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STEPHENSON,

AN INTERESTING AND USEFUL MAP.
A friend of ours has now in a state of forwardness, a Builder of a superior style of Passenger Cars for Railroade
Map upon which will be delineated nearly all the Rail-
No. 264 Elizabeth street, near Bleecker street,
roads now chartered in the U. States. It is designed to show
New-York.
RAILROAD COMPANIES would do well to examine
the present contemplated connexion of the different lines, these Cars; a specimen of which may be seen on that part o

as well as where others may hereafter be constructed to the New-York and Harlem Railroad, now in operation.
connect with them. It will be completed in a few weeks,

and may be had either in sheets, or put up in morocco for
pocket maps, in any quantity, by applying to the subscri-
D. K. MINOR,

I have been frequently asked, since the notice in the last number was published, if I really intended to discontinue the Journal at the end of the present number-in reply to which I have uniformly answered: not if suf ficient patronage should be received to pay its expense; and, in order to do that, I must have sale for 250 copies of the past and present, and an equal number of subscribers to the next volume; and I therefore again put the question, Would it not be well for the numerous Railroad Companies to order 5 to 10 copies, bound, for the use of such of their En-qaile, and about forty 10d nails in a minute, and in the same

ber.

New-York, August 14, 1833.

35 Wall street.

NOTICE TO MANUFACTURERS.
SIMON FAIRMAN, of the village of Lansingburgh, in
he county of Rensselaer, and state of New-York, has invented

and put in operation a Machine for making Wrought Nails

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RAILROAD CAR WHEELS AND BOXES, AND OTHER RAILROAD CASTINGS. Also, AXLES furnished and fitted to wheels complete, at the Jefferson Cotton and Wool Machine Factory and Foundry. Paterson, N. J. All orders addressed to the subscribers at Paterson, or 60 Wall street, New-York, will be promptly attended to. Also, CAR SPRINGS.

Also, Flange Tires turned complete.

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NOVELTY WORKS,

Near Dry Dock, Now-York. THOMAS B. STILLMAN, Manufacturer of Steam and other Machinery. Also, Dr. Nott's Patent Tubular Boil

with square points. This machine will make about sixty 6d proportion larger sizes, even to spikes for ships. The nail is gineers as may not already have it? Would hammered and comes from the machine completely heated to Engines, Boilers, Railroad and Mill Work, Lathes, Presses, redness, that its capacity for being clenched is good and sure. they not probably find it a matter of economy, One horse power is sufficient to drive one machine, and may era, which are warranted, for safety and economy, to be supeasily be applied where such power for driving machinery is in rior to any thing of the kind heretofore used. The fullest as in the Journal they will find some account,peration. Said Fairman will make, vend and warrant ma-assurance is given that work shall be done weli, and on reachines as above, to any persons who may apply for them as soon sonable terms. A share of public patronage is respectfully

they may be ma te, and on the most reasonable terms. He solicited.

Also desires to sell one half of his patent right for the use of said

machines throughout the United States. Any person desiring

or description, of almost every improvement
in, or new suggestion relative to, Railroads, by
which hundreds, and perhaps thousands of dol-machine shop of Mr. John Humphrey, in the village of Lan-
lars, may be saved in the location and con-
struction of their road? I am willing to su-

urther information, or to purchase, will please to call at the
singburgh.-August 15, 1833.

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INCOMBUSTIBLE ARCHITECTURE.
INCOMBUSTIBLE dwelling-houses and buildings of
United States, as cheap as any other combustible buildings
additional expense.

perintend its publication without compensa-all kinds devised or built in New York, or any part of the
tion, even for another year, but I cannot lon-Actual buildings and houses rendered incombustible at a small
ger afford to do that and also be in advance
SHIPS of all sorts, and Steamboats, rendered incombustible,|
to it to the amount of several hundreds of dol-and not liable to sink, at a small expense.
For sale, 10,000 lbs. of ANTIGNIS, or Incombustible Var-
nish, at one dollar per lb.

lars.

MARRIAGES.

On Tuesday evening last, by the Rev. Mr. Geissenhainer, Row'D L. MATHEWS, to ADELIA E., daughter of Benj. Birdsall, Faqr.

On Wednesday evening, by the Rev. C. W. Carpenter, L. D. SINS, of the U. S. Army, to Miss CATHARINE D. S. BANCKER, Of this city.

At New Haven, Conn. on Monday morning, October 7, by the Rev. Mr. Merwin, WILLIAM R. CONE, Esq. of Hartford, to Miss REBECCA D., daughter of James Brewster, Esq. of the former place.

At Norfolk, (Va.) on Sunday the 6th instant, by the Rev. Dr. Ducachet, Lieut. W. FENN HOPKINS, of the Army, to Miss FRANCES L., daughter of Wright Southgate, Esq. of Norfolk At Troy, on Monday last, by the Rev. Mi. Butler, ALFRED Broox, Esq., of the house of Brooks, Brothers & Co. of New York, to Mise Lydia Warren, daughter of the late Esais War nen, Esq. of the former place.

DEATHS.

On Thursday afternoon, after a short and painful illness, Mr.
SYLVESTER PHILLIPS, in the 35th year of his age.
In this city, on the 5th of October instant, SARAH H. DERING,
daughter of the late Gen. Sylvester Dering, of shelter Island.
Her remains have been taken to Shelter Island for interment.
Wednesday afternoon, in the 18th year of his age, CORNELIUS
BAY LOTT, BOn of Henry Lott.

Apply to C. S. RAFINE SQUE, Professor of Hist. and Nat. Sciences, Chemist, Architect, &c. in Philadelphia, No. 59 North 8th street. A pamphlet given gratis.

