TIME CALCULATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF SIGNS AND ABBREVIA. TIONS. All the calculatione except the Moon's Phases, Tides and seasons are in mean local time. (See table for its conversion into Standard Time.) The Sun's rising and setting is for the upper limb and corrected for refraction. The signs used are at follows: ó conjunction or near approach, at which time a line from the Vesta Star through one will also pass through the other; 8. opposition or 180° from the sun at which time the Superior Planets are the brightest; O quadrature or 90° from UX Sun: 0, Sun; © Earth; , Mercury; 3. Venus; dMars; 24. Jupiter; h. Saturn &, Uranus; Moon Jowesti , Moon highest; Moon generally; 2. Ascending Node; 8. Descending Node. Per.--Perhelion, or nearest to Sun: opposed to Planets. STANDARD TIME TABLE. City. Standard Correc- ! Standard Correc of tion. City. of tion Division 1 Minutes.) | Division. Minute Albany. N. Y... Eastern 5 Little Rock, Ark... Central Austin, Texas... Central Louisville, Ky..... Central Baltimore, Md.... Eastern Lynchburg. Va.... Eastern | Baton Rouge, La... Central Memphis, Tenn.... Central Bismarck, N. Dak... Central Milwaukee, Wis... Central Boston, Mass...... Eastern Mobile, Ala.... Central Buffalo, N. Y..... Eastern Montgomery. A Central Burlington, lowa Central Nashville, Tenn... Central Cairo, 111..... Central New Haven, Conn. Eastern Charleston, SC. Eastern New Orleans, La..... Central Chicago, Ill...... Central New York, N. Y.... Eastern Central Eastern Central Eastern Oniaha, Neb..... Central Columbus, Ohio.. Central Pensacola, Fla... Central Dayton, Ohio .... Central Philadelphia, Pa. Eastern Denver, Col..... Mountain Pittsburg, Pa.... Eastern Des Moines, Iowa Central Portland, Me..... Eastern Central Eastern Quincy, Ill..... Central Central Eastern Central Eastern Rochester, N. Y. Eastern Ft. Gibson, Cher. N.. Central 21 Rock Island. III... Central Fort Smith, Ark .... Central San Francisco, Cal Pacific Fort Wayne, Ind.. Central ISanta Fe, N. M.. Mountain Galena, Ill......... Central Savannah. Ga.... Central Galveston, Texas... Central Shreveport, La... Central Grand Haven, Mich Central Springfield, Ill.... Central Harrisburg, Pa.... Eastern St. Joseph, Mo... Central Houston, Texas.... Central St. Louis, Mo..... Central Huntsville, Ala..... Central St. Paul, Minn... Central Indianapolis, Ind... Central Superior City, Wi Central Jackson, Miss.. .. Central Syracuse, N. Y. Eastern Jacksonville, Fla.. Central Toledo, Ohio.. Central Janesville, Wis.... Central Trenton N. J Eastern Jefferson City, Mo... Central Utica, N." I.. Eastern Kansas City, Mo.... Central Washington, I Eastern Keokuk, lowa..... Central Wheeling, W. Va.... Eastern Knoxville, Tenn.. Central Wilmington, Del.... Eastern La Crosse, Wis... Central Wilmington, N. C... Eastern Lawrence, Kan... Central Yankton, S. Dak..... | Central | Lexington, Ky..., Central 23 TIME STANDARDS. The following is the table of times, based upon the meridian used by the Unit States and Canada: s Central Meridian.! Name of Time. 1. Degree. From Greenwich. ! Nearest Place. Intercolonial 60 4 hours west, About 318° east of Halifax, N. S. Eastern 75 5 hours west. Between New York and Philadelph Central 6 hours west. I St. Louis and New Orleans. Mountain 105 7 hours west Denver, Col. Pacific ... 120 8 hours west. 112° east of Sacramento, Cal. Sitka . 135 19 hours west. 14° east of Sitka, Alaska, Tahiti 150 110 hours west 22° west of the island of Tahiti. Hawaiian 17 (10 h. 31 m. west. Near centre of Molokai, COMINGO 1++++1+++! ! !