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shall be taken by States, the Representative from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the VicePresident shall act as President, as in case of the death, or other constitutional disability of the President.

4. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary for a choice.

5. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of VicePresident of the Confederate States.

6. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the Confederate States.

7. No person except a natural born citizen of the Confederate States, or a citizen thereof at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, or a citizen thereof born in the United States prior to the 20th December, 1860, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the limits of the Confederate States, as they may exist at the time of his election.

8. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability both of the President and the Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall then act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.

9. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the Confederate States, or any of them.

10. Before he enters on the execution of the duties of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Confederate States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution thereof.'

SEC. 2.-The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the Confederate States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the Confederate States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the Confederate States, except in cases of impeachment.

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided twothirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the Confederate States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such interior officers, as they think proper, in the President

alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart

ments.

3. The principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, and all persons connected with the diplo matic service, may be removed from office at the pleasure of the President. All other civil officers of the Executive Department may be removed at any time by the President, or other appointing power, when their services are unnecessary, or for dishonesty, incapacity, inefficiency, misconduct, or neglect of duty; and when so removed, the removal shall be reported to the Senate, together with the reasons therefor.

4. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of the next session; but no person rejected by the Senate shall be reappointed to the same office during their ensuing recess.

SEC. 3.-The President shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Confederacy, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them; and, in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he may think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the Confederate States.

SEC. 4.-The President and Vice-President, and all civil officers of the Confederate States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, or conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde

meanors.

ARTICLE III. SEC. 1.-The judicial power of the Confederate States shall be vested in one Superior Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

SEC. 2.-The judicial power shall extend to all cases arising under the Constitution, the laws of the Confederate States, or treaties made or which shall be made under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the Confederate States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State, where the State is plaintiff; between citizens claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects; but no State shall be sued by a citizen or subject of any foreign State.

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

SEC. 3.-Treason against the Confederate States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason

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shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

ARTICLE IV. SEC. 1.-Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and Judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

SEC. 2.-The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens of the several States, and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy, with their slaves and other property; and the right of property in said slaves shall not be thereby impaired.

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime against the laws of such State, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.

3. No slave or other person held to service or labor in any State or Territory of the Confederate States, under the laws thereof, escaping or unlawfully carried into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such slave belongs, or to whom such service or labor may be due.

SEC. 3.-Other States may be admitted into this Confederacy by a vote of two-thirds of the whole House of Representatives, and two-thirds of the Senate, the Senate voting by States; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations concerning the property of the Confederate States, including the lands thereof.

3. The Confederate States may acquire new territory; and Congress shall have power to legislate and provide governments for the inhabitants of all territory belonging to the Confederate States, lying without the limits of the several States, and may permit them, at such times, and in such manner as it may by law provide, to form States to be admitted into the Confederacy. In all such territory, the institution of negro slavery, as it now exists in the Confederate States, shall be recognized and protected by Congress and by the territorial government; and the inhabitants of the several Confederate States and Territories shall have the right to take to such territory any slaves lawfully held by them in any of the States or Territories of the Confederate States.

4. The Confederate States shall guarantee to every State that now is or hereafter may become a member of this Confederacy, a Republican form of Government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the Legislature, (or of the Executive when the Legislature is not in session,) against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V. SEC. 1.-Upon the demand of any three States, legally assembled in their several Conventions,

RAILWAY, SUBTERRANEAN. A quick and safe means of communication beneath the overcrowded streets of London has always been the great ideal of engineers, and is now in course of accomplishment by Mr. John Fowler. The present powers of the Company only allow them to carry their line from Paddington to

the Congress shall summon a Convention of all the States, to take into consideration such amendments to the Constitution as the said States shall concur in suggesting at the time when the said demand is made; and should any of the proposed amendments to the Constitution be agreed on by the said Conventionvoting by States-and the same be ratified by the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, or by conventions in two-thirds thereof-as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the general Convention-they shall thenceforward form a part of this Constitution. But no State shall, without its consent, be deprived of its equal representation in the Senate.

ARTICLE VI. SEC. 1.-The Government established by this Constitution is the successor of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, and all the laws passed by the latter shall continue in force until the same shall be repealed or modified; and all the officers appointed by the same shall remain in office until their successors are appointed and qualified, or the offices abolished.

2. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the Confederate States under this Constitution as under the Provisional Government.

3. This Constitution, and the laws of the Confederate States made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the Confederate States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

4. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the Confederate States and of the several States, shall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office of public trust under the Confederate States.

5. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people of the several States. 6. The powers not delegated to the Confederate States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people thereof.

ARTICLE VII. SEC. 1.-The ratification of the Conventions of five States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.