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References in New-York.-Mr. Minor, Editor of the Ma-
chanical Magazine; Messrs. Rushton & Aspinwall, Druggista. SURVEYING AND NAUTICAL INSTRUMENT
Editors the city or country, copying this advertisement,
will receive a commission on any contract procured by their
81 RJMM & F
means.
SURVEYORS, INSTRUMENTS.
Compasses of various sizes and of superior quality,
Leveling Instruments, large and small sizes, with high mag-branches, which they can furnish at the shortest notice, and on
aifying powers with glasses made by Troughton, together with
a large assortment of Engineering Instruments, manufactured
E. & G. W. BLUNT, 154 Water street,
and sold by
J31 6t
corner of Maidenlane.
ENGINEERING AND SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS.

warranted.

EWIN & HEARTTE, at the sign of the Quadrant, No. 58 South street, one door north of the Union Hotel, Baltimore, beg leave to inform their friends and the public, especially Engineers, that they continue to manufacture to order and keep for sale every description of Instruments in the above fair terms. Instruments repaired with care and promptitude. For proof of the high estimation on which their Surveying Instruments are held, they respectfully beg leave to tender to the public perueal, the following certificates from gentlemen of [distinguished scientific attainments.

To Ewin & Heartte.-Agreeably to your request made some months since, 1 now offer you my opinion of the Instruments made at your establishment, for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. This opinion would have been given at a much

a longer time for the trial of the Instruments, so that I could speak with the greater confidence of their merits, if such they should be found to possess.

The subscriber manufactures all kinds of Instruments in kie profession, warranted equal, if not superior, in principles of construction and workmanship to any imported or manufac-earlier period, but was intentionally delayed, in order to afford tured in the United States; several of which are entirely new: among which are an Improved Compass, with a Telescope at cached, by which angles can be taken with or without the use of the needle, with perfect accuracy-also, a Railroad Goniometer, with two Telescopes and a Levelling Instrument, with a Goxiometer attached, particularly adapted to Railroad purpoSee. WM. J. YOUNG, Mathematical Instrument Maker, No. 9 Dock street, Philadelphia.

Wednesday afternoon, 9th inst., of a protracted illness, JULIA
MARY, eldest daughter of the late Daniel and Mary Scaune,
The following recommendations are respectfully submitted
aged 19 years.
Near Fort Gibson, Mississippi, on the 28th of August last, Mr.to Engineers, Surveyors, and others interested.
Baltimore, 1882.
EDWARD CRONLY, of Lullamore, Kings County, Ireland, in the
40th year of his age.

In reply to thy inquiries respecting the instruments manufactured by thee, now in use on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail road. I cheerfully furnish thee with the following information. The whole number of Levels now in possession of the depart.

In Sprinfield, on the 18th ult. of bilious fever, Gen. PETER
W. SPICER, of the city of New-York. He had been appointed
to examine the Land Offices in this State, and three weeks
ment of construction of thy make is seven. The whole num
since, in the performance of his duties, he arrived in this town. ber of the Improved Compass" is eight. These are all ex-
in a bad state of health. His illness increasing, he was re-clusive of the number in the service of the Engineer and Gra-
moved to the residence of Wm. L. May, Esq. where he re-
duation Department.
ceived all the attentions which his ease required, but all did not]
avail to preserve his valuable life.

At New Orleans, of the yellow fever, Oscar Wendell, son of John L. Wendell, Esq. of Albany.

At the same place, on 27th Aug. at Bankston's Springs, Hinds
county, Mississippi, of liver complaint, the Rev. G. D. MURPHY,
Pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Amsterdam, Miss.
At Lancaster, Ohio, Mr. JOHN HERMAN, formerly Editor of the
Oblo Fagle.

At Washington City, on Tuesday last, in the 43d year of her age, Mrs. ANNE MARIA T. WASHINGTON, wife of Bushrod C. Washington, Esq. of Jefferson county, Virginia.

Both Levels and Compasses are in good repair. They have
all instruments of the kind are liable
in fact needed but little repairs, except from accidents to which

It is with much pleasure I can now state that notwithstanding the Instruments in the service procured from our northern cities are considered good, I have a decided preference for those manufactured by you. Of the whole number manufactured for the Department of Construction, to wit: five Levels, and five of the Compasses, not one has required any repairs within the last twelve months, except from the occasional imperfection of a screw, or from accidents, to which all Instruments are liable They possess a firmness and stability, and at the same time a neatness and beauty of execution, which reflect much credi on the artists engaged in their construction.

I can with confidence recommend them as being worthy the notice of Companies engaged in Internal Improvements, whe may require Instruments of superior workmanship. JAMES P. STABLER, Superintendent of Construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

I have examined with oare several Engineers' instruments of your Manufacture, particularly Spirit levels, and surveyor's Compasses; and take pleasure in expressing my opinion of the excellence of the workmanship. The parts of the levels appeared well proportioned to secure facility in use, and accu

I have found that thy patterns for the levels and compasses
have been preferred by my assistants generally, to any other
in use, and the Improved Compass is superior to any other deracy and permanency in adjustments.
cription of Goniometer that we have yet tried in laying the raile

on this Road.

These instruments seemed to me to possess all the modera improvement of construction, of which so many have bena made within these few years; and I have no doubt but they will give every satisfaction when used in the field.

