse juvabit.—VIRGIL.

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY B. Niles, at the erad of cheapside, at $5 PER ANNUM.

Revolutionary Pamphlet.

QUINCY, MAY 25, 1817. SIR-Thanks for your favour of the 13th, and the return of the pamphlet with a copy.

You revive me, when you assure me, that "the original principles of the revolution are "coming again into fashion; and that foreign feelings are giving way to a national charac"ter."

[that throws his mind back to their period, and considers the power to which they were opposed.

The character of Bernard and the tory junto at Boston, is thus drawn:

"BERNARD was the man for the purpose of the Junto-educated in the highest principles of monarchy, skilled enough in law and policy to do mischief, avaricious, and needy at the same time, hav ing a numerous family to provide for-he was an instrument suitable in every respect excepting one, for this Junto to employ. The exception I mean was blunt frankness, very opposite to that cautious As doubts and questions are easily started cunning, that deep dissimulation, to which they had upon almost every political subject, many be by long practice disciplined themselves. However, raised concerning "the principles of the revo-they did not despair of teaching him this necessary lution,” as well as concerning "a national cha- they were not wholly unsuccessful in their endeaartful quality by degress; and the event shewed

As you are "zealous to help on the latter," I should be happy, if I could, to help you.

racter."

The enclosed pamphlet may shew the sense in which some people understood those principles.

vors to do it."

Among other designs of the ministry these are mentioned, and supported by proofs from gov. Bernard's letters

The story of it is this. A series of political "They intended further to new model the whole essays were published by me, in the Boston continent of North America; make an entire new Gazette, in the latter part of December, 1774 division of it into distinct, though more extensive and the beginning of 1775, over the signature and less numerous colonies; to sweep away all the of Novanglus. Those news-papers went of charters upon the continent, with the destroying besom of an act of parliament, and reduce all the course to England, as all American papers at governments to the plan of the royal governments, that time did, and fell into the hands of Almond, with a nobility in each colony, not hereditary inthe bookseller, who printed them in a volume deed, at first, but for life."

"Now let me ask you-if the parliament of Great

of "prior documents," as a supplement to his] After noticing the letters of gov. B. the wriRemembrancer, for the year 1775. From that ter says-copy they were reprinted by Stockdale, who had been an apprentice of Almond, in 1784, in the form of the pamphlet enclosed.

Britain had all the natural foundations of authority, wisdom, goodness, justice, power, in as great per fection as they ever existed in any body of men Whether it is consistent with your plan to since Adam's fall: And, if the English nation was make any use of it or not, I know not, but you the most virtuous, pure, and free that ever was, may do what you will with it, as well as with would not such an unlinrited subjection of three this letter, provided you return the pamphlet millions of people to that parliament, at three thouto me; a favour which I am obliged to ask, be-sand miles distance, be real slavery? There are but cause I have no other copy, and because I know-The very definition of a freeman, is one who is two sorts of men in the world, freemen and slaves of no other copy, but one, in America, and that bound by no law to which he has not consented. is in Connecticut.

The pamphlet alluded to is entitled "HISTORY OF THE DISPUTE WITH AMERICA; FROM ITS OTIGIN IN 1754. WRITTEN IN THE YEAR 1774. BY JOHN ADAMS, ESQ."

Americans would have no way of giving or with holding their consent to the acts of this parliament; therefore they would not be freemen. But, when luxury, effeminacy and venality are arrived at such a shocking pitch in England; when both electors and elected are become one mass of corruption; when the nation is oppressed to death with debts and taxes, owing to their own extravagance, and want of wisdom, what would be your condition under such arabsolute subjection to parliament? You would not only be slaves--but the most abject sort of slaves

to the worst sort of masters!"

