CHAPTER II.-A.D. 40 to A.D. 286.

Caligula's mock triumph-Expedition of Plautius-Arrival of

Claudius in Britain-Invasion of Claudius-Camalodunum-

Temple of Claudius-Roman estimate of the British people

-Defeat of Caractacus-Attack of Suetonius upon Mona-

Revolt of Boadicea-Destruction of British cities-Defeat of

Boadicea-Consulship of Agricola-Defeat of Galgacus-

The island encompassed - Hadrian: his wall-Severus-

Death of Severus....

CHAPTER III.-A.D. 286 to A.D. 300.

Usurpation of Carausius-Britain returns to the subordination of

a Roman province-Condition of the country at the end of

the third century-Its abundant produce-Division into five

provincial districts-Amount of its population-Roads-

Mines-The army-Fortified places-Cities, and their Roman

remains-Cilchester-Remains of Roman London-Mixed

population of Britain-Early settlement of foreigners-Ro-

man administration-Its municipal character-Prevalence

of Latin language and literature-Architecture-Traces of

Roman customs and superstitions...

PAGE

1

3-7

7-11

11-16

CHAPTER VI.-A.D. 800 to A.D. 866.

Egbert at the court of Charlemagne-Alcuin-Egbert, King of

Wessex-Reduces the other provinces to his supremacy-

The Northmen, or Danes-Their ravages in England and

France-Ethelwulf-Birth of Alfred-His early years-His

sojourn at Rome-Ethelbald-Ethelbert-Alfred's residence

with Ethelbert-Social ranks-Rural industry-The poor. 24-28

CHAPTER VII.-A.D. 866 to A.D. 878.

Regner Lodbrok-Ethelred and Alfred-Danes invade Mercia-

Ravages in the Fen Countries-Edmund of East Anglia-

Danes in Wessex-Battle of Escesdun-Alfred the King-

Danes in Northumbria-Imputed faults of Alfred-The flight
to Athelney-Legends and traditions.....

28-32

PAGE

ence-Battle of Brunan-burh-Ode on the battle of Brunan-

burh-Code of Athelstan-His death-Edmund-His acces-

sion and murder-Dunstan -Accession of Edred-The

Church under Edred-His death-Edwy-His coronation

feast-Edwy and Elgiva-Odo-Death of Edwy........ 37-42

CHAPTER X.-A.D. 960 to A.D. 978.

Dunstan-Attribution to him of miraculous powers-His eleva-

tion to the primacy-State of the Anglo-church-Cathedrals

and churches-Provision for the clergy-The parish priest-

Dunstan's reforms-Edgar-Extravagant praise of his reign

-Edgar's licentiousness-Edgar's ostentation-Edgar an in-
strument in the hands of Dunstan-Arbitrary power-Ed-
ward-His accession-His murder..

42-46

CHAPTER XI.-A.D. 979 to A.D. 1035.

Ethelred-Dunstan's hatred of the young king-Crowning of

Ethelred-Renewed attacks of the Danes-Payment of trib-

ute to the Danes-Corruption and treachery of the chieftains

-Exactions and sufferings-Massacre of the Danes-Con-

tinued devastations-Sweyn, King of Denmark-Flight of

Ethelred-Death of Sweyn, and Ethelred's recall-Canute

-Edmund Ironside-Division of the kingdom-Death of

Edmund-Canute sole king-Death of Canute........ 46-49

CHAPTER XII.-A.D. 1035 to A.D. 1051.

Saxon and Danish races-Harold and Hardicanute-Murder of

Alfred Death of Hardicanute - Election of Edward the

Confessor-Earl Godwin-Influence of the Normans-Riot

at Dover-Banishment of Godwin and his sons-Triumph of

the Norman party....

49-51

CHAPTER XIII.-A.D. 1051 to A.D. 1066.

William of Normandy-Return of Godwin-Death of Godwin-

Harold-Harold in Normandy-Harold returns to England

-Banishment of Tostig-Death of Edward the Confessor-

Harold chosen king-Norman preparations for invasion-

Landing of Duke William-Battle of Stamford Bridge-

Battle of Hastings-The Abbey of Bataille-Burial of Harold

-Close of the Saxon period...

51-56

CHAPTER XV.-A.D. 1073 to A.D. 1085.

Revolt of nobles-Continental wars-Family quarrels-General

oath of fealty-Domesday Book-Classes-Industry-Land

-Forests-New Forest Gardens-Mills-Mines-Cities

and burghs-Royal and baronial manors-Castles-Churches

-Knight service-Feudal tenures-Feudal exactions.... 60-65

CHAPTER XVI-A.D. 1086 to A.D. 1100.