This instrument, more recently improved with a reversing telescope, in place of the vane sights, leaves the engineer scarcely any thing to desire in the formation or convenience of WILLIAM HOWARD, U. 8. Civil Engineer. the Compass. It is indeed the most completely adapted to later Baltimore, May 1st, 1833. al angles of any simple and cheap instrument that I have yet To Messrs Ewin'and Heartte-Agyou have asked me to give seen, and I cannot but believe it will be preferred to all others my opinion of the merits of those instruments of your manu. IXTEEN THOUSAND SHARES, AMOUNTING TO now in use for laying of rails-and in fact, when known, I think tacture which I have either used or examined, I cheerfully state 9806,000 Stock, in the MADRIVER AND LAKE ERIE it will be as highly appreciated for common surveying. that as far as my opportunities of my becoming aquainted with RAILROAD COMPANY.-The subscribers will open books Respectfully thy friend, their qualities have gone, I have great reason to think well of of subscription to take up said stock, on Monday, the 14th day JAMES P. ETABLER, Superintendant of Construction the skill displayed in their construction. The neatness of their of October instant, which shall be kept open three days, from 9 of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. workmanship has been the subject of frequent remark by my o'clock A. M. until 3 o'clock P. M., at the Exchange, in Wall Philadelphia, February, 1833. self, and of the accuracy of their performance I have received street, in the city of New York; at the City Hall in the city of Having for the last two years made constant use of Mr. satisfactory assurance from others, whose opinion I reepest, Albany; and at the Eagle Tavern in the city of Buffalo. Five dollars on each share will be required at the time of Young's Patent Improved Compass," I can safely say I be and who have had them for a considerable time in use. The subscribing; and if more than sixteen thousand shares shall believe it to be much superior to any other instrument of the kind, efforts you have made since your establishment in this city, to subscribed, the reduction will be made agreeably to the provi- now in use, and as such most cheerfully recommend it to En-relieve us of the necessity of sending elsewhere for what we E. H. GILL, Civil Engineer. may want in our line, deserve the unqualified approbation and sions of the charter, by striking off from the largest number of gineers and Surveyors. Germantown, February, 1833. our warm encouragement. Wishing you all the success which shares in succession, until the subscription shall be reduced to sixteen thousand shares, as above stated. For a year past I have used Instruments made by Mr. W. J. your enterprize so well merite, I remain, yours, &c. B. H LATROBE, Young, of Philadelphia, in which he has combined the properties of a Theodolite with the common Level. Civil Engineer in the service of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail road Company.

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AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL,

AND ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

PUBLISHED WEEKLY, AT No. 35 WALL STREET, NEW-YORK, AT THREE DOLLARS PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.

D. K. MINOR, EDITOR.]

CONTENTS:

Undulating Railways; South Carolina Railroad; Roads

.660

661

in England; Petersburg Railroad; &c., &e....page 657 Railroads; North-Western Railroad; On Railroads..653 New English Patents; Hancock's Steam Omnibus....659 Great North Road in England... On M'Adam Roads, &c. . Westerman's Machine for spinning Hemp; Mechanical ........662 Invention: Patent Radiator, or Globe Saw. Babbage on the Economy of Manufactures, continued.663 ...665 Machine for cutting Grain, &c.

Literary Notices...

Summary; Foreign Intelligence

Miscellany

Meteorological Table; Marriages and Deaths, &c. ...

ried on.

NEW-YORK, OCTOBER 19, 1833.

666

.669 .672

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 19, 1833.

[VOLUME II.-No. 42.

URIAH A. BOYDEN. As the discussion to which the preceding r. fers is now closed, we hope to hear from te gentlemen on other subjects.-[Ed. R. R. J.]

ROADS IN ENGLAND.-The account (at p. 660),communications on a subject which is too stale of the great benefits that have accrued to the to be again mentioned. English nation from their GOOD ROADS, will, we are sure, be perused with interest by every person who is anxious that internal improvements should go on prospering in this country. PETERSBURG RAILROAD.-Transportation on The great facilities that good roads afford the October 12: 736 bales of cotton, 13 hogsheads people of that country, for transporting rapidly the Petersburg railroad for the week ending 668 their manufactures, as well as the produce of tobacco, 140 boxes do., 600 bushels of wheat, the soil, within the last few years, has had a 100 barrels flour, 5500 lbs. seed cotton, 3000 pipe very salutary effect in lowering the price of staves, 100 bushels corn, 5 veals, 14 barrels of AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, &c. provisions, and enabling the merchant and ma. brandy, 16500 lbs. iron, 1380 packages goods nufacturer to find a ready market for their and all other articles, 416 passengers. The transportation on the railroad would goods. The husbandman, instead of setting off have been more considerable, if the company UNDULATING RAILWAYS.-This subject seems to the nearest market at midnight, in his pon-had received all the locomotives which were that a large qnantity of cotton and other proto have attracted much attention in England: derous broad-wheeled waggon, travelling at the ordered several months ago. It is understood so much, indeed, that an experiment upon a rate of two and a half miles an hour, can now, duce remains at the various depots, which will large scale is about to be made. We therefore with a light caravan, travel at the rate of seven arrive this week.-[Petersburg Intelligencer.] ALEXANDRIA, D. C., Oct. 14.-Whilst we are shall continue the discussion, from the London or eight miles. GOOD ROADS have also effectwriting the waters of the Potomac, above HarpMechanics' Magazine, in the Journal; and weed a very efficient reform in the Post Office dedo so with the greater pleasure on account of partment: individuals have been induced to en-er's Ferry, are silently flowing into the Chesa the very proper temper with which it is car-ter into contracts, in nearly every county, to peake and Ohio Canal. Passing the long concarry the mail ten miles, and in several cases tested Point of Rocks into the long finished part to the Seneca, they will connect the tide water since, seven twelve miles an hour. A few years of this district to the fertile region of the SheSOUTH CAROLINA RAILROAD.-We are informed that the Governor and suite, together miles was considered very expeditious. As a nandoah and the upper part of Virginia and with the Committee of the Railroad Directors proof of the excellent state the roads are kept Maryland, watered by the Potomac and its triThis part of the Canal is the most expensive and the Augusta mail, which left town on in, we will just mention that, about two years butary streams. Thursday morning at a quarter before 6 o'clock, arrived at Aiken, 120 miles, at 5 P. M. The ago, Lord John Russell was invited to a public of the Eastern section. The difficulties have car with the mail and passengers was let down dinner, sixty miles from London: the dinner been surmounted in a manner which reflects the inclined plane, and arrived at Hamburg at was about five o'clock: the speeches occu- the highest degree of credit on those who directEarly in the ensuing season, more than one 8 P. M. The distance from the Inclined Plane pied the time until ten o'clock, and were takened and those who have executed the work. hundred miles will be completed, passing Shepto Hamburg was performed by hand power. down by Mr. Wood, one of the short-hand reMorning Chronicle," and filled herdstown and Williamsport in its route. The morning papers of this place were thus reporters to the " The hopes of hc people of this district have ceived in Augusta on the evening of the same several columns of that paper. He transcribed day on which they were issued. The above is from the Charleston Patriot of every line for the compositor on his way to Lon-been raised to the expectation of its continuance land, and we hope they will not be disappointed. In the mean time, however, we have the exthe 5th October. It announces, we believe, the don in a post-chaise. The paper was printed to the bituminous coal region above Cumberfirst arrival at Hamburg of a train of cars and in London, and dispatched by the 4 o'clock the mail by the Railroad, and it may be deemed morning coaches to the very town where the treme gratification of feeling an assurance that as the commencement of a new era in the his- entertainment had been given, and was there the supply of coal will not depend on this event. thracite Coal, found about five feet below the tory and prosperity of South Carolina. It is in sufficient time for the breakfast tables, at We have before us a favorable specimen of Ansurface of the ground, near the line of Berkley the longest continuous line of railroad in the o'clock. and Morgan counties, in Virginia, and about fifteen miles from the Potomac. There is every world now in use. It is, however, we hope, only To the Editor of the American Railroad Journal: SIR,-I have one favor to ask of the readers reason to believe that it will be found much ti the commencement of a still longer line, which will ere long extend through Georgia, Alabama, of the Railroad Journal, through this medium, er to the canal, and that the supply of tity and and Tennessee, to the junction of the Ohio and which is, that they would inquire as to the cle of necessity will be abundant in excellent in quality. the Mississippi, which will open to those fertile truth of Mr. Bulkley's assertions in his last reThose who are the believe in the goddess gratulate us on this states another and a very important communi- ply to me, before they admit any thing there ad- of good fortune, may not arrive at the Coal As we c cation with the Atlantic, and one which will vanced to be true. There is nothing wanting lucky hit. neither be obstructed in summer by want of to make the truth or falsehood of these asser-Banks as soon tions evident, but a reference to our former have kindly m water, nor in winter by fetters of ice.

