Senator SCRUGHAM. By whom, the President? Mr. FEAGA. I think it was appointed out of the War Production Board. Senator SCRUGHAM. Has it any official connection with the War Production Board? Mr. FEAGA. Yes; I believe it has. I believe that these projects are referred o this committee for approval. Senator SCRUGHAM. And they disapproved of this particular project? Mr. FEAGA. They disapproved of this particular project. Senator SCRUGHAM. And who are the officers of the committee and the others vho composed it? Who was the chairman? Mr. FEAGA. I cannot tell you that, Senator. I do not know. Senator SCRUGHAM. Can you ascertain, for the benefit of the record? Mr. FEAGA. I can. I can find out who the officers were. (The information requested is as follows :) "The Committee of the National Academy of Sciences, under whose control he funds provided by Congress in 1940 for the production of metallic manganese by electrolytic or other processes' were placed, was known as the techhological committee, and was appointed July 25, 1940, by President Jewett, of he National Academy of Sciences. This committee was to serve as a 'buffer' Committee to the manganese advisers in the National Defense Advisory Comnission (now War Production Board). "This committee, according to a release from National Defense Advisory Comnission on July 25, 1940, was "Clyde Williams, director of Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, hairman. "A. C. Fieldner, Chief, Technologic Branch of United States Bureau of Mines, secretary. "Dr. Fred G. Cottrell, Washington, D. C. "James Critchett, vice president of Union Carbide & Carbon Research Laboratories, New York City. "John V. N. Dorr, Dorr Co., Westport, Conn. "Charles H. Herty, Jr., metallurgist of Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. "Donnel F. Hewett, principal geologist, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. "John Johnston, Director of Research of United States Steel Corporation, Kearny, N. J. "Gilbert Seil, director of research of E. J. Lavino Co., Philadelphia, Pa. "I understand that several changes have been made in this committee, but have been unable to learn the names of the new members. "After the Office of Production Management became the War Production Board, the committee continued submitting its findings and recommendations to Dr. C. K. Leith in the War Production Board. It was the practice of the War Production Board, as it was of the Office of Production Management, to submit all technological questions to this committee and then base its decisions on the committee's recommendations. "Mr. Andrew Leith, son of Dr. C. K. Leith, was Chief of the Manganese Division of the War Production Board, so that all technological matters in connection with manganese processes cleared through Dr. Leith and Andrew Leith. "It is noteworthy that little or no increased production of manganese in any form has resulted through the efforts or recommendations of this committee." Mr. FEAGA. This pilot plant has, however, been able to supply a limited amount of material for emergency and test purposes. These have included manganese for the United States Mint in the new 5-cent pieces, manganese for lend-lease for aluminum and other alloys, manganese for stainless steel, manganese for magnesium alloys, manganese for special brasses, manganese for Monel metal substitute. Meanwhile, the Knoxville plant of the Electro Manganese Corporation has supplied material for important uses even at the present price of 40 cents per pound, using this process. These include high expansion alloys for electrical controls, alloys for electrical contacts, vibration damping alloys, manganese bronzes, and other nonferrous alloys. A program should be developed for locating several of these plants at strategic locations in relation to stock pile, mining operations, and Government power projects. Following are some of the advantages which would accrue: 1. Processing of low-grade ores in one operation instead of three or four required for the manufacture of ferromanganese. 2. Save 20 to 125 percent in the cost of manufacture. 3. Use labor when labor is easy in the years immediately following the cessi tion of hostilities, thereby saving an enormous amount of labor under any emergency for which stock pile is created. 4. Use Government hydroelectric power when power is plentiful, thereby easing the load in times of emergency. 5. Plant cost is less than with any other known method or combination of methods for producing high-grade metallic manganese, according to all the con parisons we have been able to make. 6. Make storage simple, compact, and not subject to deterioration. 7. Reduce transportation drastically due to the shortening of the haul and 100-percent concentration of the product. 