Exhorting his fellow citizens, Mr. A. ob

serves

It is not easy, by extracting a passage here and there, to do justice to this patriotic work, and it is too long for entire insertion, making about 90 pages. But the following may partially effect our purpose. There is a freedom has been to unite the people of America, and divide "The grand aphorism of the policy of the whigs of remark and boldness of expression that can-those of Great Britain. The reverse of this has been not fail to claim the admiration of every one the maxim of the tories, via to mite the people of

Q

Great Britain, and divide those of America. All the credit, in the account of public burdens and ex movements, marches and counter-marches of both pences, so much paid in taxes, as we are obliged to parties, on both sides of the Atlantic, may be re- sell our commodities to her cheaper than we could duced to one or the other of these rules. I have get for them at foreign markets. This difference shewn that the people of America are united more is really a tax upon us for the good of the empire. perfectly than the most sanguine whig could ever We are obliged to take from Great Britain, comhave hoped, or than the most timid tory could have modities that we could purchase cheaper elsewhere. feared. Let us now examine whether the people of This difference is a tax upon us, for the good of the Great Britain are equally united against us. For, empire. We submit to this cheerfully, but insist if the contending countries were equally united, the that we ought to have credit for it, in the account prospect of success in the quarrel would depend of the expences of the empire, because it is really upon the comparative wisdom, firmness, strength, a tax upon us.-Another thing. I will venture a and other advantages of each other. And, if such bold assertion: The three million Americans, by a comparison was made, it would not appear to a the tax aforesaid, upon what they are obliged to demonstration that Great Britain could so easily export to Great Britain only, what they are obliged subdue and conquer. It is not so easy a thing for to import from Great Britain only, and the quanthe most powerful state to conquer a country a tities of British manufactures, which in these cli thousand leagues off. How many years time, how mates they are obliged to consume, more than the many millions of money did it take, with five and like number of people in any part of the three kingthirty thousand men, to conquer the poor provinces doms, ultimately pay more of the taxes and duties of Canada? And after all the battles and victories, that are apparently paid in Great Britain, than any it never would have submitted without a capitula- three million subjects in the three kingdoms.-Aйl tion, which secured to them their religion and pro- this may be computed, and reduced to stubborn perties." figures by the minister, if he pleases. We cannot do it. We have not the accounts, records, &c."In a land war, this continent can defend itself Now let this account be fairly stated, and I will against all the world. We have men enough; and engage for America, upon any penalty, that she those men have as good natural understanding, and will pay the overplus, if any, in her own constituas much natural courage as any other men. If they tional way, provided it is to be applied for national were wholly ignorant now, they might learn the art purposes, as paying off the national debt, maintainof war. But at sea, we are defenceless. A navy might ing the fleet, &c. not to the support of a standing burn our sea-port towns. What then? Three hun- army in time of peace, placemen and pensioners, dred and fifty thousand land-holders will not give &c."

Again

up their rights, and the constitution by which they On the political principles of the people, he hold them, to save fifty thousand inhabitants of ma-says

ritime towns. Will the minister be nearer his mar- It is true, that the people of this country in ket, after he has burnt a beautiful town, and mur-general, and of this province in special, have an dered thirty thousand innocent people? So far from hereditary apprehension of, and aversion to lordit, that one such event would occasion the loss of ships temporal and spiritual. Their ancestors filed all the colonies to Great Britain for ever. It is not to this wilderness to avoid them; they suffered so clear that our trade, fishery and navigation could sufficiently under them in England; and there are be taken from us. Some persons, who understand few of the persent generation who have not been this subject, are of a different opinion. They think warned of the danger of them, by their fathers or that our trade would be increased. grandfathers, and enjoined to oppose them.