Burning of Mantes-Deathbed of the Conqueror-His funeral-

'Traits of his character-Coronation of William II.-Insur-

rection of Norman nobles in England-Ralph Flambard—

Profligacy of the court of Rufus-Robert's government in

Normandy-Quarrels of William and Robert-Mount St.

Michael-Troubles in England - Rapacity of the king-

Effects upon the country-Robert pawns Normandy-The

first crusade preached by Pope Urban II.-Incentives to the

crusade Progress of the crusaders-Jerusalem taken-Wil-

liam's Norman wars-His death in the New Forest..... 65-69

CHAPTER XVII.—A.D. 1100 to A.D. 1135.

Prince Heury seizes the treasures of the crown-Coronation of

Henry I.

- Charter of liberties-Marriage with Matilda-

PAGE

Duke Robert invades England-Henry punishes disaffected

barons-Hostile movements of Henry in Normandy-Battle

of Tinchenbrai-Battle of Noyon-Death of Queen Matilda

-Eustace and Juliana-The Blanche Nef-Geoffrey Plan-

tagenet-Death of King Henry-Prophecies of Merlin.. 69-74

CHAPTER XVIII.-A.D. 1135 to A.D. 1154.

Arrival of Stephen-Temporary confusion-Adherents of Ma-

tilda-Castles-Scottish invasion-Battle of the Standard-

Ecclesiastical power-Religious foundations since the Con-

quest-Cistercian abbeys-Cathedrals — Norman bishops-

Arrest of bishops-Synod-Landing of Matilda-Partisan

war-Battle of Lincoln-Stephen a prisoner-Bishop of Win-

chester swears fealty to Matilda-Revolt of the Londoners

-Military habits of Londoners-The route of Winchester-

Leaders of the war-Matilda's flight from Oxford-Turmoil

and desolation—Henry of Anjou-Death of Stephen.... 74-80

CHAPTER XIX.-A.D. 1154 to A.D. 1162.

Henry II. crowned-Establishment of order-Parentage of Becket

-Becket chancellor-Character of Henry-Becket ambassa-

dor to France-Malcolm of Scotland-Invasion of Wales-

Description of the Welsh-Wars on the Continent-Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury-Character of Becket........ 80-84

CHAPTER XX.-A.D. 1162 to A.D. 1170.

Deportment of Becket as archbishop-State of the secular law-

Clerical exemption from secular law-Council of Clarendon

-Constitutions of Clarendon-Becket arraigned at North-

ampton-Becket's flight from England-Excommunication

-Punishment of heretics-Henry and Becket meet at Tou-

raine-Becket returns to England-His murder at Canter-

bury Consequences of Becket's murder-The shrine of

Becket..

84-88

CHAPTER XXII.-A.D. 1191 to A.D. 1199.

Victory of Richard over Saladin-Retreat of Richard-News

from England-Deposition of the Chancellor Longchamp-

Folk-mote in London Assassination of the Marquis of

Montferrat-The assassins-Last campaign for the recovery

of Jerusalem-Richard retreats-Siege of Jaffa-Battle of

Jaffa-Truce; and death of Saladin-Captivity of Richard

-Prince John's proceedings in England-Release of the

king-Richard comes to England-Condition of the English

people-William Fitz-Osbert-Oppression of the poor by the

civic authorities of London-The cities and great towns-

The outlaws of the forests-The troubadours and the ballad-

singers-The industrious classes-Sports-Richard the king

leaves England-His wars in Normandy-Richard's last

fight-His death...

93-98

CHAPTER XXIII.-A.D. 1199 to A.D. 1215.

Accession of John--Arthur of Brittany-War for the succession

to England and the French provinces-Peace with Philip of

France-Blanche of Castile-Insurrection in Poitou against

John-Second war with Philip-Arthur taken prisoner-His

death-The States of Brittany demand justice against John

-Total loss of Normandy and other provinces-Pope Inno-

cent III.-His quarrel with John-England placed under

an interdict-Ireland-Wales-Industry and communication

-London Bridge completed-Consequences of the interdict

-John excommunicated and deposed by the pope-Philip

about to invade England-John swears fealty to the pope

-The barons resist John's demands-Stephen Langton, the

archbishop-League of the churchmen and barons-Oath at

Saint Edmundsbury-" Army of God and Holy Church"

-Runnymede-Magna Charta-Its provisions-Their effects

upon the nation...

