position, and occupied the first range of the heights which surround Algiers, at a distance of not more than three miles from the town.

The enemy appeared at intervals on the opposite ridge, keeping up a fire of sharp-shooters, but not hazarding any general attack. On the 25th, the army approached the fort called the Fort of the Star. A regiment marched forward to attack, but the miners perceived in due time that the fort was mined; they immediately gave warning to retire, and the retrograde movement had hardly been accomplished when the explosion took place. Not a man was either killed or wounded.

The expected convoy having arrived, the army advanced to the siege of Fort Emperor, the principal defence of Algiers on the side from which the attack was made. Almost every day they had a number of men placed on the list of wounded, in consequence of the Arabs skirmishing with their long muskets, without the possibility of bringing them to an engagement. In this way, between the 24th and 28th, from 600 to 700 men were disabled. On the night of the 29th, the trenches were opened before Fort Emperor, after which the works were not interrupted a moment. During the night, and even in the hours when the workmen were generally relieved, the enemy's artillery fired but little. During the day, the Turkish and Arab sharp-shooters, protected by the bushes, stole into the ravines, from which they wounded a considerable number of men; but the troops were soon covered by epaulements. The opening of the fire upon the fort was deferred till the 4th of July, in order that all the batteries might open at once. On the 3rd, the fleet made a feigned

attack, as if the design had been to bombard the city from the sea, with the view of compelling the Dey to weaken the garrison of Fort Emperor, on which the true assault was to be made. All was ready before day-break on the 4th, and, at four o'clock in the morning, the firing commenced; that of the enemy replied for three hours with much briskness, the Turkish gunners, though the wideness of the embrasures left them almost wholly exposed, remaining bravely at their posts. At eight o'clock, the firing of the fort was silenced; that of the French batteries continued to ruin the works. The order to make a breach had been given, and was beginning to be executed, when, at ten o'clock, a dreadful explosion caused part of the fort to disappear, occasioned, as was afterwards ascertained, by the Dey having ordered the powder magazine to be blown up, on his men quitting the fort and returning into the city, complaining that they were sacrificed to no purpose. General Harel, who commanded in the trenches, immediately advanced at the head of a body of troops, and posted them among the ruins. Soon afterwards, the secretary of the Dey came out with a flag of truce, offering to settle the quarrel by indemnifying France for the expenses of the war. Bourmont refused to treat, unless the forts and the harbour were first delivered up. The secretary having returned with this answer, the Dey sent out two of the richest Moors of Algiers to request a suspension of hostilities, which was immediately granted. The conditions, on which France insisted, were then reduced to writing, and transmitted to the Dey. His highness acceded to them, hard as they were, but requested that the armistice should

be prolonged till next day at noon, that he might assemble his council, and induce them to sign the treaty along with him. This was granted to the extent of stopping the firing, although the works were still carried on. Next day the treaty was returned from Algiers, duly ratified, the Dey merely desiring that the occupation of the town should be delayed for four and-twenty hours, a request which was not granted. The convention was in the following terms:

"The fort of the Casauba, all the other forts depending on Algiers, and the port of that city, shall be delivered up to the French troops this morning at ten o'clock, French time.

"The General-in-chief of the French army promises his highness, the Dey of Algiers, to leave him his liberty, and the possession of every thing that belongs to him personally.

"The Dey shall be at liberty to retire with his family, and all that belongs to him, to the place which he shall fix upon, and so long as he remains at Algiers, he and all his family shall be under the protection of the General-in-chief of the French army; a guard shall protect the safety of his person and that of his family. The Generalin-chief promises to all the soldiers the same advantages and the same protection.

"The exercise of the Mahometan religion shall remain free. The liberty of the inhabitants of all classes, their religion, their property, their commerce, their industry, shall be inviolate; their women shall be respected: the General-in-chief promises this upon his honour.

"The exchange of this convention shall be made before ten o'clock

'July 5, 1830."

By noon, on the 5th of July, within twenty-one days of the landing of the army, the French flag was planted on the palace and citadel of the Dey. General Bourmont himself was the first person who entered the Dey's palace, where his dethroned highness was ready to receive him. "I am come to ask you for an apartment," said the commander-in-chief; to which the Dey replied, "General, my palace, as well as the city, are yours, since you have been the victor; you may dispose of them as you please, but I request of you a couple of hours to remove the furniture, which is my property."-"Take all the time you please, and all the effects you may require.' "Two hours will suffice," answered the Dey. Accordingly, in that short time, the whole of the Dey's furniture was conveyed to a private house, and M. Bourmont, with the whole of his staff, was settled in the palace. "Shall I be safe in the town?" asked the Dey. "Yes; but you would do better to retire to France or England." The Dey paced the apartment, and made no reply: after a moment's silence, Hussein uttered a few words,-"I governed without fear, and I abdicate in the same manner." He then, after taking off his royal garments, retired into a private dwelling. He decided, at first, to retire to Leghorn, but finally determined on taking up his abode at Naples, whither he was safely conveyed, along with his personal property. Except the 1,500 cannon, which were found on the walls, the warlike ammu

nition in the arsenals, and the vessels in the harbour, the treasures, which were found in the conquered city, fell far short of the barbaric wealth which had been anticipated by the captors.

The expedition had been regarded by Europe as an expedition to chastise an insult: it now turned out that it was a conquest. Bourmont proceeded to take all the necessary measures for retaining the regency, as a French settlement. All the Turkish troops were compelled to leave the country, and were conveyed home in French vessels, with an express prohibition against their ever returning. The Arabs were said to look on this removal with pleasure, and willingly to receive their new French masters. The Bey of Titery, one of the most powerful vassals of the Dey, was allowed to retain his government, on condition of becoming the vassal of France, and paying to her the same tribute that he had paid to the Dey; and a commission was named to point out the modifications which the conquest had rendered necessary in the administration and form of government. These labours of peace, however, were soon interrupted. The submission of the Moors and Arabs had been only temporary. As they recovered from their consternation, the French troops found themselves daily exposed to attacks from the Bedouins in the surrounding mountains, and to insurrections and assassinations within the town. The Bey of Titery, who alone had yet submit ted, was the first to set the example of revolt. He even assumed the title of Dey of Algiers, and set the French troops at defiance.

In the mean time, the revolution had taken place at Paris; and

general Clausel was sent by the new government to supersede Bourmont, who forthwith proceeded to Britain, without taking France in his way, to render any account of the treasure which had been found in Algiers. General Clausel marched against the Bey of Titery, who fell back on the defiles of Mount Atlas. The general, determined to force the passage, attacked the Bey, on the 21st of November, within a short distance of his capital, Medeah, and, after an obstinate battle, succeeded in putting him to flight. The order of the day, which the general addressed to his troops on the occasion of this success, commenced thus:

"Soldiers, The fires of your bivouacs, that, on the heights of the Atlas, seem to be at this moment confounded with the lights of the stars, announce to Africa the victory which you have achieved over fanatical and barbarous opponents, and the sort of people who accompany them.

"You have fought like giants, and the victory is yours."

The other foreign relations of France continued to be those of peace, notwithstanding the excitement and confusion of her revolution. The different European courts, that of Britain taking the lead, recognised, one after another, the new government, and thus removed all pretext for aggression. A more threatening danger arose from the spirit of insurrection, which the triumphant example of Paris called forth in different parts of Europe. It was to be feared that the revolutionists of France would insist on lending their aid to such of their neighbours of Italy or Germany as might choose to rise against their governments. In particular, the