+! | +++11++1++1++11+11+++1++1 +1 to Iilll +++ I ++11+++++++1+1+++++! Ittit tout Galvestort GULK OF 23 Map of the Standard Time Belts, 2 extremes being 50 slight as to be of no importance for ordinary purposes, except the case of the Moon's rising. southing and setting, when 6m, for Pacific Coast baints and 3m. for Mississippi River Valley region, including Chicago, etc., must be aded, or 2m. for each hour of longitude. The heavy dotted lines show the arbitrary divisions of time in the United States. The plus and minus marks on either side of the meridian lines show whether it is necessary to add to or subtract from the standard time of points east or west 01 heee lines to arrive at actual, or mean local, time. See table on page 4. STANDARD TIME. For the convenience of the railroads and business in general a standard of time es established by montual agreement in 1883, and it is by this method of calculation het trains are now run and local time is regulated. In accordance with this system the United States, extending from 65° to 125° west longitude, is divided into four The sections, as shown on the map. Inside of cach of these sections standard time uniterm, and the time of each section differs from that next to it by exactly ne hour. If the standard time correction for any place Dot enumerated in the table be esired proceed as follows: Locate the place, as any one can approximately on this and then subdivide the hour space in which the place is until the distance in me 60m, = one space) from that meridian within whose bounds the place is located apparent. Then add or subtract the result to mean time as the sign at the top of he map indicates. Example: What will be the standard time of sun rise July i at enn Yann, N Y.7 The map does not give the lines of latitude and longitude, but people can locate their own place in its respective State on the map with suff Correctness. By this means I locate Peon Yan at about one-eighth of the disnce between the 75th and Both meridians and within the Eastern time zone. This give 8m. to be added, or 4:31. CHINESE CALENDAR The year 1907 corresponds nearly to the year 4604 of the Chinese era, and is the 44th of the 76th cycle of 60 years. 1907. 1907. First month begins...........February 13 Seventh month begins..........August Second month begins............March 14. Eighth month begins........ September Third month begins.... ..... April 13 Ninth month begins...... ... October Fourth month begins... ....May 12 Tenth month begins..... ... November Fifth month begins...............June 11 Eleventh month begins...... December 5 Sixth month begins............... July 10 1908. Twelfth month begins.........January *30 days; all others 20 days. THE MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. Name. Sun (From sun, Siuereal Orbit ve- 866,4001 331100 1310001 0.92 0.86 92.81 365.256 18.5 1.00 0.152 0.72 483.31 4332.58 86,500 316.0 1309 721 0.13 1781.9 30686.82 31,900 14.7 65 0.22 2791.6 60181.11 1 3,41 34,800 17.1 85 0.20 8.1 0.24 4.21 w THE SUN'S COURSE THROUGH THE ZODIAC AND THE SEASONS. Sun Washington mean time. D. H. M. 1 0a.m. 0 47 a.m. N. of Equator. 23 8 1 p.m . 8 51 a.m. 23 5 36 a.m. Tropical year.,365 5 59 33 7d. 15h. 31m. longer north of the Equator than south of it, Tisis is due to the slower motion of the Earth (Sun's apparent motion) while in that portion of its orbit most distant from the Sun (aphelion). Hence in the summer months we are further from the Sun than in the winter time. THE PLANETS. MORNING STARS-WEST OF SUN., H--Just before inferior conjunction, INFERIOR PLANDTS. July 1, 1908. Mercury (8), until February 2, March SUPERIOR PLANETS. 13 to May 24, July 24 to September 6, Mars (0), until March 9, and after November 14. Jupiter (21), from July 16 to November 6 Venus (9), until September 14. Saturn (h), from March 9 to June 19. The planet Venus will present the Uranus (6), until April 3. Various phases, as shown on page 7, as Neptune (*), from July 5 to October 9. follows: EVENING STARS-EAST OF SUN. A--Fifteen days after superior conjunetion, or September 29. INFERIOR PLANETS. Mercury, from February 2 to March 18 May 24 to July 24, and September 6 ti ary 8. C-When brightest as a morning star, November 14. Venus, after September 14. SUPERIOR PLANETS. Mars, after March 9. ly 16 and after Novem junction, August 31. ber 5. At greatest elongation east, April Saturn, until March 9 and after June 19 26. 