CITIZENSHIP.-We call him a CITIZEN, who has the privilege of sharing with others in Government, deliberative or judicial: and a City [or Commonwealth] is the number [the associated body] of such, selfsufficient for life.-Aristotle, Politics, Book III, c. 1.

SOVEREIGNTY. A Nation, is a State, a body politic, or a society of men united together to promote their mutual safety and advantage, by means of their union.

From the very design that induces a number of men to form a Society that has its common interests, and ought to act in concert, it is necessary that there should be established a public Authority, to order and direct what ought to be done by each in relation to the end of the association. This Political Authority is the Sovereignty, and he or they who are possessed of it are the Sovereign.

It is evident, from the very act of the Civil or Political Association, that each Citizen subjects himself to the Authority of the entire Body, in everything that relates to the common welfare. The Right of all over each member, therefore, essentially belongs to the Body Politic, to the State; but the exercise of that Right may be placed in different hands, according as the Society shall have ordained.

If the Body of the Nation keeps in its own hands the Empire, or the RIGHT OF COMMAND [le Droit de commander], it is a Popular Government, a Democracy; if it refers it to a certain number of Citizens, to a Senate, it establishes a Republic, an Aristocracy; in short, if it confides the Empire to a single person, the State becomes a Monarchy.- Vattel, Law of Nations, Book I, c. 1, § 1-8.

CHICAGO:

PUBLISHED FOR AMERICAN CITIZENS

THE TRUE MAINTAINERS OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY.

1863.

233. e. 194.