night. There were 26 boats plying up and down: 13 from Haarlem and 13 from Amsterdam. They stayed for nobody, but put off every hour just as the clock finished striking." Sir Wm. Brereton passed down the canal in 1634, soon after it was completed, and the fare seems to have been fixed at 5 stivers per man, 3 for the boat and 2 for tolls.b From Leyden to Haarlem a boat went daily, and the fare was the same. From Delft to the Hague, three English miles, the same traveller paid 1 stiver per man.d On the busier water-ways, where the boats left at stated times, the actual fares per man were fixed, but for smaller boats and shorter passages the amount paid depended on the number of passengers. Thus for a short journey with 10 passengers the fare would be fixed at 3 stivers per man; but if a fewer number of passengers were ready to pay the 30 stivers, the boat had to start. If, again, the boat carried more than 10 passengers, the fare would still be 3 stivers per man, and the profit would belong to the boatman. Pepys took a schuit or drag-boat from the Hague to Delft, and was much pleased with the manner and conversation of the passengers. He does not tell us what he paid, but he does tell us that on the return journey there was a pretty, sober Dutch lass in the boat, reading a book, upon whom he unsuccessfully attempted to "fasten discourse." It was not only to the sight-seeing traveller that this form of travel appealed. The writer of A Late Voyage to Holland,' printed in the 'Harleian Miscellany,' recommends it as well to the man of affairs, for, says he, a man loses no time from his business by this easy way of travel, and can write, eat, or sleep as he goes. There is not much information as to the sleeping accommodation on the boats, but regular meals seem a W. Montague, 'Delights of Holland,' 1696, 69. Travels in England and the Low Countries, 1634-5' (Chetham Soc., vol. i. p. 53). A stiver equalled about one penny in present-day English money. e Id., p. 48. to have been served on some of them. Evelyn speaks of a very good ordinary he had with excellent company on the 20-mile canal between Brussels and Antwerp. This journey, however, had its disadvantages owing to the number of locks and bridges encountered en route, the lock gates being frequently closed and the bridges often too low for the boats to pass under, so that the passengers were continually changing boats. What with locks and bridges, Sir Thomas Browne's son Edward was turned out five times on this journey in 1668a; and Evelyn had a similar experience, though he mentions only bridges.b Land travelling was performed in long, lumbering wagons with movable tops, in which the passengers sat on boards.c They carried as many as ten passengers, and their discomfort was proverbial. If the traveller had luggage, his troubles were increased. The drivers did not enter the towns (for fear of wearing out the brick pavements, according to Moryson), but deposited the passengers, luggage and all, outside the gates, so that the carriage of the luggage to and fro from the inns was a heavy charge on the traveller's purse. The Dutchmen drove like mad, and had an unpleasant habit of baiting their horses in and out of season. "An old bawd," says one writer, "is easier turned saint than a waggoner persuaded not to bait thrice in nine miles, and when he doth his horses must not stir, but have their manger brought them into the way......after which they hurry away, for they ever drive as if they were all the sons of Nimshi, and were furiously either pursuing an enemy or flying from him.” Haarlem he paid 8 stivers.a The rates depended, of course, on the number of passengers carried, and if a party was not ready, the traveller had to wait until one was made up. There was not much to relieve the monotony of land travelling in the Low Countries. Sir Wm. Brereton once met a couple of dromedaries on the road, which frightened the horses and seem to have created something of a diversion. Sir William, with commendable prudence, left the driver to look after the horses and leapt out of the wagon." Such adventures, however, were the exception rather than the rule, and what with the noise and discomfort and the jolting, which often produced seasickness, the travellers cannot have had a very pleasant time of it. In Monumenta Germaniæ Historica' and The inns in the Low Countries were on the in Pertz there are numerous references to whole frequent and clean, though the cooking bishops, abbots, monks, and priests named was indifferent. Indeed, one traveller Betto during the eighth and ninth centuries. goes so far as to say that God sent his meat, Their names may have been derived from but the Devil sent the dresser.d Charges beatus, yet in Libri Confraternitatum were high on account of the heavy imposts Sancti Galli Augiensis Fabariensis' there is levied on all kinds of commodities. Accord-mentio.1 in the ninth century, not only of ing to Reresby