bable prospects of the future. It appeared to me, ther in the most important respects: and it ought that the greatest increase of the white population to be the desire of every patriot that a sense of this would, for a long time, be found to exist in the dependence was fixed on the mind of all of us. And, middle and western states, and that the slave popu- though the admission of Missouri an gave acces lation would as surely move south as the waters of sion of power in the senate to what are called the the Mississippi: that the time was close at hand slave-holding states," I was not jealous of it-bewhen slave-labor, if really profitable any where, cause any general legislation on the subject of slawould be confined to and centre in a less and lesser very, except to break up the trade and prevent the district of our country; that in this district, it would introduction of slaves, (about which all are agreed), become less and less an object; and that the quantity had not been anticipated; and because I knew that of slaves would decline as it was the less desirable the power in the other house was rapidly passing to possess them. I also thought (and still think), into the hands of the people of the "non slavethat several states now considered as among the holding states." The most thickly inhabited parts "slave-holding," and even Missouri herself, would of the United States will naturally be the grainnot long be so regarded, and that the feeling about growing countries; for herein the manufacturers slaves, as property, would be swallowed up in the will be seated among the agriculturalists, furnishgreater interests of legislation,-which would opening a market for one another, and mutually adding the way for the gradual improvement and final to the happiness of each other. Artificial excite emancipation of this people, as rapidly, perhaps, ments are passing away-we cannot expect such as their own interests and those of the society in times as we have witnessed for these thirty years which they are to live, will admit of. A decrease past, though "the age of revolutions" is not over, of the value of slaves, as laborers, will naturally and we must settle down upon our own resources. It tend to a decrease of their numbers, and if the in- so, blessed as we are with navigable rivers and troduction of blacks is practically prohibited from streams of water, suited to transport our comforeign countries, experienee teaches us that the modities to and fro or to propel machinery, it color will decline. It is this that is the great bar-naturally follows that the weight of population will rier between them and us. There are many foreign-be found where the means of subsistence are most ers who come among us that are sometimes stigma-abundant--where the white laboring classes are most tized as "white negroes," on account of their rude respected. But I am pleased that congress will not ness of manners and want of intelligence-but they adjourn without a decision in the case of Missouri, are white; and, being permitted to mix with the which, it is to be hoped, will be final--though some common mass of society, begin to reason* and be-think that it may be agitated when Florida shall come men, they or their children: the latter often-apply for admission; saying that the "slave-holding times rising to the most eminent stations,from a con- states" have all the land fitted for the culture of tosideration in their fathers of the impediments that bacco, cotton, sugar, rice, &c. and that there ought were thrown in their own way from the want of to be some place where free white laborers may education. It is evident to me that the district in raise these commodities—if they please. The setwhich slave-labor can be profitable is gradually les-tlement of the affair must be chiefly attributed to sening in the United States, even though sanction. the exertions of Mr. Clay. He exhorted and he reed in Missouri. There is no credit to any of us for proved-all his powers of eloquence and persuasion this; it is the rational consequence of things. I do were brought forth to settle it upon some principle not wish to enter at large upon these matters just that would obtain a majority-and every one is glad now, but simply to give an exhibit of the foundation that it is settled, though the result may not be conon which I built my opinions. As a politician, too, formable to his own views: and it is well that neiI was willing that the thing should pass. I did not ther party can claim much of a triumph over the believe that Missouri, whose whole population is other. The people are reasonably content with the less than that of many of the counties in some of result, and herein is a happy illustration of the the old states, would declare war against us, and estimable principles of our form of government. put the power of the union to shame-nor appre-We trust that the "hatchet is buried"—that all will hend that her people were disposed to act thus, bear and forbear, and feel themselves to be citizens even if there was a prospect of success attending of the United States. Errors