1908. Uranus, after April 3. G--When brightest as an evening star, | Neptune, until July 6 and after Oo May 29, 190& tober 9. antes Venus Bred Brushless THE PLANETS (Continued). Mercury will be brightest February 20-28, setting shortly after the Sun; also August 18-28, rising shortly before the Sun. Venue will be brightest as a morning star January 4, but will not get around on the other side of the Sun at her point of greatest brilliancy as an evening star until May 29, 1908, She will be at her greatest elongation (angular distance) west or the Sun, 46° 53', Fetri'ary 8. An opera glass or small telescope will Toward bring out her phases, as shown in the an the Sun. nexed cut. Her difference in apparent size N or diameter is due to her varying distance from the Earth, according as she is between Phases of Venus. The planet Mars will attract the atten- As seen in the 1 fact that he will approach nearer to us than Morning. Evening. he has been within the last fifteen years, or will be again in the following fifteen years. The reason for this will be understood by an inspection of the annexed figure. When the points C (Aphelion) in the Earth's orbit, and A (Perihelion) in Mars's orbit. come in line with the Sun. then the Earth and Mars will be thell nearest possible. A moderately close approach to these conditions occurs every fifteen years. This year, on July 12, these planets will occupy the positions in their respective orbits E and F. On July 5 the Earth will be at C, or farthest from the Sun, and on September 26 Mars will be at A, or nearest to the Sun. It is apparent that there must be a point between A and C where these bodies are in line with the Sun, and where they will be nearest, and, as has been said, this occurs at E and F. At such times Mars is some 30,000,000 miles nearer to us than when these conditions shown in the figure are reversed. with Mars at or near D and the Earth at or near B. While Mars will be mathcinati cally brightest July 6, he will be by far the most conspicuous object in the stellar or planetary hosts for weeks before and after that date, and will be most carefully watched and photographed at observatories. Comparisons of these with former photographs may disclose important changes Jupiter will not be at his brightest this year, but will be very bright in Deeember, as he will attain his point of opposition to the Sun January 23, 1908. Saturn will be brightest, on September 17. He will then be in the last degrees o Aquarius and close to the Equinoctial Colure, or First Meridian of the lieavers, corresponding to the Meridian of Greenwich or Washington on the Earth. Uranus will be brightest July 3 and Neptune January 2. DO MARS ORBIT. ORBIT be in line ween A andent that is or ne the Sun. Where the must be CHURCH DAYS AND MOVABLE FEASTS. Epiphany ... ......Jan. 6 Ascension Thursday....... May 9 Conversion af St. Paul.............Jan. 25 Whit Sunday (Pentecost).... .....May 19 Septuagesima Sunday.. --...Jan. Trinity Sunday...... ....May 26 Purification B. V. M. ....Jan. Corpus Christi......... ....May 30 Sexagesima Sunday.... Feb, St. Barnabas......... ....June Quinquagesima Sunday. Feb. 10 St. John the Baptist. June 24 Sbrove Tuesday................. Feh. 12 | Saints Peter and Paul... .Jun 23 Ash Wednesday (Lent begins)... ..Feb. 13 St. James.............. .....July 2017 St Valentine..... ..Feb. 14 Transfiguration .... ..... Aug. 6 Quadragesima Sunday.. ..Feb. 17 St. Bartholomew. ..... Aug. st. Matthias. ....Feb. 2 St. Matthew........ .Sept. 21 SE, David.. March 1 | Michaelmas (St. John and all .Sept. 29 St. Patrick..... .....March 17 St. Luke................. ...Oct 18 Palm Sunday ... .......March 24 Saints Simon and Jude. ...Oct. . Annunciation (I )........March 25 All Saints' Day....... .. Nov. 1 Good Friday.. ..March 29 All Souls' Day.. Baster Even.... ..March 30 Thanksgiving Day...... Bester Sunday.. .....March 31 St. Andrew..... ..... Nov. 30 Low Sunday....... .....April 7! St. Thomas.............. .......Dec. 21 Yaundy Thursday,..., ..... April 12 Christmas Day Wednesda ......Dec. 25 St. George..... ..... April 23 St. Stephen.... .Dec. St M ark.............. . April 25 St. John the Evangelist...........Dec. 27 Beints Phillip and James,... .....May 1 Holy Innocents..... ...Dec. 28 Rogaton Sunday..... ...........May 5 .NCV. 2 Nov. S MERIDIAN PASSAGE, RISING AND SETTING OF THE PLANETS. SATURN In Monthn... States.... Meridian. 