"It is curious to observe the conduct of the

FurtherObsta principiis-Nip the shoots of arbitrary pow-tories towards the clergy. If a clergyman preaches er in the bud, is the only maxim which can ever against the principles of the revolution, and tells preserve the liberties of any people. When the peo- the people, that upon pain of damnation they must ple give way, their deceivers, betrayers, and de- submit to an established government, of whatever stroyers, press upon them so fast, that there is no character; the tories cry him up as an excellent resisting afterwards. The nature of the encroach-man, and a wonderful preacher; invite him to their ment upon the American constitution is such, as to tables, procure him missions from the society, and grow more and more encroaching. Like a cancer, chaplainships to the navy, and flatter him with the it eats faster and faster every hour. The revenue hopes of lawn sleeves. But, if a clergyman preaches creates pensioners, and the pensioners urge for more Christianity, and tells the magistrates, that they revenue. The people grow less steady, spirited and were not distinguished from their brethren for virtuous, and the seekers more numerous and more their private emolument, but for the good of the corrupt, and every day increases the circles of their people; that the people are bound in conscience to dependants and expectants, until virtue, integrity, obey a good government, but are not bound to subpublic spirit, simplicity, frugality, become the ob-mit to one that aims at destroying all the ends of jects of ridicule and scorn; and vanity, luxury, fop. government-oh sedition! treason! pery, selfishness, meanness, and downright venality, in particular, are disposed enough to be on the side The clergy in all ages and countries, and in this swallow up the whole society."

"There is not in human nature a more wonderful of government, as long as it is tolerable: If they phenomenon, nor in the whole theory of it, a more have not been generally in the late administrations intricate speculation, than the shiftings, turnings, on that side, it is a demonstration that the late adwindings and evasions of a guilty conscience." ministration has been universally odious."

Justifying the refusal of the Americans to pay taxes, there are the following remarks

"We have much more to say still. Great Britain has confined all our trade to herself. We are willing she should, as far as it can be for the good of the empire. But we say that we ought to be allowed as

"Nero murdered Seneca, that he might pull up

virtue by the roots; and the same maxim governs the scribblers and speechifyers on the side of the minister. It is sufficient to discover, that any man has abilities and integrity, a love of virtue and liberty; he must be run down at all events. Witness Pitt, Franklin, and too many others."

The following is full of the spirit of the times: [selves odious and infamous, when they might be But what a pity it was, that these worthy gen-respected and esteemed. It must be said, howtlemen could not be allowed, from the dearest af- ever, in vindication of the town, that this breed is fection to their native country, to which they had spawned chiefly by the Junto-the consignees would every possible attachment, to go on in profound not resign; the custom-house refused clearances; confidential secrecy, procuring troops to cut our governor Hutchinson refused passes by the castle. throats, acts of parliament to drain our purses, The question then was, with many, whether the destroy our charters and assemblies, getting estates governor, officers and consignees should be comand dignities for themselves and their own families, pelled to send the ships hence? An army and navy and all the while most devoutly professing to be was at hand, and bloodshed was apprehended. At friends to our charter, enemies to parliamentary last, when the continent as well as the town and taxation, and to all pensions, without being detect province, were waiting the issue of this deliberaed! How happy! If they could have annihilated tion with the utmost anxiety; a number of persons, all our charters, and yet have been beloved, nay in the night, put them out of suspense, by an obla deified by the people, as friends and advocates for tion to Neptune."

their charters. What masterly politicians! Το "If Boston could have been treated like other have made themselves nobles for life, and yet have places-like New-York and Philadelphia, the tea been thought very sorry that the two houses were might have gone home from thence as it did from deprived of the privilege of chusing the council. those cities. That inveterate, desperate junto, to How sagacious, to get large pensions for them-whom we owe all our calamities, were determined to selves, and yet be thought to mourn, that pensions hurt us in this, as in all other cases, as much as they and venality were introduced into the country! could. It is to be hoped they will one day repent, How sweet and pleasant! To have been the most and be forgiven; but it is very hard to forgive withpopular men in the community, for being staunch out repentance. When the news of this event ar and zealous dissenters, true-blue Calvinists, and rived in England, it excited such passions in the able advocates for public virtue and popular go. minister as nothing could restrain; his resentment vernment, after they had introduced an American was kindled into revenge, rage and madness; his episcopate, universal corruption among the leading veracity was piqued, as his master-pjece of policy men, and deprived the people of all share in their proved but a bubble: The bantling was the fruit of supreme legislative council! I mention an episco- a favorite amour, and no wonder that his natural pate; for although I do not know that governors Hutchinson and Oliver ever directly solicited for bishops, yet they must have seen, that these would have been one effect very soon, of establishing the unlimited authority of parliament."

