established by the United States Government with respect to Porto Rico, and con firmed the principle that Porto Ricans are not citizens of the United States. August 2, 1902, the Commissioner General of Immigration issued an order to the effe that Porto Ricans coming to the United States were to be regarded as aliens. This decision has been sustained by the United States Supreme Court,

By the terms of the Foraker act practical autonomy was granted to the insula government for which it provides, and a large majority of all the officials through out the island are left to the unrestricted choice of its own citizens. The Governor and the heads of the various executive departments are chosen by the President with the approval of the Senate, and the Executive Council, which constitutes one of the branches of the Legislative Assembly, consists of the six executive department head 80 chosen, the Secretary, Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor, Commissioner of Education and Commissioner of the Interior, with five natives of Porto Rico, who ar also appointed by the President. The House of Delegates, or popular branch of the Legislative Assembly, consisting of thirty-five members, is elected by the voters from the seven election districts into which the island is divided; and in the Judicial De partment the Supreme Court, consisting of five members, is appointed by the Presi dent, but a majority of the members chosen for that tribunal of last resort are native citizens of the island; and of the judges of the various district courts who are ap pointed by the Governor, the large majority are also selected from among the native population. The internal revenue laws of the United States do not apply to Porte Rico.

The growth of commerce between the United States and Porto Rico since annexation is shown in the table appended, covering the fiscal years from 1898 to 1906:

Porto Rico's trade with foreign countries in the fiscal years 1904-'05 and 1905-06 reached these totals:

Year.

1905

1906

| Exports. Imports
$3,076,420 $2,562.18
4,115,069 2,602,784

Exports from Porto Rico in the fiscal year 1905-'06 were practically twice as great in value as in any year under Spanish rule and about 25 per cent greater than in any previous year under American rule. The total value of the merchandise sent out of the island in the fiscal year 1906 was $23,250,000, against $18,750,000 in the imme diately preceding year, while the highest figures in any year under Spanish rule was $12,750,000, or practically one-half of the figures of the fiscal year 1906.

This increase of practically 100 per cent in the value of merchandise shipped out of the island as compared with the best years under Spanish rule, occurs chiefly m sugar and manufactures of tobacco. The quantity of sugar sent out of the island never reached as much as 100,000 tons prior to 1903. In the fiscal year 1903 it was 104,000 tons, in 1904 115,000 tons, in the fiscal year 1906 about 180,000 tons, and in the present year will probably exceed 200,000 tons. The value of sugar exported never but once reached the $7,000,000 line until the year 1903, when it was practically $7,500,000; in the fiscal year 1904 $8,500,000, in 1905 practically $12,000,000, and in 1906 a little more than $14,000,000, or practically double that of the banner year under Spanish occupation.

The value of cigars and cigarettes sent out of the island, which never reached $1,000,000 until recently, was in 1904 about $1,500,000, in 1905 a little over $2,000,000 and in the fiscal year 1906 $3,000,000.

Coffee exportations, which averaged from $3,000,000 to $6,000,000 a year during the decade prior to occupation by the United States, were greatly reduced by reason of the destruction of the coffee plantations by the hurricane of 1899, and the export value fell to about $3,000,000 per annum, the total value of the coffee shipped out the island in the fiscal year just ended being about $3,500,000, against a little les than $2,000,000 in 1905 and a little over $3,500,000 in 1904.

Of the $23.250,000 worth of merchandise sent out of the island in the fiscal year 1906, $19,000,000 worth was sent to the United States. $1,500,000 worth to Cuba, $750,00 to Spain, a little over $500,000 to Germany, $250,000 to Austria-Hungary, the tota value of merchandise shipped to foreign countries being in round terms $4,000,000

The census of 1900 reported the population of Porto Rico as 953,243, a figure more than two-thirds of the Cuban total. It showed an increase of 16 per cent over the population given in the census of 1887, and a density of occupation of 264 souls to the square mile. Of the population 589,426, or 61.8 per cent, are so-called white; 38.2 per cent, or 363,817, are colored. Only 13,872, or 1.5 per cent, are of foreign nationality of whom 11,422 are white. Of the white aliens 7,690 are Spanish, scarcely any whom renounced their nationality on the American occupation.