have been committed the procedure:-yet would have waived the point on both sides; it is best not even to mention them in dispute, (though its principle was maintained), now. We have had enough of sectional matters, as leading to sectional divisions-as virtually com- and the times of their violence might easily be pelling the members, on either side, to take a sec- mentioned. The south has gained as much as it tional, or party-like stand, one against the other-ought to ask for, and the east most immediately for a middle course was at first scouted at by nearly profits by the commerce of the south-the middle every body. Though the east and the south are so and the west are gathering a rightful sense of what very different in population, manners and produc-belongs to them, and why should not all be well? tions, yet they are mutually dependent on one ano-God is just-His laws operate on general princi ples, and "nature will have her course." The great *The inestimable Kosciusko, in a letter to John evil that besets us is gradually lessening its force Dickinson, speaking of the condition of the United or curtailing its influence. Time only can remove States, said "The poor European finds means in it. Let us cultivate good fellowship, cherish a love settling there to change his slavery for liberty, his of the union, and esteem as we ought, the blesswants for ease.. Scarcely he lives two years before ings that flow from our republican institutions. his ideas enlarge, he becomes a man and ALMOST a.Other and more important subjects of my cogicitizen-he is forced to quit his habitudes, his pre-tations, were not even sketched, because it could not judices, and even his vices, and to take the sentiments and virtues of his neighbors. Yes, I have there seen the subjects formerly of a bishop think freely on religion, and heard the natives of reason!" Dickinson's writings, vol. II. then be known what congress would do before its adjournment, or what would be the course of policy which the president, in his inaugural address, would lay down for a guide. These things shall be freely spoken of hereafter. THE AGRICULTURAL INTEREST. There are no persons among us, except the superabundant population of a few of our largest cities, that are more oppressed by "the times" than the farmers of the middle and western districts of the United States, and all others chiefly interested in the growing of grain. A degree of economy, nay, a state of want, is forced upon them of the most unpleasant or distressing character. Those who were happily out of debt when the present prostration of things took place, and have refused to enter into engagements to pay money, may live pretty comfortably-but it is to be apprehended, from seeing the country newspapers teem with sheriffs' advertisements for the sale of property, that this is not the common lot of the cultivators of the soil. The voice of complaint is heard from every quarter, but most severely from those parts of our country where the heart of the husbandman was lately gladdened by viewing his luxuriant fields of wheat and other grain. A great blow has been struck at the interests of the plan. ters also-and the time is apparently at hand when the culture of tobacco and cotton will not be much more productive than that of corn now is. But it is the growers of the latter that feel the pressure most; and happily, they have it much in their own power to relieve, if they cannot remove it. At this time a barrel of flour, made of wheat raised 100 miles from Baltimore, and to be brought to market by a land transportation, may be said to be worth nothing more than the cost of its carriage and the expense of the turnpikes, &c. We have heard of a case in which the farmer would have saved money if, after he had raised the wheat and threshed and cleaned it, after he had carried it to the mill and caused it to be manufactured into flour, he had taken it home again and then burnt it, instead of fetching it to market-yet this is the article on which thousands of farmers depended for supplies of money to obtain such things as their wants and wishes required, and which could not be raised on their farms or produced in their own households. The necessity of the case imposes on these a consideration of a new commodity that may supply the place of their surplus grain, and furnish a medium through which these wants and wishes may be gratified. Discoursing the other day on this subject with a substantial Pennsylvania farmer, who is getting richer and richer, even in these "times," by his industry, good management and economy--he mentioned that sheep and flax, but especially the former, were the best agents to accomplish a purpose so desirable-they supplied him with every thing that he wanted, and left him some money to spare. His experience is amply confirmed by the facts stated in the article inserted below, which, indeed, led to the present remarks. Wool will bear the cost of transportation from distant places, and the sheep themselves may be made the carriers of it but the great advantage of wool-growing is, that it naturally