8. Provide ample supply for manganese in any operation requiring manganese in any form. 9. Last, but not least, ample supply would be available for the higher-grade alloys, both ferrous and nonferrous, thereby avoiding a famine for the pure metal like that existing at the present time. In the mining of manganese ore from these marginal deposits it has always been necessary to take only the higher-grade ore. This is an expensive operation and destructive to the deposit as a whole. By employing the electrolytic process or any comparable process, the entire deposit in most cases can be utilized. In fact, the ore from many of these properties which have been high-graded can now be used. The officers and members of the American Alloys & Chemicals Corporation wish me to record with the committee, Mr. Chairman, their enthusiastic approval of this bill. They believe that in addition to preventing another catastrophe of shortage in the future, the enactment of the bill by Congress will stimulate production for use in this war, the end of which no one can predict. I wish to call to the attention of the committee, therefore, the importance prompt passage of this bill. I am advised that many essential operations are now lagging, while others have actually closed down, due to a feeling of futility created by the erroneous impression that the war will be over in a few months Senator SCRUGHAM. Thank you, Mr. Feaga. Senator BUCK. Whom would you suggest to operate these processing plants-, private industry, the Government, or whom? Mr. FEAGA. In that connection, in section 7 of the bill, which was touched on. yesterday, it is provided that the plants be operated by the Government, and it was suggested yesterday that that be changed so that the Government would not operate them; but somebody suggested that section 7 be taken out of the bill, and that, I think, would destroy the purposes of the bill. If section 7 could be changed to provide that the committee can authorize and direct the establish ment, or cause these establishments to be brought into being, and then make · provision that the Government shall not operate them, I think it would cover it. I do not know how to get at it, but that is my thought. Senator BUCK. How would they be financed? Mr. FEAGA. How is that? How would they be constructed? Senator BUCK. How do you think they might be constructed? By Government funds or by private capital? Mr. FEAGA. That is something else. I think they could be constructed by Government funds. Senator BUCK. And leased from the Government? Mr. FEAGA. Leased by the Government to operators. In other words, by storing a lot of low-grade ore that you haven't got any use for. Senator BUCK. I know that that is in here, and I just wanted to get your views on it, whether it is wise or not. Senator SCRUGHAM. Thank you, Mr. Feaga. Mr. Ernest Gent, secretary of the American Zine Institute, has requested permission to file a paper, which will be received. Are there any further witnesses? We will probably have one hearing in Denver and one hearing in San Francisco before the completion of the hearings and consideration of final drafting of the bill and the reporting of it to the Senate. There being no other witnesses at this time, we will now adjourn the Washington hearings. (Whereupon, at 10: 50 a. m., the Washington hearings were concluded.) EXHIBIT 23 [S. 1582, 78th Cong., 1st sess.] IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES DECEMBER 8 (legislative day, DECEMBER 7), 1943 [r. SCRUGHAM (for himself, Mr. HAYDEN, Mr. MURRAY, Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado, and Mr. MAYBANK) introduced the following bill, which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Mines and Mining BILL To assure an adequate supply of strategic and critical minerals for any future emergency by holding intact in the postwar period all stock piles surviving the present war owned by Government agencies and by necessary augmentation thereof primarily from domestic sources Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States f America in Congress assembled, That the purposes of this Act, which may be ted as the "Minerals Stock Pile Act," are: (a) To avoid a repetition in any future emergency of the shortage of strategic ad critical minerals which has impeded the prosecution of the present war and stabilize and protect the domestic minerals and metals market against postar dumping of present accumulations. (b) It shall be the policy of the several agencies and departments and bureaus f the Government within the limits of their respective jurisdictions, and they re hereby directed, so to coordinate their activities with those of the establishents charged with the enforcement of this Act as to best effectuate the purposes hereof. SEC. 2. There is hereby created a Mineral Stock Pile Control Board (hereinafter alled the "Board") which shall be composed of five outstanding members of he mining industry. The Board members shall be appointed by the President with the advice and onsent of the Senate, and one of these shall be designated by the President to be Chairman of the Board. The Chairman shall serve full time and his compenation shall be $15,000 per year. The other Board members shall be paid at he rate of $12,000 per year for such time as may be required for the proper lischarge of their duties. The term of office of Board members shall be ten years, except that (1) the erms of office of members first appointed shall be two, four, six, eight, and ten years, and (2) any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring prior to the xpiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shall be appointed for the remainder of such term. SEC. 3. The Board is authorized and directed, after