98-104

CHAPTER XXIV.-A.D. 1215 to A.D. 1265.

Provisions for the observance of the charter-Movements of John

after Runnymede-Crown offered to Prince Louis-Death of

John-Accession of Henry III.—Battle of Lincoln - The

French quit the country-Death of the Regent Pembroke-

Confirmations of the Charter-The king's assertion of pre-

rogative-Exactions of the king and the pope-Libels-Royal

dignity - Purveyance Justice sold-The Londoners op-

pressed-Disaffection of the Londoners-Violations of the

charter - Foreign enterprises-Condition of the nation-

CHAPTER XXVI.-A.D. 1265 to A.D. 1290.

Domestic history of the people in the second half of the thir-

teenth century-Materials for the inquiry-Household rolls

-The roll of Swinfield, Bishop of Hereford-The bishop's

city-Manor-houses, and modes of living at-Christmas feast

-Domestics and laborers-Serfs-Large and small tenants

-Rents-Wages of domestics-A journey to London-Pro-

vision carried for consumption on the road-State of the

ways-London-The bishop's house there-Markets and

shops-The Bishop at court-Pavements, conduits, drainage

-London houses-Oxford students-The bishop's visita.

tions-His manor-house in the summer-Gardens, orchard,

vineyard-Building operations-Wages of artificers-Furni-

ture-Dress-Woollen manufacture-Foreign trade.....116-122

CHAPTER XXVII.-A.D. 1286 to A.D. 1307.

Death of Margaret of Scotland-Statute of the confirmation

of the charters-Claimants for the Scottish crown -Con-

ferences near Norham Castle-Claims of King Edward to

feudal superiority-John Balliol, King of Scotland-English

invasion of Scotland, 1296-Balliol resigns the crown-Wil-

liam Wallace - Insurrection of 1297-Battle of Falkirk—

Warfare prolonged by Wallace - Demands of the pope-

Parliament of Lincoln-Siege of Stirling-Capture and ex-

ecution of Wallace-Robert Bruce slays Comyn-He is

crowned king-The feast of the Swans-Death of Ed-

ward I.......

.122-127

CHAPTER XXIX.-A.D. 1325 to A.D. 1346.

Mortimer and Isabella in France with Prince Edward-They re-

turn in arms-Fall and death of the Despensers-Edward

II. deposed-Edward III. proclaimed king-Murder_of

Edward II.-Invasion of the Scots-First campaign of Ed-

ward III.-Seizure and execution of Mortimer-Poem of the

evil times of Edward II.-Transition state of feudal relations

-Sir John Froissart; Chivalry-Military spirit of the reign

of Edward III.-Edward Balliol and the Scotch war-Claim

of Edward to the French crown-Naval victory of Sluys-

James Arteveld-Jane de Montfort-Edward lands in Nor-

mandy..

.131-136

CHAPTER XXX.-A.D. 1346 to A.D. 1357.

Nationality of the English-Landing of King Edward in Nor-

mandy-The march to the Somme-Passage of the Somme

at Blanchetaque-Position of the English at Cressy - The

battle-The victory-Cressy, the victory of the Yeomen-

Scotland; battle of Nevill's Cross-The siege of Calais-The

six burgesses of Calais-English colony founded at Calais-

The Order of the Garter-Windsor; St. Stephen's chapel-

The great pestilence - Mortality and misery - Statute of

laborers; scale of wages-Second statute; laborers confined

to one locality.....

..136-141

CHAPTER XXXI.—A.D. 1350 to A.D. 1377.

Death of Philip of Valois-Renewal of the French war-King

Edward ravages Scotland-Expedition of the Black Prince

-The battle of Poitiers-King John a prisoner in England

-The Jacquerie-Invasion of France, and peace of Bretigny

-Sufferings of France-Condition of England-Statute of

apparel-Social state indicated by Chaucer-Accession to

the French crown of Charles V.-The Black Prince in Spain

-Bertrand du Guesclin-War in Gascony-Truce- The

Black Prince in England: his death-Death of Edward III.

-State of the English church-Wycliffe...

.141-146

PAGE

CHAPTER XXXII.-A.D. 1377 to A.D. 1399.