you could not eat under a sixteen monks named Betto, Bettho, or crown ordinary, but as against this Sir Wm. Betta, but also of eleven named Brereton dined at The Blue Anchor" at 66 the Hague for 26 stivers and was satisfied. The charge for beds as apart from refreshment seems to have been reasonable. Brereton paid 17 stivers a night at Rotterdam in 1634, but complains of a charge of 1 guilder 4 stivers for a quart of burnt claret. The travellers slept generally two or more in a room. At the Hague Pepys lay with his friend the Judge Advocate in a room with two other beds in it, but all very neat and handsome, and his boy slept by them on a bench.h The beds were large, and so lofty that you needed a kind of ladder to climb into them; and it was well to make your will before going to bed, for if you fell out you were in danger of breaking your neck. From all accounts the beds were scrupulously 'Itinerary' (1908), iii. 469. b 'Travels,' 35. e W. Montague, 'Delights of Holland' (1696), 5. 17. f 66 Beatus." In 1310 Andreas Betti, a notary of Puppio, was appointed procurator for Pope Clement in a certain matter; and Nich. Bettus was amongst the Knights of Pisa present at the making of the act of banishment of Robert, King of Sicily, in 1313. Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses' mentions one Franciscus Bettus, a Roman living in Basle between 1574 and 1585. Poets and painters Betti" flourished in Italy from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. 66 Gobelinus, a Canon of St. Gudule, Brussels, writing in 1646, was of opinion that “la maison de Bette est sortie de celle de Bestia à Rome." The two Bestia, probably grandfather and grandson, lived between B.C. 121 and B.C. 43. Gobelinus avers that Athalbert was son of Berengair Bestia, a Roman gentleman descended from Calfurnes Bestia, well known in Roman history. Athalbert was elected Bishop of Teroüanne (Flanders) in 885, according to the Chronicle of Teroüanne anne et Archidiacre de Flandres, who states that Athalbert brought his two brothers from Italy: Jean, who was Prévost de Tronchines les Gand, and Aloise Bestia, who married Hafaca, daughter of Hellyn, Count of Montreuil. Athalbert died in 919. 'Monumenta Germaniæ Historica' records that W. Montague, 'Delights of Holland' (1696), written by Pierre d'Ouy, Chanoine de Teroi 'Travels,' 127. Travels,' 37. Swift notices an unpleasant trait: "Like a Dutch reckoning, where, if you dispute the unreasonableness and exorbitance of the bill, the Landlord shall bring it up every time new additions."- Works' (ed. Temple Scott), vi. 118. with g Travels,' 18. h Diary,' 1660, 14 May. a Harl. Misc.,' ii. 596. Bestiano, Bishop of Sovana, was present at the Council of Rome in 826. 66 themes of the fathers' names were found.” a The Venerable Bede mentions a priest named Bete (in the Latin version, Betti) in 653. The Saxon Bete was possibly derived from betan, to make better, to improve, of which bette is the past tense. Bosworth gives bette as corrected." Searle's Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum' states that "an attempt was made by the Anglo-Saxons to compensate in some small way for the lack of surnames by giving children names in which the Amongst these themes he instances "bet." Amongst the monothematic names with the final consonant doubled, he mentions Bettes. Searle goes on to state that very great number of these may be deduced from the place-names in the boundaries of estates with which the Land Charters are concerned." I have not found any in connexion with the name Betts. Betsham, near Gravesend, and Bettes. hanger, near Deal (ham being home, and hanger, a wood on the side of a hill), evidently are called after persons, and not the persons from the places. Betteshanger is mentioned in an Inquisition 10 Ed. III. as a fee held by Alice Tancrey, where it is called "Betlesangre by Sandewyc," and it may be that the derivation is from another source. There is also a Betsworth in Surrey. The Welsh "Bettws" has nothing to do with Betts. "Bettws" in Cymric means "land between a river and a hill." John Filius Beti and Robert Betus, mentioned in the Hundred Rolls under Cambridge, are, of course, merely Latinized forms of the name in England. 