When five States shall have ratified this Constitution in the manner before specified, the Congress, under the Provisional Constitution, shall prescribe the time for holding the election of President and VicePresident, and for the meeting of the electoral college, and for counting the votes and inaugurating the President. They shall also prescribe the time for holding the first election of members of Congress under this Constitution, and the time for assembling the same. Until the assembling of such Congress, the Congress under the provisional Constitution shall continue to exercise the legislative powers granted them; not extending beyond the time limited by the Constitution of the Provisional Government.

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Finsbury-circus, a distance of four and a half miles; and of this length more than three miles, extending from Paddington to the Victoria-street Station, are in many parts quite complete, and in others nearly so, with perfect working junctions with the Great Western and Northern Railways. It commences at the Pad

dington Station, and is continued thence, in an almost direct line, towards the New-road, passing beneath the Edgware-road at right angles, and intersecting in the same manner Lissongrove-road and Upper Baker-street, skirting along, beneath, and just outside the southern extremity of Regent's Park. Thence it passes under the houses at the eastern extremity of Park-crescent, continues beneath Tottenhamcourt-road into the New-road, and, passing close by Euston-square, turns at King's-cross to effect a junction with the up and down lines of the Great Northern Railway. From King'scross a great part of the line is an open cutting, except for a length of about 600 yards beneath Bagnigge-wells-road and Coppice-row, where again, for the length we have said, a tunnel intervenes. From this to the Victoriastreet Station it is nearly all a fair open cutting. From the station to be erected in Victoria-street, the line is to have two branches, one intersecting Holborn-hill, or rather Skinner-street, and continuing its course due south under the site of the old Fleet Prison, effecting a junction with the Chatham and Dover line, which is to cross the Thames at Blackfriars. The other and more important branch-in fact, the main line-is to be continued under the ground north of Smithfield and south of Charter-house-square, and will pass beneath Barbican into Finsbury circus. At this terminus it is intended, for the present at least, to stop. As it is, even completed to the Victoria-street Station, and communicating with the Chatham and Dover-bridge when finished, the facilities which it will offer to rapid travelling will be immense. A person starting from Brighton or Dover will be put down almost at his own door at Bayswater, instead of, as now, taking almost as much time to travel from London-bridge to Bayswater as to perform a long journey by rail. In like manner, those coming from the North-Edinburgh, Liverpool, or Manchester-will be able to book direct through to Dover or Southampton without the loss of a minute on their journey. It is not too much to say that for passengers pressed for time the two or three miles' interval between the northern and southern stations of the metropolis is equal in actual delay to 200 or 300 miles' distance on an unbroken journey. By the condition of taking the line underground, sewers were not to be interfered with, gas-pipes and water-pipes not to be touched, churches to be avoided, and houses to be left secure. With these drawbacks, Mr. Fowler was at liberty to take his tunnel through a labyrinth of sewers and gas and water mains if he could. At every step, vestries, gas and water companies, and the Board of Works had to be consulted, and but for the kind and liberal spirit in which the Company was met, and the fair efforts which were everywhere made by these bodies to help them over their great difficulties, the railway could never have been made at

all.

The following are the constructive details of the portion of the line completed: To the Victoria-street Station the line is nearly 33 miles long, having stations at Paddington, Edgwareroad, Baker-street, Portland-road, Eustonsquare, King's-cross, and Victoria-street. From west to east the average slope downwards of the whole line is about 1 in 300 feet, though after entering the city it again rises, but there is no steeper gradient throughout than 1 in 100. Its greatest curve is of 200 yards' radius, and its greatest depth from the ground above to the rails not less than 54 feet, and there are not more than 1200 yards of straight line throughout. The span of the arch of the tunnel is 283 feet; its form is elliptical, and its height 17 feet, except in the parts where there is great superincumbent pressure, when the form of the arch is altered to give it greater strength and to take the crown to a height of 19 feet. The foundations of the tunnel go from four to five feet into the solid ground on each side below the rails, except in some few places, where the close vicinity of very heavy buildings rendered extra strength necessary, and here the tunnel has been driven like a shaft, and is a solid ring of massive brickwork above and below; in fact, in all parts of the tunnel itself the most zealous care has been taken to ensure the structure, being everywhere greatly in excess of the strength it actually requires. Thus, even the lightest parts of the tunnel have six rings of brickwork, though railway arches of seven feet greater span are never built with more than five. The outer side of the arches is also filled in with solid beds of concrete, and the whole covered over with a layer of asphalte to keep it water-tight. In fact, the tunnel has been formed on what engineers call the "cut and cover" principle; that is, the ground has been opened to the base of the intended tunnel, the tunnel built, covered with concrete and asphalte, and filled in again with earth, and the roadway paved over as before. On this plan, and working in 12-feet lengths, the tunnel has actually been constructed at the rate of 72 feet a week, quicker than any work of the kind has ever yet been accomplished. It has not all, however, been completed at this rapid rate. Passing near churches and heavy buildings, the tunnel has been regularly driven in four-feet lengths by skilled miners; and such portions advanced but slowly. At the western extremity, where the soil was a fine gravel, the works were at one time greatly impeded by the water, which in that district is abundant everywhere at about 14 feet from the surface. This it was useless to try pumping out, as the pumps brought up sand and gravel as well as water, and would, had the attempt been persevered in, have brought up the very foundation of the surrounding houses also. It was necessary at last to make regular drains into the low-level sewers in order to keep the works free. Through the gravel and through the London clay the labor has been very easy, but