The population of the island by Departments is as follows:

At the 1906 election Tulio Larrinaga, Unionist, now Resident Commissioner to the Tnited States, was re-elected by a majority of 42,000. The Unionists also carried all the seven legislative districts, electing the entire membership of the House of Delegates.

THE PHILIPPINES.

The Philippine Commission.

COMMISSIONERS-James F. Smith, president; Dean C. Worcester, W. Cameron Forbes, W. Morgan Shuster, Jose R. Luzuriaga and Benito Legarda. · CAPITAL Manila

Dean C. Worcester. Michigan.

SECRETARY INTERIOR.

15.500

SECRETARY PUBLIC INSTRUCTION... W. Morgan Shuster. D. of Columbia.. 15.500 SECRETARY COMMERCE AND POLICE, W. Cameron Forbes. Massachusetts... 15,500 The Supreme Court.

CHIEF JUSTICE..

Cayetano Arellano, Philippines $10,500 ASSOCIATE JUSTICES-Florentino Torres, Philippines: Victorino Mapa, Philippines; Charles A. Willard, Vt.; E. Finley Johnson, Mich.; Jam.es F. Tracey, N. Y.; Adam C. Carson, Va.; each....

.....$10,000

The Philippine Islands came into the possession of the United States as a result of the war with Spain and under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898. On February 4, 1899, two days before the ratification of the treaty by the United States Senate, the native forces under Aguinaldo attacked the American garrison at Manila, and an insurrection against American authority was started, which lasted for nearly two years. The islands were under military rule until July 1, 1901, when the provisional military government was superseded by a civil government. The chief officers of the latter are appointed by the President of the United States. Provincial and municipal officers are elected by, the people. On December 2, 1901, the Supreme Court of the United States decided that free trade must prevail between the Philippines and the United States until Congress should enact a special tariff law for the islands. Accordingly a Philippine tariff bill was introduced into Congress and became a law on March 8. 1902. It was followed on July 1, 1902, by a Civil Government act for the Philippines. (For summaries of these laws see The Tribune Almanac for 1903.)

A general amnesty for all except criminals under the common law and rebels remaining in arms was proclaimed on July 4, 1902. The vexed question of the friars' lands was amicably settled in December, 1903. After protracted negotiations, in the course of which Governor Taft visited Rome, an agreement was, made with the Church authorities by which the ingular government acquired the friars' holdings at a cost of $7,239,784. The purchase included 391,000 acres. These lands will be eventually sold by the insular government.

During the year 1903 the Philippines enjoyed an exceptional measure of tran quillity. Some desultory firing occurred in the Moro country; but elsewhere resistance to American rule died away completely. In accordance with the pro

visions of the Civil Government act of July 1, 1902, a census of the inhabitants of the archipelago was taken under the direction of Brigadier General Joseph P. Sanger, The results of this census were published in 1904 and 1905. In March, 1907, the Philippine Commission is to call a general election in the islands (excluding the Sulu group) for the choice of delegates to the popular assembly, to be known as the Philippine Assembly, and with the Philippine Commission to constitute the legislative branch of the insular government.

By the Act of March 2, 1903, Congress provided a system of coinage for the Philippines. The unit of value is the gold peso, of twelve and nine-tenths grains of gold, nine-tenths fine. The Philippine Commission is authorized to coin $75,000,000 in silver pesos, each peso of 416 grains, 900 parts fine metal and 100 parts copper alloy. These silver coins are redeemable at the rate of two for one in gold pesos. and are legal tender in the Philippine Islands for all debts, public or private, unless otherwise specifically provided by contract. new subsidiary coins are also provided for. (For complete details of the Coinage Act, see. The Tribune Almanac for 1904, under title "Fifty-seventh Congress, Public Acts and Resolutions of Second Session.")

Some

In 1904 there were again occasional disturbances in the Moro country, but elseThe insular military forces have been where tranquillity was unbroken. organized as 8 constabulary. Its five ranking officers are by provision of an act of Congress detailed from among the general officers of the United States Army. - The

majors and captains assigned to field work with the companies and regiments have been drawn from the officers who went to the Philippines with the volunteer soldiers' and desired to remain there after their terms of enlistment had expired.