consultation with the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, to proceed to estimate promptly, after appropriate survey, inquiry, and research, the quantity in which each mineral designated as strategic or critical during the present hostilities, and other minerals, deemed by it to be strategic or critical, shall be stored, stockpiled, or otherwise accumulated to supply the requirements of the United States for a total war of three years' duration, or of any equivalent emergency. Such estimate shall be revised by the Board from time to time as circumstances may require and shall reflect the cumulative experience of the present war and subsequent technological developments. (2) The Board may authorize the rotation of the mineral stock piles where necessary to prevent deterioration. SEC. 4. Upon termination of the present hostilities but not sooner, all mineral stock piles held by any Government agency except the Department of War and the Department of the Navy, together with all existing contracts for the purchase or acquisition of minerals, shall be transferred to the Metals Reserve Company or its successors (hereinafter called the "Company") and consolidated in its possession: Provided, That the Department of War and the Department of the Navy may not sell or otherwise dispose of such minerals as may be in their possession at the termination of present hostilities, except for Government use. The Company shall thereupon hold the same intact as trustee for the Board and except as otherwise specifically provided hereunder, subject to the Board's exclusive direction and control. To fulfill its estimates made under authority of this Act and otherwise to effectuate the purposes hereof, the Board may thereupon augment such stock piles in the manner and pursuant to the powers here inafter prescribed and, in addition thereto, shall accumulate any strategie o critical mineral not already included in existing stock piles. The title to any minerals acquired under this section also shall be vested in the Company as trustee for the Board. SEC. 5. All stock piles shall be held exclusively for use in any future national emergency and in the event of such emergency, all or any part thereof shall be released and made available for such use and disposal of the United States of any department, agency, or establishment thereof, as, and only as, the Congress shall direct. SEC. 6. To fulfill the estimates of stock-piling requirements made by the Board under this Act and otherwise to carry out the purposes hereof, the Company authorized and directed to purchase such minerals as the Board may designate to augment existing stock piles, or to accumulate additional minerals as here before authorized, during a period of not less than five years following the termination of present hostilities and for such further periods of like duration as the Board may deem necessary and appropriate to carry out the purposes this Act: Provided, That (1) to the extent the required quantity of minerals each instance is available from domestic sources at the prices herein provided the same shall be purchased or otherwise acquired from domestic producers. F the first twelve months following the conclusion of present hostilities, the price to domestic small or marginal producers shall be not less than the highest Offic of Price Administration ceiling prices to such domestic small or marginal pro ducers at any time published or the highest prices at any time paid by an Government agency to the particular mine, during the present hostilities, whic ever is higher, excepting that where no prices shall yet have been established for a particular mine the Company may fix said prices on a comparable basis otherwise the price to domestic producers up to but not beyond the then curren import price, duty paid, plus 25 per centum, shall be such as will permit the production of minerals in quantities sufficient to meet the stock-pile objective of this Act. (2) That for a period of twelve months following the termination of presen hostilities, no purchase shall be made from any but domestic small or marginal mining enterprises which shall have been in operation or in which a substantial investment has been made prior to the termination of present hostilities and in which the governmental assistance or investment or private investment is shown to have been made with the intent and purpose of augmenting war or essential civilian production, except to the extent that the amount available or that can be made available, by private enterprise, from said domestic small or marginal mining enterprises at the prices herein provided is insufficient to meet the stock pile objectives of this Act during such period. (3) That no such purchase or other acquisition shall be made from any foreig sources unless (a) in the opinion of the Board the particular requirement in each instance cannot be supplied from domestic sources under the conditions heren provided, and (b) any such new foreign purchase is specifically authorized by the Board: Provided, That any minerals acquired by the United States under lend-lease repayments shall be added to the stock piles. SEC. 7. Subject to the approval of the Board, the Company is authorized to contract for the