9

we wished, the Coal Banks us half way.-[Gazette ]

curred.

[From the Long Island Star.] miles nearly east from Col. White's mine, the ground in the spring; and giving the road RAILROADS. The railroad, the working of same strata of rocks and vein of copper ore has time to settle back to its bed again, and a which has just commenced between Stoning- been discovered. This is the only place on the few dollars would repair the damages inton, Conn., and Providence, R. I., forms an waters of Bowman's creek, so far as I know, important part of the route between Boston where discovery of copper ore has been made. and New-York. The distance of the entire The copper taken from any part of this vein is That one thousand dollars would grade a line of railroad, when connected at Providence of the purest kind. My informant states that mile of road, where the excavations did not with the present line, will be about 80 miles. he has smeited the ore in a crucible, and after. require more than an average of three feet The public generally are not aware that awards hammered the button found at the bot-of embankment; that two thousand dollars Long Island railroad of less than one hundred tom, as thin as the paper on which I am now would import the iron rails, and lay them miles, might reduce the time of travelling be- writing, without its cracking, and without any down on wooden sills, on the surface, for a tween Boston and New-York to about 12 hours, further refining. From these facts it cannot mile; making a mile of railroad to cost only thereby obviating the hazard of passing Long be doubted that there is an inexhaustible Island Sound, and of the lines of steamboats. quantity of copper in the mountain between three thousand dollars on fair lying and even It is less than 100 miles from Brooklyn ferry the Mahoopeny and Bowman's creek, and that ground; and allowing two thousand dollars to Greenport, formerly called Sterling, in the very extensive operations will shortly be car- a mile for extra deep cutting and embank. town of Southold. Greenport is a tine haried on in mining and smelting the ore, &c." ments, and bridging small streams, would bor, situated between Shelter Island and the main island, and has good depth of water-whose politeness the above extract was re-mile, for an ordinary good route, with a sinW. Henry, Esq. of Oxford Furnace, through give an average of five thousand dollars per casy of access-never troubled with ice. There ceived, very justly remarks: is already a considerable village, where two "This extensive body of one of the most gle track. whaling ships are annually fitted out, and many useful metals, being discovered in the immediBoth the Liverpool and Manchester, and smaller vessels are owned and employed. ate vicinity of extensive deposits of bituminous the Albany and Schenectady Railroads, are It is probable the railroad between Brooklyn coal, renders it the more important and certain said to have cost over fifty thousand dollars and Jamaica will be made next season, embrac for profitable investments, and must necessari- per mile. Mr. Johnson's manner of simpliing 12 miles of the proposed route. The rely have a considerable influence on the tradefying the expenses by omitting to guard maining distance to Greenport is over a level and prospects of the great leading highways against the frost of winter, reduces the cost country, having many facilities for construct now about being opened down the Susquehan-of a railroad from tens of thousands to units ing a cheap railroad. A steamboat could pass na river, and into the anthracite coal deposits of thousands; and Mr. Hartman's extension between Greenport and Stonington in 2 hours, on the Lackawanna, from whence diverge se- of Mr. Johnson's economy reduces it from during the whole year. veral chartered and proposed roads; one of which, (the Susquehanna and Delaware Rail- thousands to hundreds, for the use of comroad,) being on the nearest and best route to mon waggons. the great commercial emporium, New-York, must be greatly benefitted."