At the last session of the 58th Congress a new tariff for the Philippines was enacted, and a law was passed providing for railroad construction and other public improvements and amending the Civil Government act of March 8, 1992. (For details of these measures see under "58th Congress, Public Acts and Resolutions of the Third Session," pages 80-83 of this volume.) The new Philippine tariff on goods imported into the Philippines-went into effect on July 2, 1905. was further amended at the first session of the Fifty-ninth Congress. Congress at the same session passed a law postponing until July 1, 1909, the application to Philippine commerce of the navigation laws of the United States.

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

It

The following tables summarize the foreign trade of the islands in recent years: IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE, 1899 TO 1905.

1Figures of 1899 to date from reports of War Department, those of 1899 covering the period from August 20, 1898, to June 30, 1899, and subsequent figures covering fiscal years. IMPORTS AND EXPORT TRADE WITH PRINCIPAL FOREIGN COUNTRIES,

Total

2,0411

20,092

|$28,587,545|$19,146,722 $25,114,852 $16.681,097

POPULATION OF THE PHILIPPINES BY PROVINCES.

3,700

3,540

1Comandancia is the Spanish word for military district. At the date of the census the civil organization had not been extended to all parts of the archipelago and certain districts were therefore returned as comandancias which have since become civil districts. Exclusive of sub-province of Marinduque,

*Sub-province of Tayabas

GUAM.

CAPITAL

GOVERNOR ...

Agana

.Commander Templin M. Potts, U. S. N. The island of Guam, or Guahan, in the Marianne Archipelago, was ceded to the United States by Spain under the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898. It is used by the United States as a naval station, and may also afford a landing place for a transpacific cable. Supreme governmental authority is vested in a United States naval officer who is appointed Governor of the island, but the natives retain a large part of their old municipal systems. Under American rule a monogamous marriage system has been established and non-sectarian public instruction has been provided. Commercial returns of Guam are grouped with those of Tutuila. For description of Guam see Tribune Almanac for 1902,

CAPITAL.

GOVERNOR..

A

Pago Pago Commander Charles B. T. Moore, U. S. N. Tutuila, Manua and some insignificant islets of the Samoan group came into the possession of the United States in January, 1900, as a result of the treaty of November 14, 1899, between Great Britain and Germany, in the terms of which the United States acquiesced. Under that treaty Great Britain withdrew altogether from the islands, Germany took the largest two, Upolu and Savaii, and the United States took possession of Tutuila and Manua, the former containing at Pago Pago the finest harbor in that part of the world and the only good one in the Samoan group. United States naval officer was appointed Governor of Tutuila and Manua in February, 1900, and possession was taken of them on April 17, 1900. The area of Tutuila and Manua is about 35,000 acres, much of which is rugged and mountainous, The total population of the two islands is less than 6,000, about twenty being whites and as many more half-breeds. The imports from the United States into these islands, and also into Guam and the islet of Wake, in the fiscal year 1904-05 amounted in value to $95,954, and for 1905-06 to $78,733. The exports from these islands into the United States in 1904-'05 amounted to $47,453.

THE ISTHMIAN CANAL ZONE.

Isthmian Canal Commissioners.-Theodore P. Shonts, Illinois, chairman, Civil Engineer Mordecai T. Endicott, U. S. N.; Brigadier General Peter C. Hains, U. S. A. (retired); Benjamin M. Harrod, Louisiana; John F. Stevens, Illinois. Secretary to the Commission.-Joseph B. Bishop, New York. $10,000. Chief Engineer.-John F. Stevens, Illinois.

Governor of the Canal Zone.

Supreme Court of the Canal Zone.-Facundo Mutis Durna. Panama, Chief Justice; L C. Collins, Illinois, and Hezekiah H. Gudger, North Carolina, Associate Justices

Note-The compensation allowed to each member of the Canal Commission is $17,500; to the chairman an additional $22,500, to the chief engineer an additional $17,500 and to the Governor of the canal zone an additional $10,000.