smelting, refining, reduction, or other processing of any minerals for stock-pile purposes under the provisions of this Act: Provided, That the product thereof or its equivalent in quantity and quality shall be returned to the appropriate stock pile. SEC. 8. Any provision of law or any corporate charter to the contrary notwithstanding, the corporate existence of the Company together with its powers as enlarged hereunder shall be coextensive with the period required to carry out the purposes and provisions of this Act. The amounts of notes, bonds, debentures, and other such obligations which the Reconstruction Finance Corporation is authorized and empowered to have outstanding at any one time under existing law is hereby increased by an amount sufficient to carry out the provisions of this Act. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation is authorized and directed to make available to the Company and to the Board such sums as may be necessary to carry out their respective functions and duties under this Act. SEC. 9. As used in this Act (a) "Emergency" or "national emergency" shall mean a state of war or any condition deemed by the Congress to require utilization of any mineral stock pile in the interest of the national defense. (b) "Mineral" shall mean any ore, concentrate, metal not fabricated into finished form, or mineral which was designated as strategic or critical by the ederal Government during the present hostilities and any which additionally ay be deemed by the Board, with the advice of the Secretary of War and the ecretary of the Navy, at any future time to be strategic or critical for the irposes of this Act. (c) "Domestic source" shall mean any mine, mine dump, tailing dump, slag le, mineral deposit, or other source of mineral as defined in section 9 (b) and hich is located within the United States, its Territories and possessions, includg Alaska. (d) "Mine" shall mean any mineral deposit, lode or placer, mine dump, tailing imp, slag pile, or other source of mineral located within the United States, its ritories and possessions, including Alaska. (e) "Foreign source" shall mean other than domestic. (f) "Small or marginal mine" shall mean any mine so designated by the Comny within the intent of this Act: Provided, That a part only of the production such mine may be determined by the Company in fact to be marginal. (g) “Domestic producer” shall mean any corporation, company, partnership, or dividual producing mineral from a domestic source. (h) "Termination of present hostilities" shall be deemed to have occurred henever the President so declares for the purpose of this Act, or for other irposes. SEC. 10. No Act heretofore or hereafter enacted shall be construed to repeal or rend any provision of this Act except by express reference to this Act or to the articular subject matter of this Act or of such provisions. SEC. 11. The Board shall render semiannual reports in writing to the Congress 1 the first days of January and July of each year, summarizing its activities ereunder for the period just ended, together with such recommendations as it ay deem appropriate within the purposes of this Act, including recommendaons for specific legislation permitting the Board of dispose of any minerals no uger deemed by it to be strategic or critical for the purposes of this Act. EXHIBIT 24 [S. 752, 79th Cong., 1st sess.] IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES MARCH 16, 1945 Iг. THOMAS of Utah introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Military Affairs BILL To amend the Act of June 7, 1939 (53 Stat. 811), as amended, relating to the acquisition of stocks of strategic and critical materials for national defense purposes Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Act of June 7, 1939 (53 Stat. 11), as amended, is hereby amended to read as follows: "That the natural resources of the United States in certain strategic and ritical materials being deficient or insufficiently developed to supply the industrial, military, and naval needs of the country for common defense, it is the policy of the Congress and the purpose and intent of this Act to provide for the acquisition and retention of stocks of these materials and to encourage the conservation and development of sources of these materials within the United States, and thereby decrease and prevent wherever possible a dangerous and costly dependence of the United States upon foreign nations for supplies of these materials in times of national emergency. "SEC. 2. To effectuate the policy set forth in section 1 hereof, there is hereby created a Stock Pile Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board) consisting of the Secretary of War, who shall serve as Chairman, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Secretary of Commerce. Each member of the Board may designate an officer of his department to serve as his representative on the Board. The Board may appoint and fix the compensation of such personnel as it may deem necessary to enable it to carry out the provisions of this Act, subject to the provisions of the civilservice laws and regulations and the Classification Act of 1923, as amended. Upon the request of the Board, the head of any agency may detail personnel in |