We have no doubt that many persons who have occasion to travel between New-York and Boston, would at this time take the route through Long Island, were they aware of the fact that lines of stages pass three times a week between Brooklyn and Sag Harbor, and that three fine packets are passing every day between Sag Harbor and New-London.

These Yankee improvement, on the Engish system in the construction of railroads convenient to come at, so abundantly supplied of land transportation, and a vast acquisition Situated as are these mines of wealth, so portends a great revolution in the facilities with the best of fuel in their neighborhood, convenient to extensive and fertile agricultural to the internal commerce of our country; districts, and on a railroad, when it shall be and their cheapness and simplicity will ren(From the Hunterdon Gazette, N. J.) completed, leading directly to the best mart in der them too frequent and common among THE NORTH-WESTERN RAILROAD. The ex. the Union, nothing apparently can prevent us to let in those monopolies which have tension of the Elizabethtown and Somerville their early occupation to a great extent, by an grown up under their excessive costs in Railroad, so as to form one continuous line of industrious and thriving population. We are England; and even already in the United railroad from Jersey City, through Elizabeth warranted in this belief as we know that many States where they have been partially introtown, Somerville, Clinton, Belvidere, the Dela of the copper mines of England and Ireland, duced. And these, with a double track, could ware Water Gap, and Stroudsburg, to Pittston, from whence America is chiefly supplied, are be made to be used by common farmers' wagon the Susquehanna, may well be considered now worked at a very great depth, and, of

one of the most useful public improvements course, at a very heavy expense. And more. gons, like turnpikes.

now in contemplation. The fact that it is eal-over, several of the most important in Ireland Mr. Hartman recommends "good locust, culated to open the shortest and best practi- are supplied with fuel from England, transport-cedar, or oak, for the cross sills and rails of cable communication from the city of Newed over land a very considerable distance; yet the road, and to char or burn them, instead of York to the anthracite coal regions of Luzerne even they are considered a source of great taking off the bark." county, to extensive deposite of bituminous coal wealth.

teresting section of country.

It is known among our carpenters and and inexhaustible bodies of iron ore, in Brad ford and Tioga counties, in Pennsylvania, on On Railroads. By J. HAWLEY. [From ble kind of timber than oak, for ground sills joiners that red beech is even a more duraand near to the north branch of the SusqueGoodsell's Genesee Farmer.] hanna, is sufficient to render this improveor sleepers lying on or near the ground, in MR. NAMAN GOODSELL: Dear Sir,- buildings, and is, therefore, worth an expe. ment highly important; but its importance is was well entertained with the communica-riment, for the cross sills of a railroad. If greatly enhanced by farther discoveries, re-tion of Mr. John Hartman's, which you co-the common red beech timber of our councently made, of the mineral wealth of this in-pied into your Genesee Farmer, [from the try could be so made to answer the purpose The facts stated in the following extract of Railroad Journal,] on the very simple and of locust, cedar, and oak, for making raila letter from Dr. Smith, a gentlenian of high economical construction of railroads, entirely roads, it would be the means of bringing into respectability residing in Kingston, Pennsyl- with timber, even with wooden rails only, dis-value a very common and abundant article vania, to H. W. Drinker, Esq. of Luzerne pensing altogether with the more costly ma-of our forest, which at present is worth but county, may be confidently relied on: terials of iron and stone. "Agreeably to the promise made to you, I little more than for fire-wood and potash, proceeded to make inquiries relative to copper self a very practical matter-of-fact man, in article of home production, and saving the Elisha Johnson, Esq. (who has shown him- and it would be the means of using up an A mine has been opened by Col. White, on the south-east side of the Mahoopeny creek, seven the building of the Rochester Railroad, and importation of iron railing from England, miles above its mouth or entrance into the Sus. more especially in the construction of the with the duties off. And for the rails of the quehanna river. The vein here appears towing path along the eastern bank of the road, it would probably endure and wear as about one foot in thickness, and is at present Genesee, from the foot of that railroad on-smooth under the friction of the carriage exposed for about sixty feet in length along ward to the mouth of the river, as well as wheels as any other kind of timber, and the creek. It is imbedded in a bluff of rocks very much resembling in generally in the various improvements con- would make all, the sills, rails, appearance the comand grooves mon lime-stone. The bluff as now exposed is tributing to the growth of Rochester,) lately of red beech. about fifteen feet in height, and the vein of ore communicated to the Commissioners of the about three feet above the bed of the stream. Tonawanda Railroad his opinion of the un-has made some mistake in estimating the Mr. Hartman, (or the printer for him,) this strata of rock makes its appearance upon necessary expense of sinking the founda-expense of a "double track, from 8 to $120* the crequehanna a little below the mouth of tions of the road into the earth, below the a It is also found extending up the reach of frost, as derived from his experi-eight feet long, and laid eight feet apart, creek for seal miles above the vein opened ence on the Rochester Railroad; that after their lineal measure would be 5280 feet, the If we allow the cross sills to be by Col. White. from this strata pper ore has been taken grading the road to the desired level, then same length as a mile; then allow the rails several other places ong the Mahoopeny cks at the river, and at to lay the framing timbers on the surface, to be made of round sticks, sawed through In a deep ravine made by a small without any expensive precautions against branch of Bowman's creek, ing into the frost, merely omitting to use the road during

creek.

mile."

stream from the north-west, distal about five the few days the frost is coming out of the per mile. See Railroad Journal, of 29th July, 1833, p. 450. * The error is of the printer-it should be 8 to $1200

