22; in Virginia, 68; in New
York, 85; in Boston, 133.
Colonies. See State government.
Colorado, influence of school district,
102; woman suffrage, 103.
Comitia, Roman, 37.
Commerce, maritime, parliamentary
control of colonial, 175.
Committees, city council, 126; in-
efficient for executive purposes,
137-139; executive, of Conti-
nental Congress, 222; of House
of Representatives, 238.
Committees of Correspondence, ef-
fect, 178; intercolonial, 218.
Committee of Safety, purpose, 179.
Common of New England township,
18.

Common council, of Boston, 109;
of city of London, 115-117;
of
city of New York, called assist-
ants, 120, 121; of Philadelphia,
123, 124; of United States cities,
125.
Common-driver of English parish,

41.

Commonwealth, use of the term, 7.
Comptroller, of Brooklyn, 143, 145;
state, 188; national, 262.
Confederation and federal union,
264. See also Continental Con-
gress, Union.

Congress, use of the term, 217,
221; national, meeting, 236,
256; procedure of bills, 240;
delegated powers, 264; implied
powers, 265, 281; expressed pro-
hibitions, 268. See also House

of Representatives, Senate.
Connecticut, settled by church-con-

gregations, 17; colonial govern-
ment, 164; first written constitu-
tion, 209, 383.

Constable, in New England town-
ships, 21; in English parish, 41;
in Virginia, 67; high, chief ma-
gistrate of English hundred, 81;
high, in Maryland hundred, 82;
in New York towns, 84; in city

of New York, 121; in Boston,
134.
Constitutions, written, position in
American system of government,
202, 210; germs, 203; and
charters, 205; English Bill of
Rights, 206; first tendency to-
ward, in England, 207; Instru-
ment of Government, 207; and
the Mayflower compact, 208;
first, 209; and the colonial char-
ters, 210; over-development in
recent state, 211-214; amend-
ment of state, 212; Articles of
Confederation, 220. See also
Federal Constitution.
Consular service, 260.
Continental Congress, no power to
tax, 9, 222, 226; period, 219;
why "continental," 219; nature
and powers, 221-223, 227; sov-
ereignty, 223; decline, 224.
Convention, defined, 213; Federal,
226; nominating, 253.
Coroner, English county officer,
choice, 53; duties, 54; in Vir-
ginia, 68; in South Carolina, 77;
in Pennsylvania, 84; in city of
New York, 121.

Corporation, New England township
as, 21; Massachusetts county as,
57.
Council, of colonial Virginia, 159;
of colonial Massachusetts, 161,
177; of Pennsylvania, 168;
status of colonial, 172; power
during the Revolution, 180; and
the state senate, 181.
Counsel, corporation, in Boston,
134. See also Attorney-General.
County, origin, 50; development of
English nation from counties, 51;
ancient English, 52; after the
Norman conquest, 53-55; why
so called, 53; decay of English,
55; beginnings of, in Massachu-
setts, 56; area of administration of
justice, 56, 66; modern, in Mas-
sachusetts, 57-59; as unit of re-

presentation, 65, 77, 82, 84; size,
65, 78, 100; in Virginia, 66-
69; modern, in South Carolina,
77, 78; levy court in Delaware,
83; in Pennsylvania, 84; super-
visors in New York, 85; origin
and shape of Western, 90; early
prevailing system in the West,
94, 96; and township option in
the West, 97-100; supervisors
in Michigan and Illinois, 100
100;
supervisors and commissioners,
100; representative system, 105;
satisfactory results, 107; borough
as, 113; city of New York as,
121; relation to the state, 191.
County commissioners, in Massachu-
setts, 57; in South Carolina, 77;
in Pennsylvania, 84; compared
with boards of supervisors, 100.
See also Levy court, Supervisors.
County-lieutenant in colonial Vir-
ginia, 69. See also Lord-lieu-

tenant.

County palatine, in England, 165;
Maryland as, 166.
County seat, in Massachusetts, 56,
58; in Virginia, 66; relation of
names of county and, 66, 67 n.
Courts, leet, 40; baron, 40; shire-
mote, 52; under the Normans,
53; coroner's, 54; Quarter Ses-
sions, 55; General Sessions in
Massachusetts, 56; modern coun-
ty, in Massachusetts, 57; county,
in Virginia, 66-69; South Caro-
lina colonial, 75; circuit, in South
Carolina, 76, 77; hundred, in
England, 81; no township, 112;
borough, in England, 112; com-
mon pleas of city of New York,
121; municipal, 125, 199; Mas-
sachusetts General Court as a ju-
dicial body, 163; independence
of state, 198; of justices of the
peace, 198; mayor's, 199; coun-
ty, 199; superior, 199; state su-
preme, 199; of appeals, 199;
choice and tenure of state judges,

199-201; of Appeals in Case of
Capture, 222 n.; importance of a
federal judiciary, 271; federal cir-
cuit, of appeals, 271 n. ; federal
supreme, 272; federal circuit,
272; federal district, 272; ap-
pointment and tenure of federal
judges, 272; officers of federal,
273; federal jurisdiction, 273;
uniqueness and value of federal su-
preme, 274. See also Justice of
the peace.
Crawford, W. H., caucus nominee
for presidency, 253; and rotation
in office, 285.
Cromwell, Oliver, dictatorship, 207.
Crowner. See Coroner.
Curia, Roman hundred, 80.