1560 to 1807 there are only six mentions of Betts or Bet, while Bettesons are numerous. It is possible, therefore, that in this county (although it adjoins Norfolk, where it remains Betts) the name may have become Betteson. It is spelt in many ways: Bet, Bete, Bets, Betes, Bettes, and even Beats, Beatts, Beattis, Bettice, Betice, Betty, Bettys, Betys, Bettis, and Betts; but in olden times it was not unusual for names to be spelt in different ways even in the same document, and no importance need be attached to such variations. Beats and Beattis possibly give some countenance to the derivation mentioned by Bailey and others. The Oxford English Dictionary' gives "bette" as the obsolete past tense and participle of beat," under which word bette" is stated to be a form in use from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century. I find that the name usually was spelt without the s until the beginning of the sixteenth century, when the 8 became general. The second e seems to have dropped out of Bettes during that century, and is found rarely after 1600. "bettes' Amongst the definitions of stated by Cotgrave are those of "tippling, sipping, boozing, quaffing, and hence Entrer en bettes, to grow merry or mellow in drinking, or to fall a chattering, as gossips do when they have drunk hard together.' I mention without comment the suggestions that Anketyn de Betevile (Grafton has Hawkin Betuell) and William Betayne or Betoyne, Sheriffs of London in 1283 and 1298 respectively, and the towns of Bethune and Betz in Northern France, may have derived their name from "Bette." 22 In Domesday Book, under Hertford, Bettice, a man of Wulfwine, one of Earl Harold's thegns, is mentioned as of East- Grimm's 'Deutsches Wörterbuch" has wick; and in 1607 there is recorded in the "bett, bette....Mid-High German 'bette Registers of that parish a marriage of Francis....Eng. 'bed.' Müller's MittelhochBett with Alice Bettice, a curious conjunction deutsches Warterbuch' gives many instances of names probably derived from the same of compound words formed from the Gothic root, and one of which retained its original root "badi," a bed, through the Old High form for over 500 years. German "betti"; and Förstemann's Altdeutsches Nämenbuch' under "bessa" has "betlind, bet lindis, betselin, bett-s (badu)." A suggestion has been made that the name arose from one who was Elizabeth's, Betty's, or Bet's man; but I think this unlikely, as the name is almost always written without "man." There is, however, among the Stonor letters (1477–87) one which refers to a matter between "Sir William Stonor and his first wife, Elizabeth, and his stepson, Thomas Bettson of Calais.' Thomas may have been called "Bettson from being son of Elizabeth. In the Marriage Registers of Lincolnshire from his Avisa,' published 3 Sept., 1594,* has been ransacked by scholars for evidence on the life and love affairs of "W. S." (presumably Shakespeare ?), no one seems to have noted two other references to contemporary dramatists. Canto III., stanza 7, runs : 66 MORE EVIDENCE FROM WILLOBY'S ́AVISA. However, inasmuch as such a green bay tree -Despite the fact that the poem Willobie has been made to flourish over Shakespeare's grave by the presence in the Avisa' of " W. S.," described as an old player in the game of love,* it is only reasonable to believe that with similar cultivation the two grains of wheat suggested herein may be made to bear equal fruit. One might also point out that the owners of the other initials" N. O. B.," "D. B.,” and “ D. H.” -who figure considerably more in the poem than does poor "W. S.," have been shamefully neglected. C. L. POWELL. Shores wife, a Princes secret frend, Faire Rosomond, a Kings delight: Yet both haue found a gastly end, And fortunes friends, felt fortunes spight: What greater ioyes, could fancie frame, Yet now we see, their lasting shame. The reference in the first line seems to be to one of the following plays: (1) the second part of Heywood's Edward IV.'; (2) The Life and Death of Master Shore and Jane Shore his Wife'; (3) the play by Chettle and Day (non-extant), wherein Shore's wiffe is written." It is improbable that the reference is to the last of these, as this play seems to have been only in preparation by 9 May, 1603.† The second play was entered anonymously in the Stationers' Register on 28 Aug., 1599, as follows:— 66 "Entred for their copyes vnder the handes of the Wardens: Twoo playes beinge the first and Second parte of EDWARD the 11th and the Tanner of Tamworth With the history of the life and deathe of master SHORE and JANE SHORE his Wyfe as yt was lately acted by the Right honorable the Earle of Derbye his servants......xiva. " 66 Halliwell says this play may be the second part of Heywood's Edward IV.'"+ There seems to be no room for doubt that such is the case, and that, therefore, the first two plays mentioned by me above identical. are Willoby's mention of Shore's wife, then, gives us to know that the second part of Edward IV. was written and played as early as 1594, five years before our present date for it. Moreover, the first part of the play must antedate this. As for the Rosomond reference, the only character I think of who might fill the bill is the Rosamund whose death plays quite a noticeable part in the anonymous Look about You,' which is now dated 1600. Of course, both references may be to the legends and ballads in which the characters figured and not to the plays mentioned. This is the date accepted by all who mention the book, and is the one which occurs in the Stationers Register. The preface of the book is, however, dated Oct. 1. This would seem to show that the actual publication did not take place antil a month after the poem itself was registered. + Fleay, 'Biog. Chron. of Eng. Drama,' i. 288. Halliwell, Dict. of Old Eng. Plays,' p. 226. KING WILLIAM STREET, E.C.