The United States Senate ratified on March 17, 1903, an Isthmian Canal Treaty with Colombia, drawn to vest in the United States perpetual control for canal purposes of a strip of land 30 miles in width stretching across the Isthmus of

Panama. On August 12, 1903 the Colombian Senate rejected the treaty, and on September 12 the time fixed for exchanging ratifications expired. On November 3 the Department of Panama revolted and an independent republic was proclaimed A canal treaty between this new republic and the United States was signed on November 18, 1903, ratified by Panama on December 2, and by the United States Senate on February 23, 1904.

The full text of this treaty is given under "Treaties Ratified," second session LVIIITH Congress, Tribune Almanac for 1905. By the terms of Articles II and III the Republic of Panama granted to the United States in perpetuity the use, occupation and control of the zone of land and land under water for the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of said canal of the width of ten miles, extending to the distance of five miles on each side of the central line of the route of the canal to be constructed; the said zone beginning in the Caribbean Sea three marine miles from mean low water mark, and extending to and across the Isthmus of Panama into the Pacific Ocean to a distance of three marine miles from mean low water mark, with the proviso that the cities of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities, which are included within the boundaries of the zone above described, shall not be included within this grant. The Republic of Panama further granted to the United States In perpetuity the use, occupation and control of any other lands and waters outside of the zone above described which may be necessary and convenient for the construction and maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of the said canal or any auxiliary canals or their works necessary and convenient for the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of the said enterprise. Panama further gave to the United States in perpetuity the use, occupation and control of all islands within the limits of the zone above described, and in addition thereto the group of small islands in the Bay of Panama, named Perico, Naos, Culebra and Flamenco.

The Republic of Panama yielded to the United States all the rights, power and authority within the zone mentioned and described in Article II of this agree ment, and within the limits of all auxiliary lands and waters mentioned and described in said Article II, which the United States would possess and exercise if it were the sovereign of the territory within which said lands and waters are located to the entire exclusion of the exercise by the Republic of Panama of any Sovereign rights, power and authority.

To provide for the temporary government of this zone Congress passed an act approved April 28, 1904, providing that "until the expiration of the LVIIIth Con

gress, unless provision for the temporary government of the canal The Canal zone be sooner made by Congress, all military, judicial and civil Strip Act. powers, as well as the power to make all rules and regulations necessary for the government of the canal zone, and all the rights, powers and authority granted by the terms of said treaty to the United States, shall be vested in such person or persons and shall be exercised in such manner as the President shall direct, for the government of said zone and maintaining and protecting the inhabitants thereof in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property and religion." Under the terms of this act the Isthmian Canal Commission was created and a temporary government was set up in the canal strip, with Major General George B. Davis as Governor.

At the third session of the LVIIIth Congress no further legislation was had and the President resumed full control under the general Canal act. The Cana! Commission was reorganized and the Governor of the canal zone was made also United States Minister to Panama. The new commissioners were nominated April 3, 1905. On June 30 John F. Stevens replaced John F. Wallace as chief engineer and member of the commission.

on

May 9, 1904, the President issued these instructions to the Commission: "Subject to the limitations of law and conditions herein contained, the Isthmian Canal Commission are authorized and directed: First-To make all needful Instructions rules and regulations for the government of the zone and for the to the correct administration of the military, civil and judicial affairs of Commission. its possessions until the close of the LVIIIth session of Congress. Second-To establish a civil service for the government of the strip and construction of the canal, appointments to which shall be secured as nearly as practicable by a merit system. Third-To make or cause to be made all needful surveys, borings, designs, plans and specifications of the engineering, hydraulic and sanitary works required, and to supervise the execution of the same. Fourth-To make and cause to be executed after due advertisement all necessary contracts for any and all kinds of engineering and construction works. Fifth-To acquire by purchase or through proper uniform expropriation proceedings, to be prescribed by the Commission, any private lands or other real property whose ownership by the United States is essential to the excavation and completion of the canal. Sixth-To make all needful rules and regulations respecting an economical and correct disbursement and an accounting for all funds that may be appropriated by Congress for the construction of the canal, its auxiliary works and the government of the canal zone; and to establish a proper and comprehensive system of bookkeeping showing the state of the work, the expenditures by classes and the amounts still available. SeventhTo make requisition on the Secretary of War for funds needed from time to time in the proper prosecution of the work and to designate the disbursing officers authorized to receipt for the same.

and

"The inhabitants of the isthmian canal zone are entitled to security in theb