makes a market near home for the wool, for the sheep, and all other surplusses of the farmerhis grain, his potatoes, his cabbages. A general attention to the breeding of sheep might cause a decline in the price of wool after a while-but it would also cause an increased consumption of the commodity for a long time to come; and the business might be retired from, without loss, whenever another pursuit should present itself as being more profitable. The merino mania had its day and injured many; but it is not likely that we shall have a return of it. We shall go on regularly. Household manufactures, as well as those carried on in extensive establishments, will grow up with the abundance of the chief material used, and society be the better for it. Private wealth would be promoted, and, of course, the stock of national means be augmented. It is true, that the public revenue, if to be raised as at present, would be diminishedbut the sober sense of almost every man begins to tell him that there must be suca diminution, and the only question now is, whether it shall be caused by a desire to support the industry of our own people or that of foreigners, so far as they will kindly enable us to pay them for their goods-so far as they will condescend to give us a yard of cloth for two or three barrels of flour-to exchange the product of the labor of one of their females for that of four or five of our men! The people also begin to see, and to think too, that one dollar which goes into the treasury of the United States as a duty on goods imported, which we have the spare labor to make as home, draws no less than three other dollars from the country for the benefit of foreigners. This is Frankfort, by the census just taken, contains shaving with a vengeance; raising money at the 1679 inhabitants, and the whole county in which it most exorbitant rate-three for one; the one also is located only 11,034, all told,' white and black. Of paid by ourselves, and that only for our own benethese, not more than 2250 are white male persons fit! What is it that foreigners take of us which over the age of 21 years. The average then, of the they can raise or make at home, even if at double debts sued for is, to each and every such individual, the price that we would gladly supply them at? Not equal to about $400! What then is the amount of one solitary article-they deal with us only of neall the debts owing? Such are the results of glorious cessity, because they must have certain of our combanking such the fruits that the tree of specula-modities, which they would pay us for in specie, if tion bears! And legislation to pay debts is worse we refused to receive their goods in exchange for than either. It is the abomination of abominations! them-acting on their own principles. In this state For one honest man that is relieved by such legislation, fifty honest men are victims. *The Richmond Enquirer, of the 30th ult. has the following extract of a letter from a gentleman in Frankfort, Ken. to his friend in Richmond, dated Feb. 27: "Hard times are just commencing in this state! The twelve months replevin bonds are expiring daily, and executions going out on them; and, on these things, the money must come, if it can be had -but "there's the rub:" for I do think there is money enough in the country to pay one-fourth of the debts! The bank of Kentucky has, in a few days past, determined to sue all her debtors, who have failed to pay the discounts and calls on them; and, in this single county, she has commenced, within the last two days, two hundred and seventy-five suits, and the sum sued for amounts to 887,154 dollars. This is a fact which comes within my own knowledge." The newspapers in Baltimore give a list of the applicants for the benefit of the insolvent lawsthese lists shew a general amount of about two hundred and twenty persons who are applying for relief. of the case, why should we not look to ourselves? Why are we prostrate in the mud, calling upon Hercules, or praying for the desolation of Europe by war, instead of putting our shoulders to the wheel, and trying what we can do without a cutting of men's throats? It is an abomination on us as Christians, a Salt Original value without the duty. £1,215,062 0 0 469,995 0 0. Produce of the duty. £3,037,655 · 2,349,975 3,085,764 0 0 3,085,764 820,625 6 8 2,488,876 629,667 6 8 944,501 £4,782,072 7,720,211 101,232 15 0 1,529,862 £10,281,451 18 4 £21,156,844 The real tax upon bread stuffs, by a prohibition of their importation unless when wheat is at a certain price, is, at this time, pretty nearly equal to one third more of cost than they might be furnished to the people at. foul disgrace on us as men, and a deep dishonor on us as republicans, to see the anxiety with which foreign events are regarded, and to observe the Spirits, (British) hopes manifested that nations, in amity with us, Ditto (foreign) should get to fighting one another! Philip is sick Tea Philip may die-Philip is dead!' are the reports Tobacco and snuff that amuse us: but, whether Philip' is sick or dead Wine his spirit and power will remain