affection was touched, when he saw it dispatched before his eyes. His grief and ingenuity, if he had any, were affected at the thought that he had misled the East-India company, so much nearer to destruction, and that he had rendered the breach between the kingdom and the colonies almost The character of Hutchinson is thus drawn: irreconcileable; his shame was excited because op"This gentleman was open to flattery in so re-position had gained a triumph over him, and the markable a degree, that any man who would flatter three kingdoms were laughing at him for his him was sure of his friendship, and every one who obstinacy and his blunders: Instead of relieving would not was sure of his enmity. He was credulous the company, he had hastened its ruin: Instead of in a ridiculous degree, of every thing that favored establishing the absolute and unlimited sovereignty his own plans; and equally incredulous of every of parliament over the colonies, he had excited a thing which made against them. His natural abili- more decisive denial of it, and resistance to it.—An ties, which have been greatly exaggerated by per-election drew nigh, and he dreaded the resentment sons whom he had advanced to power, were far from even of the corrupted electors." being of the first rate. His industry was prodigious. His knowledge lay chiefly in the laws, and politics, and history of this province, in which he had a long experience. Yet with all his advantages, he never was master of the true character of his native country, not even of New-England and the Mas sachusetts bay-Through the whole troublesome period since the last war, he manifestly mistook the temper, principles, and opinions of this people. He had resolved upon a system; and never could or would see the impracticability of it.”

The necessity of union is thus pointed outliberties, merely from want of communication with "If we recollect how many states have lost their each other, and union among themselves, we shall think that the committees of correspondence may be intended by Providence to accomplish great events. What the eloquence and talents of Demosthenes could not effect, among the states of Greece, might have been effected by so simple a device. Castile, Arragon, Valencia, Majorca, &c. all complained of

oppression under Charles the fifth; flew out into

Speaking of the salaries paid to certain cers of the crown, Mr. A. saysthey never consulted or communicated with each "Low as the wages were, it was found that when subdued. Had don Juan Padilla, or his wife, been other. They resisted separately and were separately ever a vacancy happened, the place was solicited possessed of the genius to invent a committee of with much more anxiety and zeal than the king-correspondence, perhaps the liberties of the Spanish aation might have remained to this hour."

offi-transports of rage, and took arms against him-But

dom of Heaven."

The business of the tea at Boston is mentioned as follows

These are the most material things that bear "Boston is the only place upon the continent, honor the editor with the loan of his pamphlet upon the subjects that induced Mr. ADAMS to perhaps in the world, which ever breeds a species of Misanthropos, who will persist in their schemes -it is chiefly what its title purports to be, a for their private interest, with such obstinacy, in "history of the dispute;" and to the historian, opposition to the public good; disoblige all their wishing to dive into the minute matters of the fellow-citizens for a little pelf and make them-revolution, is of great value;

Ross' arms and Parker's monument.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ARMS.

Per fess embattled argent and or, ia chief issuang

arms.