Six

the middle lengthwise, they would make led to conclude that the red color of the in- for an improved process for generating heat,
5280 feet more, which, with the wastage, ner part of many beech trees was owing to applicable to the heating of boilers and re-
would require 12,000 feet of timber, running the stagnation of the sap, which, for the want torts, and to other purposes for which heat
measure, which, at the value of one cent the of circulation, had undergone an active fer- is required. Six months; March 30.
foot, standing in the forest, would cost thementation, and that the acid so produced had William Shilton, of Birmingham, ma-
$120. Then to saw the rails, (if it should caused the color of the wood. Red beech, chinist, for an improved apparatus, or ma-
not be found that hewing and squaring them when submitted to destructive distillation, chine, for cutting files
and rasps.
would be cheaper,) as saw mills could not gives off a large quantity of vinegar, or py-months; April 3.
be had conveniently, they would have to be ralyneous acid.
Edward Boys, jr. of Rochester, gentle.
sawed by hand in a moveable saw pit, or The particular operation which the active man, for a machine or apparatus for prevent-
portable saw horse, for raising the logs at fermentation has upon different kinds of timing accidents with carriages in descending
$2.50 the 100 feet, running measure; which ber is not sufficiently understood to enable hills, or in other perilous situations. Six
would cost $130 a mile, allowing the two us to give it a minute description, but the months; April 4.
halves of the log to make the pair of rails fact is well known, that a portion of a tree
for a single track. The 3 by 3 inch scant- which has become red is more durable than
ling, for forming the grooves of the rail, that which remains white, and indicates a
would be equal to 8000 feet of board mea- free circulation of sap.

sure, at $6.25 is $50. Then the cutting, For durability we would recommend the
drawing, preparing, laying, and fastening following kinds of timber, as suitable for the
the timbers in their places, and filling up construction of the Tonawanda Railroad,
the spaces C C C C with earth between the and which may all be procured either on
timbers, would cost, say $200, making $500 the line or in the immediate vicinity.
a mile for the railing of a single track, after 1st. Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana L.
the road was graded, and of the cheapest This can be procured from the islands in
kind of timber found in our forests.
Lake Ontario. It is the most durable of any
The question for experience to determine timber in this section of country.
is, whether the interest on the capital that 2d. Yellow Locust, Robina pseudo acacia
iron rails cost will build wooden rails and L. This timber is considered as nearly
keep them in constant repair.

J. HAWLEY.

NOTE BY THE EDITOR.-As the communication above refers to the use of beech

timber for constructing railroads, a short description of this forest tree may be acceptable at this time.

The beech belongs to the twenty-first class and seventh order of L. Monoecia, Pollyandria, genus Fagus.

This species is divided by most botanists into two species, Sylvatica and Ferraginea. The one is put down in Loudon as the common beech of Europe, the other as the American.

Brown, in his Sylva Americana, has made the same specific difference, under the same

names.

equal to the first in durability, and far supe-
rior in strength, but cannot be procured in
timber for a road. It would be valuable for
sufficient quantity, at this time, for the main
pins when they were required.

George Rogers, of Sheffield, merchant, and John Tatam, of Hilton, county of Derby, gardener, for an improved button. months, April 4.

Six

Joseph Gibbs, of the Kent-road, Surrey, engineer, for improvements in the means, apparatus, and machinery, for exhibiting scenery, paintings, or certain descriptions of pictures. Six months; April 4.

John Ericsson, of Albany-street, Regent'spark, civil engineer, for an engine for producing motive power, whereby a greater quantity of power is obtained from a given quantity of fuel than heretofore. Six months; April 4.

Claude Marie Hilaire Molinard, of Bury-' street, St. Mary Axe, London, merchant, for ry for weaving fabrics, being a communica certain improvements in looms or machinetion from a foreigner. Six months; April 9. 3d. White Cedar, of the northern States, George Washington Wildes, of Colemanor American Arbor Nita, Thnja occidenta- street, London, merchant, for certain imlies L. This is a soft but durable timber, provements in machinery for cutting marble and may be found in most of the swamps and other stones, and cutting or forming on the line of this road. Perhaps this is bet- mouldings in grooves thereon. Six months ter calculated for the under work of a rail-April 15. road than any other timber in this vicinity, James Smith, jr. and Francis Smith, both as a stick twelve inches in diameter would in of Radford, near Nottingham, mechanics, all probability endure half a century. for certain improvements in certain machinery for manufacturing lace, commonly called bobbin-net lace. Six months; April 15th.

4th. White and Swamp Oak, Quercus, alba and prinus. Both these varieties of the and are more durable than the other varieoak are to be found upon this line of the road, ties. All things considered, these are the Loudon says the "Fagus fernginea is distinguished by the Americans from the com-dition to those, Chesnut, White and Yellow most valuable trees of our country. In admon kind by the name of red beech, the wood being of a darker color."

Brown Observes, "the flowers are similar to those of the white beech, though smaller, and put forth in May."

As Loudon has given but one species of European beach, we are led to conclude that

more so, than White Oak.

I

Mr. Hancock's Steam Omnibus. [From the
London Mechanic's Magazine.]

