Revolution, 178-180. See also
New England, Township.
Mayflower compact, 208.
Mayor, of Boston, 109, 133; of city
of London, 115, 116; of city
of New York, 120-122; of
Philadelphia, 123, 124; of United
States cities, 125; power and
responsibility, 125, 136, 139,
143; under reform government
of Brooklyn, 143-145; court,
199.

Michigan, settled by New England-
ers, 95; development of township |
government, 95; county super-
visors, 100.

Militia, early organization in Massa-
chusetts, 56; and in Virginia,
69; hundred commander of, in
Maryland, 82.

Mines, state commissioners, 188.
Minister, in colonial Virginia, 64; in

colonial South Carolina, 75.
Minnesota, optional township system,

99.

Missouri, optional township system,
98, 100.

Moderator of New England town-
meeting, 26.

Mommsen, Theodor, as a historian,

12.

217. See also Township, and
states by name.

New Jersey, settlement, 158; colo-
nial government, 169.
New York, local government, 84;
settlement, 157; colonial govern-
ment, 168.

New York city, chartered, 120;
early government, 120-122; dur-
ing the Revolution, 122; acquires
complete self-government, 122;
effect of state legislature control,
140-142; Tweed Ring, 142.
New Zealand, woman suffrage, 103.
Newspapers, political value, 34.
North Carolina, settlement, 157;
colonial government, 169.
Northwest Territory, origin, 274;
ordinance for government, 275.

Ohio, subordinate township system,

99.
Oligarchical tendencies, in English
city governments, 119, 150;
checked, 120; in colonial Vir-
ginia, 63, 66, 68, 70; in Phila-
delphia, 123.

Ordinance of 1787, 97, 275.
Oregon, (state) influence of school
district, 102; (territory) acquired,

275.

trict, 102.
Morris, Robert, the Financier, 222.

National bank made a party issue,
283.

Navy, succession to presidency of
secretary of the, 248; depart-
ment, 262.

Nebraska, optional township system,

99.

Nevada, influence of school district,

102.

New England, method of settlement,

15-17; social condition of set-
tlers, 18; local government of,
contrasted with Virginia, 70-73;
settlement, 156; Confederacy,

85.

Paper currency, states forbidden to
issue, 195, 266; nature, 266;
effect as a legal tender, 267; na-
tional government not forbidden
to issue, 268.

Pardon, governor's power, 189;

president's power, 255.
Parish, origin, 40; and the town-
ship, 40; vestry-meeting, 41;
self-taxation, 41; officers, 41;
powers, 42; origin of the New
England township, 42; in Vir-
ginia, 63, 64; in South Caro-
lina, 74.

Parliament, first representative, 45,

118;

217.

Pennsylvania, local government, 84;
settlement, 158; charter and co-
lonial government, 167; one-
chambered legislature, 172.
Pennsylvania Municipal Commission
on restricted municipal suffrage,
148.

Pensions, national bureau, 263.
Philadelphia, system of street num-
bering, 89 n. ; early government a
close corporation, 123; indepen-
dent boards of commissioners,
123; reform, 124; accumulation
of debt, 148.
Phratry, social group intermediate
between clan and tribe, 80; In-
dian, 80. See also Hundred.
Plantation, use of the term, 159 n.
Plymouth Company, jurisdiction,
153; colony, 154; charter, 154;
surrendered, 155.

Police force, complexity of city,

133; commissioners in Boston,
135; commissioner in Brooklyn,
144. See also Constables.
Politics, national, and city govern-
ment, 146, 150; formation of
parties, 281; main issue, 282;
phases of the issue, 282; evils
and reforms, 291. See also Spoils
system, Australian ballot.
Poll-tax, 27.

Poor, overseers of, town, 20, 22,
84, 85; English parish, 42; Vir-
ginia parish, 64; city, 125; di-
rectors in Boston, 133; state
boards, 188.

Population, urban and rural, 129.
Port-reeve of London, 113; be-

comes mayor, 115.
Posse comitatus in England, 53; in
Massachusetts, 59.

presidency, 248; duties, 263.
Pound-keeper, town, 25, 85.
President, title for chief executive
of early state governments, 180;
federal, veto power, 240; head of
the executive department, 242;
why so called, 242; election,
242-247; succession, 247; the-
ory and practice of electoral col-
lege, 248; election by minority
of popular vote, 250; reforms
in election of, considered, 251;
nomination of candidates, 252-
254; qualifications, 254; term,
254; duties and powers, 255;
message, 256; as a party leader,
257; and the executive power in
England, 258.

Primary, political, nature and duties,
253.

Prime minister of England, power,
259.

Printing, superintendent of, in Bos-
ton, 134.

Prisons, state commissioners, 188.
Probate, court and register in Massa-

chusetts, 58; control of, in Vir-
ginia, 67; judge of, in South
Carolina, 77.

Property, seizure for delinquent taxes,

22; taxation of real estate, 28,
31; taxation of personal, 28;
undervaluation and concealment
of personal, from assessment, 31,
32.
Proprietary government in America,
165-169.

Provincial Congress of Massachu-
setts, 179.

Public documents, national bureau,

263. See also Records.
Public lands, survey, 86-89; di-
visions, 89; subdivisions, 91;
sale, 92; reservations for public
schools, 92; bureau, 263.
Public library, parochial, in South
Carolina, 75; trustees of, in Bos-
ton, 133.

Railroads, state commissioners, 188.
Ramage, B. J., on South Carolina

back country, 75.
Reade, Charles, story from Cloister
and the Hearth, I.

Real estate, taxation, 28, 31.
Recorder of city of New York,
120-122; of Philadelphia, 123,
124.