in parts where there was light, loose, sandy soil, a great deal of difficulty was experienced. All the really difficult parts have now, however, been surmounted, and the tunnel built in the most solid manner. The lines of rails are laid through many lengths, each line being double gauge, intended for both the broad and narrow traffic. Where the junctions have been effected, at Paddington and King'scross it was necessary at the point where the switch rails joined to widen the tunnel and at these parts make it, in fact, like the mouth of a trumpet. This was the most difficult operation ever attempted in either tunnelling or brickwork, but Mr. Fowler surmounted all the obstacles in a masterly manner.

But

What made the work at King's-cross more difficult than all, was that at precisely the most difficult part of all the junctions the great Fleet Ditch sewer crossed it right through the crown of the tunnel arch. As the sewer, of course, could not be disturbed, the obstacle was met by carrying it across, slung, as it were, in a powerful cast-iron trough, and there it now hangs, peering through the brickwork like a colossal main, and with all beneath it as dry and sweet-smelling as if Fleet Ditch-the fullest and foulest of all London sewers-were 100 miles away. The stations along the line already enumerated will, all but two, be open-air stations, and even those that are to be underground will be amply lit by daylight coming through apertures in the roof of the arch. one of the greatest difficulties of all the many that had to be overcome consisted of constructing an engine that should be at once of great power and speed, capable of consuming its own smoke, and, above all, to give off no steam. Ordinary engines passing through tunnels so completely enclosed would in a very short time fill them with such a mixture of steam and smoke as would be very nearly suffocating, would make signals almost useless, and, in short, render the traffic not only disagreeable but dangerous. To avoid all these complicated evils Mr. Fowler has invented an engine which, while in the open air, works like a common locomotive, but when in the tunnel, consumes its own smoke, or rather makes none, and by condensing its own steam gives off not a particle of vapor.

In a trial trip, as long as this engine remained in the open air at Paddington, it fizzed and simmered like any other locomotive; but the instant it entered the tunnel it condensed its steam, and scarcely a mark of vapor was perceptible; while, from the flues into the smokebox being damped, not the least smell of smoke was given off. As upon the success of this engine the practical working of the line depends, the result of the experiment was watched with a good deal of anxiety. It, however, was perfectly conclusive: not even the most distant lamps in the long vista down the sides of the tunnel were dimmed in the slightest degree-in short, nothing could have been more

Having

entirely complete and satisfactory. gone through the tunnel, the engine returned down the same track, and when in the centre of the tunnel, to show the difference, the engine was allowed to work on the usual plan, and in a few instants the whole place was full of vapor, which was so thick that even when the visitors returned through for the third time the lamps were still scarcely visible. The through trains from east to west and vice versa, will be arranged to start every ten minutes, to accomplish the distance from end to end in thirteen minutes, at a rate of fares which, it is said, will compete with those of the cheapest omnibuses. If this is so, the line ought to prove remunerative to the shareholders, though whether it is so or not it must be an immense convenience to the public. The

RATIONS FOR VOLUNTEERS. amount of subsistence allowed to each volunteer, and known under the term "ration," ," previous to the extra session of Congress in July, 1861, was as follows:

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2 quarts of salt.

To 100 Rations.

This ration, if cared for, and properly cooked, is Extra issues of molasses are occasionally made.

more than can be eaten.

RHODE ISLAND, one of the original thirteen States, and one of the New England States, is the smallest of the States of the Union. It lies on both sides of Narraganset Bay, chiefly on the western. It extends from 41° to 42° N. latitude, and from 71° 8' to 71° 54' W. longitude. The continental portion is 56 miles in extreme length, is 40 miles broad at the southern, and 20 at the northern end. The area is 1,225 square miles, including the bay, or 1,200 miles of land. Its surface is very diversified, considering its extent.

Its political division consists of only five counties. It has a coast line on the Atlantic

ocean of forty miles; along Connecticut fifty miles; and along Massachusetts seventy miles; in all an outline of one hundred and sixty miles, extending from latitude 41° 18′ to 42° 1'

north.