11 32 FRANC 01: Rises. Sets в мiн мiн мiн мiн мiн мн мн мн мн мн мн January.. 9 23! 4 11 4 2011 7491 2 211 2 37||11 411 6 411 7 11ll 4 10 9 48$ January.. 3 48! 1 7 33 2 10 2 28 10 5 6 5 57 6 26 3 84 9 13, $ January.. 8 591 3 7 181 1 591 2 19 10 1 131 5 421 2 58 8 88 % February.. 7 1 1 46 7 9 514 2 19 8 0 February.. 853) 3 47 1 44 7 26 February.. 9 4 3 624 6 30 1 21 147 1 96 51 6 March.... 9 101 3 571 A 2111 12 41 625 March... 9 171 4 4 T21 6 1112 66 1 25 2 1 541 2 12 06 0 March 211 9 241 4 54412 411 1101 April.. 9 324 6 25 12 23 12 53 3112 381 1 8 10 531 Invisht April.. 5 512 412 35 12 0 12 34 10 18 Rises April... 9 42 3 511 11 27111 57 43 3644 May... | 4 22 11 24 11 54 10 55 11 25 9 7 3 10 May.. 11 9 521 3401 3 35 3 56 10 58 11 26 5 10 22 10 51 8 32 7 41 : May... 211 9 571 3 24 3 26 10 28 10 58 11 9 51/10 20 7 551 2 S June.. | 110 4 3 30 3 15 1 2 48! 9 52 10 25 9 161 9 7 151 1 23 1 Jaso.. 11/10 131 2 9 9 16 9 50 1 30 8 45 9 13 6 38 12 4611 June. 21/10 231 3 34 3 8 i 24 8 33 9 811 1 20 8 15 8 43 6 0 12 71: July... 1 10 35 340 3 12 12 35 8 6 5th 12 50 7 46 8 12 5 21 11 32 11 July.... 1110 48 3 511 3 22 11 38 Sets. 1 12 2017 14 7 42 4 42 10 53 10 July.... 21 11 2 4 5 3 36 3 351 2 551|11 5 Ố Ố 16th 2 10 13 10 August 1 11 17 4 26 40 2 37 1 57 11 17 Invisible. 3 18 9 308 August... 11111 29 4 43 4 20 2 1 1910 471 Rises. August... 21 11 391 • 11th 8 40 1 40 12 49 10 17 3 27 3 2 September... | 111 48 Invisible. 8 812 53 12 20 9 43 2 55 2 30 Septernher.... 11/11 56 Sets. 12 38 11 5411 9 121 2 251 2 1 12 271 6 September.... 21/12 021 6 41 6 5 7 24 12 21 11 45 8 40 1 541 1 October... | 112 081 600 56 7 612 611 31 8 7 1 231 1 Sets. October ...... 11 12 15 5 551 5 45 6 50 11 53 11 23 7 34 12 50 12 29 171 4 8 4 October... 21 12 231 5 521 5 37 6 35 11 43 11 16 7 0 12 17 11 58 November.... 1/12 33 5 531 5 28 S 20 11 34 11 10 6 22 11 43 11 22 November.... 11112 45 5 541 5 28 6 6 11 25 1 5 5 46 11 8110 47 8 10 7 11 November... 21/12 596 11 5 31 5 52 11 18 11 11 5 8 10 30 10 9 7 301 1 1 1 December,... 1 1 1 141 6 14 5 42 5 39/11 11/10 57|| 4 301 9 631 9 32|| 651112 4215 December.... 11 1 296 29! 5 57 11 5 26 11 5 10 55| 3 501 9 13 8 52|| 6 1212 311 December....121 1 44 647 6 18 5 12 10 58110 511 3 8 8 301 8 911 5 34 11 21 11 December.... 131) 157 7 6 42 4 58 10 50 10 4611 2 261 7 48 2611 4 57110 45 10 CHRONOLOGICAL ERAS. EMBER DAYS. | Wednesday, Friday and Saturday after The year 1907, which comprises the lat First Sunday in Lent-February 20, Il ter part of the 131st and the beginning of and 23. the 1320 year of the independence of the Pentecost-May 22, 24 and 25. United States of America, corresponds September 14 September 18, 20 and nearly to December 13--December, 18, 20 and 21 The Manometan year 1325, which be- MAHOMETAN CALENDAR-A. M. 80 gins on February 14. 1907 A. D. The year 5668 of the Jews, which be The Mahometan year 1325 is the 5th gins on September 9, or at sunset Sep the 44th cycle of 30 years, and contal tember 8, 355 days. L ! The Chinese year 4604, wbich begins | Year. Month. Begins. da February 13. 1324...11...Dul Kaeda (1906).Dec. 19 The year 7415-16 of the Byzantine Era, 1324...12... Dulhegge (1907)..Jan. 18 beginning September 1. 1325... 1... Muharrem Muharrem ......Feb. 14 The year 2219 of the Grecian Era, which 1325... 2...Saphar ... ... ., March 16 began near the Vernal Equinox, B. C. 312. 1325,.. 3...Rabia I......... April 14 The year 2567 of the Japanese Era, 1325... 4...Rabia II......... May 14 1325... 5...Jomhadi I.......June 12 CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLES. 1325... 6...Jomhadi II...... July 12 Dominical Letter...................... 1325... 7... Rajeb ...........Aug. 10 Epact (Moon's age, January 1).... 1325... S... Shaban .... ....Sept. Lunar Cycle, or Golden Number ...... 1325... 9...Ramadan* ......Oct. 1325...10... Schawall ........Nov. Solar Cycle....................... 7 1320...11...Dul Kaeda....,.Dec. Roman Indiction............... 6 Julian Period..... 1325...12...Dulhegge (1908)..Jan. 5 Dionysian Period.... 236 1326... 1... Muharrem (1908), Feb. Jewish Lunar Cycle.... 5 Fasting. 3700006 teto 16 .....6620 |