Dakota, optional township system,

99.

Debts, city, 139.
Delaware, hundred in, 83; levy
court, 83; settlement, 158; co-
lonial government, 167.
Democracy, in Greece, 37; clan,
38; in early Massachusetts, 161;
dangers, 186. See also Repre-
sentation, Town-meeting.
Departments, executive, in city gov-
ernment, independent in colonial
Philadelphia, 123; modern con-
ditions, 125, 126, 137; various,
in Boston, 133-135; boards and
committees versus single commis-
sioners, 138; single commission-
ers in Brooklyn, 144; state, 188;
national, 258-263.
Diplomatic service, grades, 260.
District attorney, federal, 273.
District of Columbia, congressional
control, 265.

District organization in South Caro-
lina, 76.

Division of powers, effect in city
government, 136-139; in state
governments, 185-187; effect in
federal government, 257.
Durham, power of the bishop, 165.

52; extinction, 53.

Ecclesia, Greek, 37.
Education. See Schools.

Edward I., Model Parliament, 45;

Confirmatio Chartarum, 371.
Election officers, in Pennsylvania,
84; in Boston, 133, 134; board
of, in Brooklyn, 144.
Electoral college, composition, 243;
election, 243, 249, 250 n.; du-
ties, 244; theory and practice,
248.

Electoral commission of 1877, 247.
Eminent domain defined, 4.
England, development of the nation,
51; extent of woman suffrage,
103; claim to North America,
153.

Entail in Virginia, 61.

Executive, of towns, 20, 35, 84;
of Virginia parish, 63; of Vir-
ginia county, 67; of cities, 125,
126, 137-139, 143; of colonial
governments, 172; early state
councils as, 180; separation from
legislature, 185-187, 257; state,
187; during the Confederation,
222; federal, 242-263; federal
departments, 257-263. See also
Governor, Mayor, President, Se-
lectmen, Sheriff.

Federal Constitution, drafted, 226;
model, 228; compromises on
slavery, 229, 277; compromise
on representation in the Senate,
230; amendments, 245, 278;
confined to fundamentals, 263;
created a federal union, 264, 271;
supreme law, 270; mode of
amending, 270; ratification, 276-
278; opposition, 277; text, 321.
Fence-viewer, duties, 25; in Eng-
lish parish, 41; in New York,
85; in Boston, 134.

Ferries, directors of, in Boston, 134.
Field-driver, duties, 24; in Boston,
134.

missioners in Boston, 133; com-
missioner in Brooklyn, 144.
Firma burgi, in England, 117; in
city of New York, 121.

Food, inspectors of, in Boston, 134.
France, claim to North America,

152; system of local government,
192-194.

Franklin, Benjamin, Albany Plan,
217.

Freeman, E. A., as a historian, 12.
French Revolution, cause, 3.

General Sessions, Massachusetts co-

lonial court, duties, 56.
George III., influence on the Revo-
lution, 118, 176.

Georgia, settlement, 157; early
government, 169.
Gerrymandering, 233-235.
Government, derivation of the word,
6; defined, 7; special use of the
word, 7; and taxation, 7-10,
34, 92, 223, 227; delusion con-
cerning its wealth, 33, 148;
United States as a field for study
of, 101; direct and indirect, 105-
107; danger in fundamental
changes, 186. See also Local
government, Self-government.
Governors, colonial, 159, 161, 164,

167, 168; kinds and positions at
time of the Revolution, 170,
171; relation of royal colonial,
to the legislatures, 173; post-
revolutionary, 181; veto power,
183, 187, 190; present status,
187; functions, 188; pardoning
power, 189.
Guilds, origin, 114; control of
English city governments, 115,
117.

Hamilton, Alexander, revenue mea-
sures, 279; loose constructionist,

281.
Harbour masters in Boston, 134;
state commissioners, 188.

Hayward, fence-viewer, 41.
Health department, town, 20; im-
portance of city, 132; commis-
sioners in Boston, 133; commis-
sioner in Brooklyn, 144; state
boards, 188.

Henry I., charter to London, 113,
117.

Highways, surveyor, 24, 41, 84, 85;
control of, in Massachusetts, 57;
in Virginia, 67; overseer of, in
Maryland, 82; commissioners in
Delaware, 83; bad condition,
107. See also Streets.