Constitutional principles developed in the reign of Rchard II.—

Coronation of Richard II.-Council of regency-Wars with

France and Scotland-Capitation tax-Poll tax-Insurrection

of 1381-The insurgents in London-Suppression of the in-

surrection-Wycliffe's opinions coincident with the insurrec-

tion-Preachers of heresies-Translation of the Bible into

English-Contest with the pope-English literature and lan-

guage-Statutes of wages-Laborers in husbandry-Games

-Sanitary laws-State interference in social affairs......146-152

CHAPTER XXXIII.—A.D. 1382 to A.D. 1399.

Family dissensions-The king's guardians-Conduct of the war

with France-Suspicions of Lancaster-Scots and French-

men cross the Border-War with Scotland-Projected inva-

sion of England by France-Disputes of the king and the

parliament-Commission of regency-Secret council of the

king-Gloucester and other nobles take arms-The king's

advisers declared traitors-Battle of Otterbourne-Richard

assumes the government-Truce with France and Scotland

-Richard in Ireland—His marriage with Isabella of France

—The king becomes despotic-Coup d'état-Murder of Glou-

cester-Quarrel of Hereford and Norfolk-Their banish-

ment-Wretched condition of the country-Death of John

of Gaunt-Richard seizes his possessions-The king goes to

Ireland-Richard in Ireland-Henry of Lancaster lands at

Ravenspur-Betrayal of Richard by the Percies-Captivity

of Richard-A parliament called-Richard's deposition—

Henry claims the kingdom......

.152-158

CHAPTER XXXIV.-A.D. 1399 to A.D. 1413.

Hereditary pretensions of Henry of Lancaster to the crown-

Edmund Mortimer-Conspiracy against Henry defeated-

Revolt of the Welsh-Owen Glendower-Alleged murder of

Richard II.-Doubts as to his death at Pontefract-Statute

against the Lollards-Burnings for heresy-Hostility of

France and Scotland-Battle of Homildon Hill-Revolt of

the Percies-Battle of Shrewsbury-Revolt of Archbishop

Scrope, Nottingham, and others-Rival factions in France-

The king's jealousy of the Prince of Wales-Henry's

death...

.159-163

CHAPTER XXXVI.-A.D. 1415 to A.D. 1428.

News of Agincourt arrives-Entry of Henry into London-State

of France-Henry's second expedition-Overthrow of the

Armagnacs-Siege and surrender of Rouen-Conferences at

Meulan between Henry, the Duke of Burgundy, and the

queen-Henry first sees Katherine-Negotiations ineffectual

-Burgundy murdered at Montereau-Peace of Troyes-

Marriage of Henry-Henry and his queen come to England

-Parliament held-Clarence killed-Henry returns to France

-Siege of Meaux-Katherine and her infant son came to

Paris-Illness of Henry-His death-Difficulty of forming a

just estimate of his character-Duke of Gloucester protector

-Death of Charles VI-Regency of the Duke of Bedford-

Feuds of Gloucester and Beaufort-Tutelage of Henry

VI.....

.167-172

CHAPTER XXXVII.-A.D. 1428 to A.D. 1447.

Defeat of the English before Montargis-Position of Charles VII.

-Commencement of the siege of Orleans-Salisbury killed

-Battle of Herrings-Despair of the besieged-Proclamation

-The peasant girl of Domremy-Joan of Arc travels to the

court of Charles VII.-Receives authority to relieve Orleans

-English_belief in witchcraft-Terrors and defeats of the

English-The siege of Orleans raised-Defeats of Jargeau

and Patay-Charles crowned at Rheims-Joan captured at

Compiegne-Tried as a sorceress and burned at Rouen-

French war continued-Henry VI. crowned in Paris-The

English disgraces and losses-Henry married to Margaret of

Anjou-Affairs in England-The Duchess of Gloucester

accused of witchcraft-Arrest of the Duke of Gloucester-

Deaths of Gloucester and Beaufort...

...172-177

CHAPTER XXXVIII.—A.D. 1450 to A.D. 1485.

Social condition during the wars of the Roses-Degrees of rank

-Incomes-Forty-shilling freeholders-Statutes of apparel-

Distinction of birth-The gentleman and the Roturier-Ad-

ministrative system-Royal revenue-Public functionaries-

Military system-Defence of the coast and towns-Forcible

PAGE

entries upon estates-Liveries-Rent-Relations of landlord

and tenant-Want of money by landowners-Prevalence of

litigation Occasional bribery-Petty law-suits-Number of

attorneys limited-Offences against person and property-

Hours of labor-Domestic manufactures-Interference of the

State with industry.....

.177-183

CHAPTER XXXIX.-A.D. 1450 to A.D. 1485.