to act against us- Malt and so it should be, for they that will not help Hops themselves do not deserve help from any body. Beer When we shall resolve to do this or that, and rely upon the great abilities and ample resources which a kind Providence has granted to accomplish such resolutions then shall we be happy at home and respected abroad. So far as nations will exchange with us on equitable principles, we will exchange with them, and no further. By a well-balanced system of agriculture, manufactures and commerce, our own market is sufficient for substantial prosperity: and, if we should have any surplusses, they may serve to furnish us with extra articles of conveni ence or luxury. It is an absurdity, that, with such extensive grounds for the rearing of sheep, which We acknowledge the receipt of a communicacannot be appropriated to any other useful pur- tion from "An alien subscriber,” in reference to pose, we should be dependent on any country un-the short article which appeared in this paper on der heaven for woollen goods much longer. The the 29th ult. with respect to the naturalization of manufacture of cotton is forcing its way-it is est.b-aliens; and requesting more precise information on lishing by suffering; and when our farmers shall that subject. make it a general concern to raise sheep, that of wool must follow. These, with all the heavy works of iron, will give the farmers a market that can be relied on--which, we trust, they will demand off their own government-which foreigners cannot take away. Annexed is the extract, from an Ohio newspaper, that led to these remarks: "Charles Hammond, esq. in reply to a writer in the Washington Reporter, signed a Retailer,' whe made an unwarrantable attack upon the Steuben. ville woollen manufactory, after disproving many of his assertions, from actual experience, says: Naturalization. FROM THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER. Without preface, we proceed to inform him, that there are three things indispensable to the naturalization of an alien in the United States; namely: 1. A report of himself on his arrival. 2. A declaration, two years afterwards, of bona fide intention to become a citizen. 3. And, three years after that, a declaration, upon oath or affirmation, to support the constitution of the United States, and a renunciation of all foreign allegiance. It is believed that the first of these requisites has, in many former instances, been neglected; and that, from a loose practice in some of our courts, "Your correspondent cavils at the price paid at aliens have passed to the final act of naturalization, the Steubenville factory for wool. Here too my and entered upon the rights of citizenship, without experience assures me he is wrong. I am myself a compliance with it at all. It is to this particular, the most extensive wool grower in the county viz. the Report on arrival, that we have wished to where I reside, (Belmont, Ohio). I find a market draw the attention of persons interested; and to for my wool at the Steubenville factory, and receive advise them that it is not sufficient to begin with payment in cloth, at the prices so much reprehend-the Declaration of intention. Without the prelimied by your correspondent. It is a very profitable nary report, in fact, all the proceedings will be business, in comparison with any other that can now vitiated, null and void: and, however long any alien be pursued upon a farm. I can clear more money may have been resident in the United States, if he on one hundred sheep, of such blood that their wool has omitted to report himself, he must, with a view will average sixty cents per pound, than upon farm-to citizenship, begin by doing so; unless he resided ing one hundred acres of land, in wheat, corn and within the limits of the United States between the pats, with the labor of cultivation furnished to me 18th of June, 1798, and the 14th of April, 1802; gratuitously. I do not make this assertion theoreti- in which case, for reasons connected with the polically, but from actual experiment.” tical history of the country, he is favored by the provisions of the act of congress of the 26th of March, 1804. NOTE.-The government duties in England upon a number of articles in constant use, are more than Congress have been aware of the omissions with double the original cost, as appears from the follow.regard to the Report on arrival; and, with the deing table: sign of instructing the marshals, clerks and prothonotaries of courts, and the collectors of the customs, on this head, by a resolution of the 16th of *The editor of the REGISTER intends to purchase April, 1816, they directed the secretary of state some cloth that was manufactured at Steubenville. to cause four thousand copies of the laws in force It is apparently of the very first quality, permanent-respecting naturalization to be printed and distrily dyed and highly finished. A better cloth, at the buted. This, we understand, was done. And, at same price, ($9 per yard), cannot be found in our the same session, to prevent naturalization with stores of imported