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SIR,-More than six years have elapsed since Pine, Larch, or Tamarack, may be advanbegan my experiments on steam locomotion; and I have followed it with an ardor that did tageously used, and where Chesnut, of what not admit of any diversion from the grand obobtained, it will be found as durable, cr past week I have exhibited daily on the Padis generally termed second growth, can be|ject which I kept steadily in view. During the dington road a steam omnibus, the result of List of New Patents granted between the 22d steered clear both of extravagant anticipations my experience; and having hitherto carefully of March and the 22d of April, 1833. and exaggerated statements, I should be sorry [From the London Mechanics' Magazine.] if any such should find their way into the pubJoshua Horton, of Taylor's Dock, Bir- lic prints. In order to prevent this, as far as I pends much upon the age and growth of the mingham, boiler manufacturer, for an im-am able, I beg to hand you for insertion in tree. In selecting the timber from the for-provement in the manufacture of wrought est, we have never found any particular cha-iron chains, applicable to various purposes. racteristic that was sufficient to point out To enrol within six months from the 23d of trees of red beech. We have never found March.

we have but one in America, and that is the same as the Sylvatica of Europe. So far as we have observed, the color of the wood de

young thrifty trees growing in open ground John Joyce, of South-row, New-road, St. having much red wood in the centre, but, on Pancras, gentleman, for improvements in the contrary, have found those trees which machinery for making nails communicated we call red beech in thick forests, where the to him by a foreigner. Six months; March trees were old, and often dead at the top, 28th.

your wide spreading miscellany, the following results of the first six days:

road, to Paddington, and from Paddington to April 22-Started from Cottage lane, City London wall, and back to Cottage lane-9 to 10 miles-1 hour 8 minutes. Delays, 18 minutes-travelling, 50 minutes.

April 23-From Cottage lane to Paddington, and back to Cottage lane-84 miles-1 hour 11 Delays, 9 minutes-travelling, 62

minutes.

minutes.

giving evidence that they had passed their John White, of Southampton, engineer, April 24-Same ground-1 hour 4 minutes. prime. Upon examining trees where they and iron founder, for certain improvements Delays, 11 minutes-travelling, 53 minutes. were cut, we have found that the white wood in machinery to be worked by steam or other April 25-Same ground, and back as far as which surrounded the red was not of uni- power, applicable to raising water, and to St. James' Chapel-piston broke. form thickness, neither does it always con- other purposes. Six months; March 28. April 26-Same ground, and back to Cottage tain the same number of grains. The great- Charles Terry, of Shoe-lane, London, lane 49 minutes. Delays, 5 minutes-travelest thickness of white wood will be found merchant, for improvements in producing ling, 44 minutes. upon that side of the tree which is in the leather from hides and skins. Six months; lays, 5 minutes-travelling, 444 minutes. April 27—Same ground-50 minutes. most growing condition, and from which the March 28. most vigorous roots extend. Average quantity of coke, 1 sack to each John Obadiah Newell Rutter, of Lyming- trip. ton, county of Southampton, wine merchant, It is not intended to run this carriage more

From these observations, we have been

De

than about a week longer; partly because it
was only intended as a demonstration of its ef-
ficiency, and partly because my own occupa
tions will not admit of my personal attention to
the steering, which I have hitherto performed
myself, having no other person at present to
whose guidance I could with propriety entrust
it. During the time that it will require to
build two more carriages for the Paddington
Company, I shall have one or two others of my
own running, which will afford me an oppor
tunity for training steersmen, &c., for this road,
which, of all others I am acquainted with, re-
quires the greatest steadiness and attention.
I am, sir, your obedient servant,
Stratford, May 1, 1833.