-The rebuilding of this well-known thoroughfare is worth recording. Although no buildings of special interest have been destroyed, and no landmarks are endangered, it is a change in familiar London, an alteration that some may regret. In 1833 it was proposed to form a new street to London Bridge. It had been part of a design of Sir Robert Smirke for the improvement of this part of the City, and although it involved the destruction of bank premises in the narrow western entrance of Lombard Street, it was supported by the that additional bankers, who petitioned ground should be taken to give a wide opening to the street and improve the view of St. Mary Woolnoth (vide The History of a Banking House,' by H. T. Easton, 1903). This entailed the removal of Nos. 1 to 10, Lombard Street, the whole of Dove Court, and Little Lombard Street; but the advantages were obvious, and ultimately Messrs. Smith, Payne & Smith were left in possession of a site (No. 1, Lombard Street) unexcelled for importance. In appearance the street did not lack dignity. The style of restrained pseudo-classicism was suitable for such a thoroughfare, * Vide Fleay, 'Life of Shake.,' p. 24, and 'Biog. Chron.,' ii. 221; also Grosart, Introd. to his reprint of Avisa.' where insurance offices, bankers, and mer-in its grounds where Sir Henry Meux resided. chants were intended to predominate. Less There is a view, Meux's Brewhouse,' by G. ambitious in design than its contemporaries, Malcolm, 1808 (? in Liquorpond Street), and Princes Street and Moorgate marked a distinct change in commercial London,' vol. iv. Was it here that the great Street, it of the brewery in 1830 in Old and New architecture-an episode in the decline from vat burst in 1814, or at Read's (Egan's 'Real Georgian Renaissance to Victorian plain Life in London,' 1905, vol. ii. p. 106, and brick ugliness. A Lay of St. Dunstan' in Ingoldsby J. ARDAGH. 35, Church Avenue, Drumcondra, Dublin. The Gresham Club was its only social institution, but that is worthy of a special note that I can prepare from the late Mr. Hendricks's papers. Legends') ? Queries. The original clearance of the site preparatory to the erection of the buildings now disappearing necessitated the destruc- formation on family matters of only private interest WE must request correspondents desiring intion of many interesting houses, and also of to affix their names and addresses to their queries, St. Michael's Church, Crooked Lane. was only by inches that St. Clement's was It in order that answers may be sent to them direct. spared, and we may expect to hear of proposals to utilize its site for some more material purpose. Many important finds of Roman and mediaval remains were made in 1833, R. Lambert Jones, the so-called founder of the Guildhall Library, being particularly active; but the objects which actually came into the possession of the public bodies were of nominal value and small interest. In the recent excavations some important discoveries were made on the site of No. 36. ALECK ABRAHAMS. LUCAN AND TOM HOOD.-I wonder whether the resemblance between the lines in The Bridge of Sighs,' Lave in it, drink of it, and Lucan, vii. 822, Has trahe, Cæsar, aquas: hoc, si potes, utere cælo, has ever been pointed out. The likeness is very close, yet can hardly be anything more than a chance coincidence. ALEX. LEEPER. Trinity College, Melbourne University. THE 2ND CAMERON HIGHLANDERS.-As none of the recent books on the Army state the fact, it may be well to put on record that the 2nd Battalion of the Cameron Highlanders was raised in April, 1897. J. M. BULLOCH. MEUX'S HORSESHOE BREWERY is shortly to be removed from its site at the junction of Tottenham Court Road and New Oxford Street, which it has occupied since 1809, to Nine Elms, Vauxhall. The brewery, which occupies about nine acres, stands on part of the Rookery of St. Giles's. There was at one time attached to the premises a garden with an old mansion DIBDIN BIBLIOGRAPHY.-There has recently edition of Dibdin's songs of which I had no come into my possession a prospectus of an previous knowledge. I should be glad to know of (and still more to see) a copy of it. The prospectus announces that every Fortnight, price Six-pence, the first part of CLARKE WAY: MARRIAGE LICENCES.Can any reader give me information as to who lived at Twickenham from 1719 to 1761 ? the family of Thomas and Christian Clarke, What was Christian Clarke's maiden name? concerning a John and Jane Way, who were I should also be glad of any particulars 1777. To which Way family did they belong? living in the parish of Walcot, Bath, 1776Where may old Bath marriage licences of 1777, not in the Diocesan Registry, be found? JAS. STEWART KENNEDY. |