It is, in proportion to its population, the greatest manufacturing section in the Union. The annual value of goods produced, by the census of 1850, was $22,117,688. This had more than doubled in 1860, according to the census of the year. The population of the State, which had been 76,931 in 1810, had risen to 174,621 in 1860. In politics the State has been eminently conservative. Although it gave 4,537 majority for Lincoln in 1860, it at the same time gave 1,460 for the conservative Governor Sprague. The Legislature meets semi-annually, in May and November. The present Senate is composed of 17 Conservatives, and 13 Republicans; the House of 45 Conservatives and 25 Republicans.

The large manufactories of Rhode Island seek markets in all sections of the Union, and she is largely dependent on the South for raw material.

The increasing difficulties with the South were in Rhode Island regarded with much solicitude. The threatened interruption to her trade, as well by cutting off raw material as by closing the market for many of her productions, was, although of vital interest, still apparently secondary to other considerations. The necessity for preserving the Union was of paramount importance, and Governor Sprague promptly took the initiative in respect to existing difficulties. In his Message to the Legislature, he was the first to propose the repeal of the Personal Liberty bills, which had been passed by Rhode Island, in common with many other States of the North, and which were so generally regarded as one of the main causes of dissatisfaction at the South. Accordingly, Gov. Sprague expressed himself to the effect that the offensive law would be rescinded "without hesitation, not from fear or cowardice, but from a brave determination, in the face of threats and sneers, to live up to the Constitution and all its guarantees, the better to testify their love for the Union, and the more firmly to exact allegiance to it from all others." The vote at the close of January, 1861, on the motion to repeal, was in the Senate-yeas 21, nays 9; in the House-yeas 49, nays 18.

This result was hailed by the friends of the Union as a harbinger of peace, the more so that Ohio and some other States had made a movement in the same direction, and that the peace conference called by Virginia was on the eve of assembling at the National Capital. At such a juncture, an indication of more moderate views at the North, even if confined to the limited sphere of Rhode Island, was enough to awaken hopes of an amicable settlement. These were not realized.

When, in the progress of affairs, the difficulties culminated in the fall of Fort Sumter, the

Governor promptly tendered the Government the services of a thousand infantry and a battalion of artillery, and immediately convened the Legislature in extra session. It met on the 17th of April. The Senate passed a resolution of thanks to the Governor for his prompt action in support of the Government. In the House a bill was at once reported for providing the State's quota, and a bill was presented appropriating $500,000 for enlisting men into the services of the United States. The Providence banks came promptly forward with money. The Bank of Commerce offered $30,000, the State Bank $50,000, the Providence Bank $15,000, as loans to the State to aid in the outfit of the troops. Large offers from private citizens were also made to Gov. Sprague for similar purposes. The troops began immediately to move, and on the 20th the Rhode Island Marine Artillery, 8 guns, 110 horses, Col. Tompkins, passed through New York on their way to Washington. The enthusiasm in the State was great, and the citizens crowded forward into the ranks. The First Regiment, Col. Burnside, was ready to move. Many of the officers and men were of the wealthiest class. This regiment, 1,200 strong, when it left Providence, was accompanied by Gov. Sprague, as com mander-in-chief of the Rhode Island forces. A. E. Burnside, the colonel, a native of Indiana, graduated at West Point, served in the Mexican war, resigned, and was employed with Gen. McClellan on the Illinois Central Railroad when the call for troops was made. The formation of troops went on rapidly. A second regiment, under the command of Col. John S. Slocum, was despatched soon after to Washington, and, with the First Regiment, took a con spicuous part at Bull Run, where Burnside earned his brigadier-general's commission. That disastrous day stimulated Rhode Island to new efforts. The Federal Government had made & call for more troops. Lieut.-Gov. Arnold issued the following proclamation:

STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, &c. EXECUTIVE DEpartment, July 23, 1861. ) To the People of Rhode Island: All hearts are bowed in sorrow at the disastrous result of the battle of the 21st inst., at Bull Run, in Virginia.

The national arms have sustained a temporary de feat. This reverse is the more sad to us that it is ac

companied by the loss of so many gallant officers and brave men who held the honor of Rhode Island second only to their love of country.

Captains Levi Tower and Samuel J. Smith, and Lieu Colonel John S. Slocum, Major Sullivan Ballou, tenant Thomas Foy, of the Second Regiment, and Lientenant Henry A. Prescott, of the First Regiment, have fallen. So far as yet known, this completes the list of fatal casualties among the officers; that of the privates is not yet received.

The State will embalm the memory of these noble men, as it preserves the fame of its heroes of Revolu tionary days.

This reverse calls for renewed and vigorous effort on the part of all loyal citizens to maintain the Federal Government.

ernor, do hereby call upon the good people of this Therefore, I, Samuel G. Arnold, Lieutenant-Gov

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