W. HANCOCK.

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any thing but the name. No commerce, nor||Dupin, in the introduction to his work on the intercourse of any kind, mixes them up toge. Commercial Power of Great Britain," writther into one mass. The inhabitants of a coun- ing in 1822, remarks, that fifty years before try entirely without roads would, of necessity, that time France was generally as far ahead of be savages. this country in all that concerns public utility, No country on the face of the earth is so as we had since got before his own country. well provided with roads as our own; and that men. Imperfectly supplied with roads as France is one of the chief of the causes which places now is, compared with England, the Baron's this country, beyond all rational dispute, at the statement is probably true, if confined even to head of the civilization of the world. The this particular. If we turn back at least to greater part of England is now intersected in times somewhat, though not very much, more all directions, not only by paths by which per- remote, we find that there were hardly any roads sons may pass on foot from one place to another, on which travelling could be conveniently perbut by broad highways for the movement of formed, except in the immediate vicinity of the wheel carriages, and the transference of the capital, and not even always there. In the ap. heaviest loads that can be dragged by the pow. pendix to the "Results of Machinery," a paser of horse or of machinery. Formerly vehi-sage is quoted from an historical work, accordN. B.-I would just observe, that your cor- cles drawn along the public roads were not al-ing to which it appears that Prince George of respondent "Candidus" has, I think, stated owed to carry above a very small weight. In Denmark, having in December, 1702, to make the number of journeys rather too high. From 1629, Charles I. issued a proclamation com-the journey from Windsor to Petworth, was 14 the manner, also, of wording his letter, it would manding that no common carrier, or other per-hours in accomplishing that distance of forty almost seem to imply that the " Enterprize' son whatsoever, should travel with any wain, miles in his coach, the last nine miles having was built in the City road, and that other car-cart, or carriage, with more than two wheels, taken six hours to get over them. "We did riages were in progress of building there; but nor with a load of above twenty hundred not get out of the coaches," says the narrator, I have no establishment in London, and the weight, for fear of injuring the roads; and pe- one of the Prince's attendants, (“save only "Enterprize' was built at my own place at nalties continued to be exacted under this regu- when we were overturned, or stuck fast, in the Stratford, and had its first trials on that road. lation for many years after. Our present mire,) till we arrived at our journey's end. I took it to town merely to avail myself of the roads, as compared with those which then exWe were thrown but once, indeed, assistance of London artists in its decoration, isted, are not more multiplied than they are im-in going, but our coach, which was the leading &c., after which, and before its delivery, I ran proved in quality. Of their number and ex-one, and his highness's body coach, would have it over its intended road, &c., as stated by tent, the latest complete account which has ap- suffered very much, if the nimble boors of Sus"Candidus." Thus much for steering clear of peared is that given in the appendix to the re-sex had not frequently poised it or supported it all mistakes. port of a Select Committee of the House of with their shoulders." In those days, indeed, Commons, which sat on the subject of turnpike and long after, the common mode of travelThe Great North Road in England. [From roads and highways in 1820. From this docu-ling was on horseback; and in country parts the Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magment it appears that the length of all the paved goods were almost universally conveyed on azine.] streets and turnpikes in England and Wales pack-horses. We gave, in our 61st nuinber, a Our island, it is true, still "stands where was then 17,725 miles, and that of other public relation extracted from Dr. Cleland's “Statisit did" a century ago; but in almost all other highways 95,104 miles, making the total length tical Account of Glasgow," of a journey made respects it is as much changed since then as of travelling road 114,829 miles. Assuming in this manner by two inhabitants of that city an old house that had been almost wholly re- all the turnpike roads to be of the statutable to London, in the year 1739, in which it is stabuilt. All our accommodations within this breadth of 60 feet, and the others on an ave-ted that they found no turnpike road until little world" are metamorphosed since the days rage 30 feet broad, the space covered by the they came to Grantham, in Lincolnshire, 110 of our fathers and grandfathers. Turn to which whole would be not less than 482,000 acres, or miles from the English metropolis. Up to that side we may, where shall we find things in any about 752 square miles. In the years 1812, point they had to make their way along a narthing like the same state in which they wer||1813, and 1814. (the latest for which there are row path, raised in the middle of an unmade even sixty years since? All commodities con any returns,) this extent of road was kept in soft road, into which latter they had to descend sumed, it may almost be said without exception repair at an annual expense of £1,404,842, be- ||whenever they met one of the gangs of packby all classes of the people, are of improved :ng at the rate of £12 6s. 8d. per mile. But horses carrying goods, the raised causeway not manufacture and better quality. Look to the notwithstanding all that has already been done being broad enough to allow the two parties to clothing that is now worn by men and women, in this way, the business of opening additional pass each other. "We, who in this age are even of the poorest order of our population lines of road is constantly going forward accustomed to roll along our hard and even nearly every article of it is of a quality suc! Some idea of the rate at which this species of roads at the rate of eight or nine miles an hour,” as formerly was not generally used, even by improvement proceeds may be gathered from says a writer in the Quarterly Review, (xxxi. the most opulent. The same thing is true of the fact, that in the six years from 1827 to 1832 353,) with much truth, "can hardly imagine the their food. Throughout England, at least, in-nclusive, the number of acts of parliamen nconveniences which beset our great grandfaferior substitutes for bread made of wheater which were passed for the formation of new.hers when they had to undertake a journey— flour are now nearly every where discarded and the repair or alteration of old roads forcing their way through deep miry lanes; the people will live upon nothing, or at least amounted to 388, or nearly 65 on an average ording swollen rivers; obliged to halt for days will take nothing for the main basis of their|| per annum. together, when the waters were out ;' and then subsistence, except that best and costliest of If the whole surface streaked and cut into by rawling along at a pace of two or three miles all the generally cultivated productions of the these roads, and our other channels of cominu in hour, in constant fear of being set in some earth. Other articles of consumption, again,nication, could be taken in by the eye at once leep quagmire, of being overturned, breaking such as tea, for example, and sugar, have, from what an extraordinary display of national enlown, or swept away by a sudden inundation." being the luxuries of the few, become almost terprize and national wealth it would present! The Romans formed several excellent roads universal necessaries. The houses inhabited So large an accumulation of the conquests of n Britain, as they did in every other country by persons of every degree are equally changed energy and the constituent elements of riches. which they subjected to their arms: but the and improved. So is every article of furniture, it may be safely said, was never before collect ges of confusion and misery that followed their every thing intended either for use or ornament,ed within the same compass. These roads are leparture from the island obliterated these, which they contain. It would be an endless task often the noblest exemplifications of art sub with nearly every other vestige of their domito attempt to enumerate the many things which jugating and triumphing over the opposition of nation. For a long period, instead of our roads but a generation ago were rare, aud are now natural difficulties. Many of them are carried being improved, they probably continued to possessed, in greater or small measure, almos: through the air over considerable rivers by row worse and worse. About the time of the by every body; the many other things that bridges of more or less cost and magnificence Norman Conquest, the principal streets of Lonwere then hardly ever seen, and are now com mon and plentiful everywhere; and the many tows on stupendous embankments. Some are Others are supported across depths and hollon appear to have been little better than ditchs or marshes. It is related that in the year others still that absolutely did not exist then, Iriven under ground through mountains. Some 1090, on occasion of a storm of wind blowing and are now enjoyed either by the whole com- terminate in piers that extend far into the sea down the roof of St. Mary-le-Bow church, in munity or by a large portion of it. There is no hostile force that their daring en. Cheapside, four of the rafters, each twenty-six But that which lies at the root and begin-gineers have not faced and vanquished. And eet long, were pitched so deep into the street ning of all these things, and is indeed the then to our common highways are to be added that scarcely four feet of them remained above feundation of a country's civilization, is a sys-our railroads, and canals, and rivers made naround. Holborn was not paved till the betem of good roads. Without this the national vigable, or otherwise improved by art, as all en- ginning of the fifteenth century. In the year resources and energies remain, in nearly their tering into the aggregate of those channels of 1417, the king, Henry V, ordered two vessels, sum total, unawakened and useless. Roads communication which our ancestors and our each of twenty tons burden, to be employed at are the veins and arteries by means of which selves have created, and which contribute in so his expense in bringing stones for this purpose, the circulation of the social body is carried on. eminent a degree to make England what it is. by reason that the highway in question was so Where they do not exist, there can hardly be The advantages, however, which we thusleep and miry, that many perils and hazards said to be a community. The people have no enjoy are, in by far the greater part, only of were thereby occasioned, both to the king's thing in common. They are not one people in comparatively recent acquisition. The Baron! A long street in the centre of the metropolis.

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