A gentleman of the first distinction has furnished the editor of the REGISTER, with an authentic a dexter arm embowed vested gules, cuff azure, copy and description of the coat of arms granted to encircled by a wreath of laurel, the hand grasping the family of gen. Ross, and shewing the "honora a flag-staff broken in bend sinister, therefrom Bowble augmentations" made thereto by the approbationing the colors of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA of the prince regent; and of the inscription on the proper, in base the arms of Ross, of Ross Trevor, monument lately erected to the memory of sir PE-on a canton of the third pendent from a ribbon, a TER PARKER, at Westminster Abbey. They may representation of the cross presented by command be relied on as authentic-the former being copied of his majesty to the late major-general in testimoat the Herald's office from the original designation ny of this royal approbation of his services, with the and record, and the other taken on the spot by the motto BLADENSBURGH, and for a crest of honorahand of an honorable American, who forwarded ble augmentation in addition to the crest of the fathem to his friends in the United States as curiosi-mily of Ross of Ross Trevor, the following, that is tjes. to say, on a wreath of the colors out of a mural On communicating these-the gentleman, with crown or, a dexter arm grasping the colors as in the regard to sir Peter's monument, observes "as your "REGISTER is as likely to be referred to by posterity Can it be possible that the British are so igno"for the character and conduct of the principal acrant of the facts as to believe that gen. Ross was "tors in the late contest between our country and killed at WASHINGTON, and on the fourth of August "England as the tomb-stones of Westminster Abbey, 11814-No-no-it is impossible; but, by coupling "leave it to your judgment to determine if it would his name with "Washington," they hoped to gratify "be doing more than common justice to ourselves a pride as mean in its practice as it is false in its "to give it a place in your work, accompanied with Principle. The affair at Bladensburg took place on "such facts as belong to the case," &c. The like the 24th of that month, and every body knows that remarks apply equally to the "honorable augmenta- the general was killed near BALTIMORE, on the tions" to the arms of the family of general Ross, twelfth day of September, 1814. But this "would and we enter fully into the feelings of the gallantot tell well in history"-and the glories of Wash officer who sent us the copies of them-considerington were to be made a channel for those of the ing it as a "dastardly disposition" thus to attempt and of the arts," "depositories of the public ar wanton destroyer of "costly monuments of taste bolster up the fame of the deceased by the degradation of our country.

We war not with the dead-whatever we might have thought of Ross and Parker, living, they have paid the great debt that they owed to nature and to the United States, and let them rest in peace. Nor can they be affected by any thing to be said of them now; but their officious friends are not entitled to such forbearance. The "STAR SPANGLED BANNER" shall not be so easily disposed of by the Guelphs; nor shall falsehood wrest from a brave yeomanry their well-earned reward-if we can help it.

chives, not only precious to the nation as memori. als of its origin and its early transactions, but inte resting to all nations, as contributions to the gener al stock of historical instruction and political sciencet."

That general Ross was a brave man, no person will be disposed to deny; and that he was a "dashing" officer must be admitted from the character of if these things are merits, appear to have an end, his attack at Bladensburgh-and here his merits, for his after-conduct was barbarous; belonging to ages long past, and without a parallel in the history of modern wars. Most of the capital cities of [The second cut represents the original coat of Europe have latterly been captured and recaptured, arms of the family of Ross; the first shews the aug.and among the whole we have not one solitary case mentations, accompanied by an heraldic account of to compare with the proceedings of gen. Ross at the same.]

COATS OF ARMS OF THE FAMILY OF GEN. ROSS.

MAJ. GEN. ROBERT ROSS,

Died August 4, 1814;

F

DAVID ROSS,

Washington city. But it may be said he had or ders to "destroy all places assailable"-this is no excuse; his government had no right to convert a military officer into a house-burner. He might have found an exampie in the conduct of the French general who toid one of the merciful BOUBBONS, many years ago, that he was always ready to fight and would do all that he could to defeat, the king's energies in the field-but if an assassin were wanted, they must employ some one else; he was not fitted for such an office, nor was the office fitted for him.

That general Ross, after the burning of Washing on, intended also to have burat Baltimore, is unanimously admitted-that such was his design, we believe, has never been doubted. But it is useless to comment on these things. They are calcu lated only to rouse feelings which, though they ought not to be forgotten, should be allayed. The general as justly died for his offences against the

*It is worthy of remembrance, that in the highest fury of the French revolution, and at times when

Slain at Washington, in America OF ROSS TREVOR LE DOWN, the most unprincipled men had sway, that orders

commanding his majesty's

His widow and descendants to be

troops. called

KOSS OF BLADENSBURGH.

ESQUIRE,

FATHER OF GENERAL ROSS.

were given to preserve the "monuments of the arts," even though they pertained to kings.

Proclamation of the president, Sept. 1, 1815.