Records, keepers of, town, 21;
county, 58, 67; city, 133. See
also Public documents.
Reeve of English township, 39.
Referendum, Wilson on, 214.
Regulating Act for Massachusetts,
significance, 176.
"Regulators "in South Carolina,

76.

Representation, as safeguard of self-
government, 44, 46–48; in shire-
motes, 44, 52; first Parliament,
45; township as unit, 45-48; in
Virginia parish, 63; county as
unit, 65, 77, 82, 84; apportion-
ment in South Carolina, 75-77;
in the hundred court, 81; in
Delaware levy court, 83; in boards
of supervisors, 85, 100; neces-
sary in county system, 105, 106;
necessary in city government, 108;
in English boroughs, 113, 115;
in city of New York, 121; in
United States cities, 125; in the
colonies, 159, 162, 167, 171,
172; in the states, 181, 183;
and the Continental Congress,
227; and taxation, 227, 229;
in the House of Representatives,
228-230; in the Senate, 230,
231. See also Oligarchical ten-
dencies.

Rhode Island, colonial and early state
government, 164.

Roads. See Highways, Streets.

Rotation in office, and democratic

principles, 36; introduction into
national civil service, 285.
Russell, Benjamin, and the gerry-
mander, 235.

Russia, local self-government, 46;
centralization, 47.

San Francisco, one-chambered coun-
cil, 125.

Schools, public, established in Massa-
chusetts, 23; duties of township
committee, 23; appointment of
teachers in New England town-
ship, 24; superintendent, 24;
established in South Carolina, 75;
commission in South Carolina,
77; districts as step toward town-
ship system, 78, 93, 96, 10I-
103; sections in the public lands
and their influence, 92, 93; dis-
tricts and woman suffrage, 103;
committee of city of Boston, 134;
state superintendent and boards,
188; national bureau of educa-
tion, 263.

Section, division of public-land town-
ship, 91; school, 92.
Selectmen of township, duties, 20;
as the government, 21; power
and responsibility, 36; and English
churchwardens, 42; and Virginia
vestrymen, 63; equivalent in
New York, 84.
Self-government, aim of New Eng-
land settlers, 19, 120; in English
manor, 39; in English parish,
41; township, 43, 46; Russian
local, 46; preservation of local,
in United States, 191, 194; lack
of local, in France, 192-194;
effect of interference with city,
139-142. See also Oligarchical
tendencies, Representation.
Senate, state, origin, 181; status,
182-184; federal, compromise in
composition, 230, 231; election
of senators, 231; term of senators,

erally restricted to men, 103;
question of restricted municipal,
147-150; modern conditions,
184; state control of national,

228.

Supervisors, county, in New York,
85;
in Michigan and Illinois,
100; compared with county com-
missioners, 100. See also County
commissioners, Levy court.
Surveyor, city, in Boston, 134. See

also Highways.

Tariff, familiarity, 280; early state,
280; national, 280; as a party
issue, 282, 283.
Taxation, historical importance, 2;
defined, 3-6; essential to govern-
ment, 7, 34, 92; criterion of
government, 8-10, 34, 223,
227; proper and improper use of
power, 10; in New England
townships, 20, 22, 26; seizure
of property for delinquency, 22;
imprisonment for delinquency, 22;
method in Massachusetts, 26;
kinds and exemptions, 27-29 ;
assessment, 29; lists, 30; under-
valuation of property for, 31, 32;
rate, 31; burden, 32; in Eng-
lish parish, 41; in Virginia par-
ish, 64; in Virginia county, 68;
and suffrage, 74, 103, 147-150,
184; in Maryland hundred, 82;
by levy court in Delaware, 83;
in New York townships, 85;
board of county supervisors in
New York, 85; board of esti-
mate in Brooklyn, 145; origin
in lower house of legislature, 167,
171, 240; power not possessed
by Continental Congress, 222,
226; and representation, 227,
229; fear of federal, 279; fed-
eral excise, 279, 281; federal
imposts, 280; other federal taxes,
280, 281 n. See also Assessors,
Collectors.

city of London, 114.
Tennessee, local school taxation,

102.

Territory, origin of national, 274;
growth, 275; government, 276.
Tithing-man of English township,
39; of English parish, 41 n. ; in
New England, 41 n.
Tobacco, currency in Virginia, 64,
68; viewer in Maryland hun-
dred, 82.

Town, origin of the term, 38; and
city, 109-111. See also Town-
meeting, Township.
Town-meeting, time and composi-
tion, 19; functions, 20, 25, 35;
calling of, 26; procedure, 26;
as a political training-school, 33;
34, 72, 106; importance during
the_pre-Revolutionary days, 35;
in England, 39; and the English
vestry meeting, 41; and the
court-baron, 40; and the Virginia
court-day, 71; in New York,
84; in Michigan, 95; in the
western townships, 99, 100. See
also Township.

Township, oldest form of govern-
ment, 15; origin, 15-17, 42;
elements, 18; self-government,
19; officers, 20-25; legal cor-
poration, 21; elected officers, 25;
power and responsibility of officers,
35; and rotation in office, 36;
in Greece and Rome, 37; de-
velopment from clan, 37-39;
English, 39; and the manor, 39,
40; and the parish, 40; as unit
of representation and assessment,
45-48; and the Russian village-
community, 46; lacking in Vir-
ginia, 61, 63, 65; and the Vir-
ginia parish, 63, 65; Jefferson
on, 70; tendency toward, in the
South, 78, 102; and the Mary-
land hundred, 82; in Pennsyl-
vania, 84; in New York, 84;
use of term, in public-land sur-