History, purpose of its study, 12-14.
Hitchcock, Henry, on amendment

of state constitutions, 213.
Hosmer, J. K., on Samuel Adams,

35; Sir Harry Vane, 207 n.
Hospitals, directors of, in Boston,
133.

House of Commons, power, 10,
183.

House of Representatives, pattern,
228; composition, 228-230;
qualification of members, 228,
238; term, 232; electoral dis-
tricts, 232-236; representation at
large, 235; residence of candi-
dates, 236; time of election,
236; self-government and proce-
dure, 237; privileges and pay of
members, 237; Speaker, 238;
originates revenue bills, 240. See
also Congress.
Howard, G. E., on convenience of

public land survey, 91.
Hundred, origin, 79-81; court, 81 ;
magistrate, 81; decay, 81; in
Maryland, 82; in Delaware, 83;
borough as, 112.
Hundredman, chief magistrate of
hundred, 81.

Idaho, influence of school district,

IOI; woman suffrage, 103.
Illinois, length, 26; character of
settlement, 96, 97; early county
system, 96; adoption of optional |

township system, 97; county su-
pervisors, 100.

Immigration, state commissioners,
188.

Impeachment, power in England,
239; under the Federal Constitu-
tion, 239.

Implied powers, congressional, 265;
and party politics, 281–283.
Imprisonment for delinquent taxes,

22.

Indiana, subordinate township sys-
tem, 99.

Indians, influence on method of set-
tlement in New England, 17;
social condition at time of the dis-
covery, 38; bureau of Indian
affairs, 263.

Ingle, Edward, on Virginia court-
day, 71.

Inspectors, various official, in Bos-
ton, 134.
Instrument of Government as a con-
stitution, 207.

Insurrection, suppression, 59, 270.
Interior, succession to presidency of
secretary of the, 248; depart-
ment, 262.
Internal improvements as a party
issue, 283.
Iowa, subordinate township system,

100; woman bond suffrage, 103.
Isle of Man, woman suffrage, 103.

Judges. See Courts.
Jurors, ancient use in coroner's in-
quest, 54.

Justice of the peace, origin, 54; du-

ties, 55; in Massachusetts, 56,
58; in Virginia, 66; London
aldermen as, 116; modern du-
ties, 198.

Kansas, subordinate township system,

100; municipal woman suffrage,
103.
Kentucky, land-grant complications,
86; iocal school taxation, 102.
Kingdom, defined, 10.

Land grants, in colonial Massachu-
setts, 17; in colonial Virginia,
61.
Legislature, town, 35, 85, 100;
of English shire, 52; of London,
115-117; of city of New York,
121; of United States cities,
125; control of cities by state,
139-142; labour of state, 141;
theory and practice of state, 142 n.;
Virginia House of Burgesses, 159;
primary, in Massachusetts, 161;
Massachusetts General Court,
162; other colonial, 167; status
of colonial, 171-173; relation of
colonial, to the royal governors,
173; power to dissolve, 177,
178; modern state, 183; reten-
tion of bicameral, 184; separation
from the executive, 185-187;
state, and the constitutions, 202,
210; abnormal constitutional re-
strictions on state, 211-214. See
also Congress, House of Repre-
sentatives, Senate, Veto.
Levy court in Delaware, 83.
Lieutenant-governor, colonial, 161,
164; state, 182.

Local government, Virginia and
New England as types, 60; con-
trasts in Virginia and New Eng-
land systems, 65, 70. See also
City, County, Parish, Township.

London, city of, chartered as a
county, 113, 116; controlled by
the guilds, 115; government,
115-117; extent, 116 n.; a
republic, 118.

London Company, jurisdiction, 153;
colony, 154; charter, 154; dis-
solved, 155.

Lord-lieutenant of English county,
55.

Louisiana, (state) extent of woman
suffrage, 103; (territory) ac-
quired, 275.

Low, Seth, on municipal govern-
ment, 130, 144.
Lumber surveyor, 25.
Lunacy, directors in Boston, 133;
state boards, 188.

Magna Charta, charter or constitu-

tion, 205; text, 352.
Manor in England and the township,

39; and the parish, 40.
Marcy, W. L., apothegm on the
spoils system, 286.
Mark, Germanic, 38.
Market, clerk of, in city of New

York, 121; superintendent of,
in Boston, 134.
Marshal, United States, 273.
Maryland, hundred government, 82;
settlement, 157; charter and co-
lonial government, 165–167.
Mason and Dixon's line, origin and
significance, 168.
Massachusetts, land grants to church

congregations, 17; establishment
of public schools, 23; assessment
of taxes, 26-32; beginnings of
counties, 56; organization of the
militia, 56; modern county gov-
ernment, 57-59; beginnings of
colonial government, 160-164;
changes, 164; Regulating Act,
176; government during the