goods. If any think it extrava-like omissions in future, the congress enacted the gant in me to give so much for cloth, let them recol-law of the 22d of March, 1816, which requires that lect that the money is to remain at home, and that I the certificate of report, and the certificate of De may chance to handle some of it again, claration of intention, shall both be exhibited by every alien, arriving in the United States after the 18th of June, 1812, and applying to be admitted to citizenship; and both these certificates, are to be recited, at full length, in the record of the court admitting such alien. George Blake, of Massachusetts, to be attorney of the United States for the District of Massachusetts for four years from and after the 26th January, 1821. John M'Campbell, of Tennessee, to be attorney of the United States for the District of East Tennessee, for four years from and after the 11th of January, 1821. In conclusion, the act of the 14th of April, 1802, (which will be found at page 475, vol. 3, of the new edition of the laws of the U. States,) contains all the rules necessary to be observed by an alien who Thomas Morris, of New York, to be marshal of is desirous of becoming a citizen; what has been the United States for the southern district of Newenacted since being for the special purpose of en-York, for four years from and after the 21st of Jan'1aforcing those rules. Militia of the United States. ry, 1820. Charles P. Porter, of Tennessee, to be marshal of the United States for the district of East Tennessee, for four years from and after the 12th of Fe Summary of the returns of the adjutant and inspec-bruary, 1821. tor general laid before congress Feb. 26, 1821. States and terrritories. Maine : New Hampshire Aggregate. rendered. For what year 30,960 David Meriwether, of Georgia, to be a commissioner to treat with the Creek Indians, vice Thomas Flournoy, resigned. John Pitman, of Rhode Island, to be attorney of the United States for the district of Rhode Island, for four years from and after the 9th day of December, 1821. Langdon Cheves, Nicholas Biddle, and John Connelly, of Philadelphia; James Wilson, of Baltimore; and Charles E. Dudley, of New York, to be direc 27,012 tors of the bank of the United States, for one year, 48,140 commencing on the first Monday in January, 1821. 20,781 John W. Smith, of Louisiana, to be district attor. 8,665 ney for the said state. Massachusetts : 1820 22,100 Benjamin Johnson, of Kentucky, to be judge in 121,553 and for the territory of Arkansas. 35,240 32,189 John Crowell, of Alabama, to be agent to the 88,915 Creek nation of Indians. 49,782 George Washington Scott, of Arkansas territory, to be marshal in and for said territory. :: 5,291 36,146 Joshua Norvell, of Kentucky, to be consul of the United States for the Island of St. Bartholomew. Ether Shipley of Maine, to be attorney of the United States for the district of Maine. 51,052 12,030 John Gadsden, of South Carolina, to be attorney 2,031 of the United States for the district of South Caro 1819 14,990 lina. 1818 1820 83,247 James H. Bennett, of Virginia, to be Consul of 1,707 the United States at Pernambuco, in Brazil. Taliafero Livingston, to be marshal for the dis|899,541|trict of Alabama. The adjutant general reports that 16 regiments have not been heard from and that he estimates the militia at 20,000. No return. Joseph McIlvaine, to be district attorney of the United States for the district of New Jersey. Samuel Luke, of Ireland, to be consul of the Uni. ted States for the port of Belfast. John W. Livingston, of New York, whose commission has expired, to be marshal for the northern district of New York. Joseph Delafield, of New York, to be agent of the United States under the sixth and seventh articles of the treaty of Ghent. George Moore, to be consul of the United States for the district of Trieste. John Vawter, of Indiana, whose commission expired on the 6th of March inst. to be marshal for the district of Indiana. Samuel D. Harris, to be marshal for the district of Massachusetts, in the place of James Prince, deceased. John Dick, to be judge of the United States for the district of Louisiana. Hezekiah Huntington, to be attorney of the Uni. ted States for the district of Connecticut, his former | interior should not be wanting for your pleasure commission having expired. Wm. Ward, of Kentucky, to be agent to the Choc. taw nation of Indians. John Biddle, to be Indian agent at Green Bay. Daniel Humphries, to be district attorney of the United States for the district of New Hampshire. William A. Griswold, of Vermont, to be attorney of the United States for the district of Vermont. Enoch Reynolds, Richmond Johnson, Nathan Lufborough, Walter S. Chandler, John Heugh, and Charles H. W. Wharton, to be justices of the peace for the county of Washington. Charles I. Catlett and G W. P. Custis, to be justices of the peace for the county of Alexandria. Prior Lea, to be district attorney of the United States for the district of East Tennessee. Alexander Brackenridge, to be attorney of the United States for the western district of