Combinations of masons-Association an English principle-

Domestic architecture-Timber houses-Consumption of

timber-Furniture and utensils-Dearness and scarcity of

clothing-Domestic servants - Females - Married life of

females-Housewifery-The clergy-Their intercourse with

the laity-Curates and chaplains-Pilgrimages-Wills-

Difficulties of communication-Letters-State of popular

knowledge-Beginnings of printing..

..183-187

CHAPTER XL.-A.D. 1450 to A.D. 1461.

Death-struggle of the feudal power--The house of York-Banish-

ment and murder of Suffolk-Insurrection of Cade-He

enters London-His death-Spirit of revolt in England-

York in arms against Somerset-Incapacity of the king-

York protector-The king recovers-York superseded-First

battle of St. Alban's-Triumph of the Yorkists-York's

second protectorate ended-Reconciliation of the two fac-

tions-Commencement of the civil war-Battle of Blore

Heath-Parliament of Coventry-Battle of Northampton-

The Duke of York claims the crown-Battle of Wakefield

-Death of York-His son, Edward, wins the battle of Mor-

timer's Cross-Second battle of St. Alban's-Edward pro-

claimed king-Edward and Warwick march from London-

Battle of Towton.....

.187-193

CHAPTER XLI.-A.D. 1461 to A.D. 1471.

Popular support of the house of York-Coronation of Edward

IV.-Executions-Attainders-Lancastrian exiles-Renewed

attempts of Queen Margaret-Insurrections-Battle of Hex-

ham-Edward in peace-Debasement of the coin-The king's

marriage-Warwick's estrangement-Marriage of Edward's

sister to the Duke of Burgundy-Marriage of Clarence to

Warwick's daughter-Power of Warwick-Yorkshire in-

surrection-Insurrection under Sir Robert Willes-Warwick

and Clarence defeated-They fly to France-Invasion of

Warwick and Clarence-Restoration of Henry VI.-Edward

in exile-His return-Landing at Ravenspur-Reconciliation

of Edward and Clarence-The march to London-Battle of

Barnet-Henry again a prisoner-Landing of Queen Mar-

garet-Battle of Tewkesbury-Richard of Gloucester-Fal-

conbridge-Death of Henry VI.........

...193-199

CHAPTER XLII.-A.D. 1471 to A.D. 1483.

Total depression of the enemies of the house of York-The court

of Edward IV., its splendor and ceremony-Patronage of

the new art of printing-Disputes of Clarence and Glouces-

ter as to Gloucester's marriage-Invasion of France-Ad-

roitness of Louis XI.-Death of the Duke of Burgundy-

Trial and condemnation of Clarence-Scotland-Death of

Edward IV.-Accession of Edward V.-Jealousy of the

family of Woodville by the great nobles-Arrest of Rivers,

Vaughan, and Grey-The queen flies to sanctuary-Glouces-

ter and Buckingham enter London with the king-Glou-

cester appointed protector-His friends obtain important

posts-Coronation of Edward V. fixed-Arrest and execu-

tion of Hastings-Gloucester proclaims that his life is threat-

ened-The Duke of York removed to the Tower-Alleged

marriage of Edward IV. previous to his union with Eliza-

beth Woodville-Sermon at Paul's Cross-The Duke of

Buckingham harangues the citizens at Guildhall-The ille-

gitimacy of Edward's children declared-Gloucester takes

the crown-Execution of Rivers and others-Coronation of

Richard III.-Examination of the evidence that Richard III.

caused the sons of Edward IV. to be murdered.........199-207

CHAPTER XLIII.-

I.-A.D. 1483 to A.D. 1485.

Spirit of an age reflected by chroniclers-Mixed character of

Richard-Revolt of Buckingham-Suppression of the revolt

-Indifference of the people-Salutary laws of Richard's

parliament-Statutes now first printed, and in English-En-

couragement to printers and sellers of books-Daughters of

Edward IV.-Death of Richard's son-Death of Richard's

queen-Henry, Earl of Richmond- -Inadequate preparations

against invasion-Battle of Bosworth Field-Death in battle

of Richard III...

.207-211

CHAPTER XLIV.-A.D. 1485 to A.D. 1492.

Richmond crowned in the battle-field-Henry VII. crowned at

Westminster-His parliamentary title-Marriage with Eliza-

beth of York-Henry VII. suited to his times-Imposture of

Lambert Simnel-Battle of Stoke-Alleged harsh treatment

of the widow of Edward IV.-The Earl of Warwick exhib-