Pennsylvania. African State Paper. A London paper says- l'he subjoined is a literal translation of a letter written in Arabic, sent from Almamy Abdullah, prince of Foota Jallan, residing at Teemo, and the subordinate chiefs of that nation, addressed to his excellency the governor of Sierra Leone: and subsistence, make peace; how will you get the same if the Mandingo country is allowed to become a wilderness? We have heard of the old Mandingo war-no nation was so powerful in ending that dispute as the Europeans. Ye, also, the chiefs on the salt waters, (among whom we would not forget Dalla Mahamadon) the above is sent you. Forget not that Kencorie, of Port Logo, troubled that country, but at last God in vengeance visited him with a violent death. We wish you all peace, health, and everlasting felicity," Weights and Measures. Extract from Mr. Adams' report on weights and measures. On the proportional value of the pound sterling and the dollar. The whole amount of the commercial intercourse between two countries, within a given time, say a "To God alone belongs adoration and thanks— year, may be considered as the barter of an equiTo his name be praise given through all the earth. valent portion of their respective productions. It is cessary that God alone be worshipped. The balance of trade is the excess of exportation To all the blessed-This writing comes from the from the one, and of importation to the other, befaithful Almamy Abdullah, Mori Ali, and the per-yond the equivalent value of the specific articles sons of note, good men of Teembo and Foota, who of the trade. love peace; more especially Walifar Bobucary, Modi Yeyatha Congye, chief of the Little River, In the practice of commerce all the articles of the trade are valued in the established currencies Abdullah offers the inhabitants of Sierra Leone of both countries; each article first in the country his wishes for their happiness and peace; the same from which it is exported, and, secondly, in that is the prayer of Ali Houssain, prince of both Labies; to which it is imported. The balance of the trade Mohadi Álifar, of Teembo; Mahamadoo Marsee must be discharged by some article of equal agreed Yancobar, of Medina; Mohamado Jong, of Conso-value to both parties. There are two precious babie. metals, gold and silver, which, by the common conMohamadoo Ibrahima, of Noubo, and the faith-sent of all commercial nations, are such articles, ful of the more interior districts, with peace and and there is no other, joy to the chieftain of Sierra Leone. Peace to all his goods subjects! The chieftains of Fonto being in health, wish health to all in the name of the most merciful God. The thing of consequence and weight which hath moved the faithful to thee and thine, shall be shewn. The Mandingo country is torn by a civil war, occasioned by the angry disputes of two young men. Why do the chiefs of the lands on the salt water allow it? Does not the advantages of that country belong to the Europeans as well as the Mandingoes? Why not force its inhabitants to be at peace and not suffer two youths to desolate a fine country? Where will its inhabitants find shelter? Do they think Fonta, or Fonta's provinces, shall receive them? They shall not. Therefore, in the name of God, his apostles, and Jesus Christ, we entreat you to make peace between them. War desolates, brings hunger and distress, and in other respects is a great evil. Know ye who live in peace, that war is called waste and hunger. Let, therefore, your good and learned men, in your name, proceed to bring this dispute to an end; let peace, by your means, flourish among the true believers. Attend, we pray thee, to our desire. If you wish that the good things of Fonta and the These two metals constitute also the principal basis of the money, or specie currency, of all commercial countries; and, as they are variously_modified by weight and purity in the coins of different countries, a common standard must be resorted to, by which the relative value of the coins of the two countries may be ascertained and settled, in their commercial dealings with each other. Some one specific coin, or money of account, on each side, is assumed, between which a proportional value is established, as the conventional par of exchange. Thus, between the United States and Great Britain, the dollar of the former and the pound sterling of the latter, with their respective subdivisions, are assumed as the standards of comparative value, and the conventional proportion of value between them, commonly used in their commercial intercourse, and sanctioned by several acts of congress, has settled the par of exchange at one pound sterling for four dollars and forty-four cents in the United States, while in Great Britain it is at four shillings and six pence for the dollar. But, observe-First, that here are already two different bases of exchange the American, which assumes the pound sterling for the unit, and estimates it in the proportional parts of the dollar; and the English, which assumes the dollar for the unit, and values it in the proportional parts of the |