also the author of some successful plays, among them Les victimes cloîtrées, in which he gave expression to his sympathy with the principles of the Revolution.

DE

MONVEL, LOUIS MAURICE BOUTET (1850-). A French genre and portrait painter and illustrator, born in Orleans. He studied under De Rudder, and then with Cabanel at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and after the war of 1870-71, in which he took part, he studied in the Atelier Julien, and still later with Carolus Duran. He began to exhibit in 1874, and afterwards won several medals, but meanwhile he took up illustrating. Soon his individual, unmistakable style showed itself in the drawings he made for Chansons et rondes (1883); Chansons de France (1884); Nos enfants (1886); La civilité puérile; the fables of La Fontaine (1888); and the exquisite black and white work in Fabre's Xavière (1890). His work is usually done in flat tones, and is exceedingly decorative in quality. His technical training made him a faultless draughtsman. The decision and beauty of his line, his strong, clear color, the charm and naïveté of his delineation of child-life, have made him a conspicuous figure in this field of illustration. His "Jeanne d'Arc" (1897) is a masterpiece of composition. He also did six canvases, representing the history of the Maid, for the memorial church at Domrémy. His portraits, particularly those of children, and notably the daughter of Madame Réjane, are well known in America. His large pictures, which include "The Apotheosis" (1885), an episode of the Commune, are less interesting. Consult Modern French Masters, edited by Van Dyke (New York, 1896).

MONZA, môn'tså. A town in the Province of Milan, Italy, on the Lambro, 10 miles northnortheast of Milan (Map: Italy, D 2). The Cathedral of San Giovanni, founded in the sixth century by Theodolinda, and rebuilt in the fourteenth century, contains interesting memorials of this Queen and the famous iron crown of Lombardy. Other notable, buildings are the Church of Santa Maria in Istrada, the Gothic town-hall, and the palace, the summer and autumn residence of the royal family, situated in beautiful grounds traversed by the Lambro. The town has manufactures of silk and woolen goods, hats, leather, and machines, and is surrounded by a fertile district, which yields abundance of grain, fruits, and wine. Monza, the ancient Modicia, was the residence of the kings of Lombardy, and was conspicuous for its wealth and the extent of its cloth trade. Here on July 29, 1900, King Humbert of Italy was assassinated. Population (commune), in 1881, 28,012; in 1901, 42,599.

MOOD (AS, mōd, OHG. muot, spirit, courage, Ger. Mut, courage, Goth. mods, wrath; possibly connected with Gk. paleobai, maiesthai, to desire, OChurch Slav. sumēti, to dare). A weak emotion, usually of long duration. The mood. like the emotion, is made up of ideas and affection; but it does not centre about a 'situation' as the emotion does. The emotion of fear, e.g. always has its object. One fears an enemy, an approaching storm, a ruined reputation. And the object occupies the focus' of consciousness. But the fusion of ideas and feelings that compose the mood is marginal. All sorts of mental processes may demand the attention in turn and in turn pass out of consciousness; but the mood

remains as a vague background to them all. Moods fulfill various offices in mental economy. (1) They determine associations; according as one is cheerful or melancholy, one thinks of cheerful or melancholy things. (2) The 'at home' mood is an important factor in recognition and imagination. (3) The moods of acquiescence, of discomfort, of mild surprise, of expectancy, etc., are prominent in belief, comparison, judg ment, and reasoning. Consult: Titchener, Outline of Psychology (New York, 1899); Kuelpe, Outlines of Psychology (ib., 1895); Sully, The Human Mind (ib., 1892); Wundt, Physiologische Psychologie (Leipzig, 1893). See RECOGNITION; IMAGINATION; BELIEF.

MOODS (in Logic). See SYLLOGISM.

An

MOO'DY, DWIGHT LYMAN (1837-99). American evangelist. He was born at Northfield, Mass., February 5, 1837. At the age of seventeen he became clerk in a shoe store in Boston. In 1856 he removed to Chicago, became active in mission work, and established a Sunday-school which numbered over a thousand children. During the Civil War he was employed by the Christian Commission and subsequently as city missionary in Chicago by the Young Men's Christian Association. A church was built for him, and though unordained, he became its pastor. The building was destroyed by the fire of 1871, but a new one was erected to hold 2500 persons. In 1873 he visited Great Britain and Ireland with Ira D. Sankey, the singer, and in 1875 held a long series of meetings in Brooklyn and Philadelphia, and in 1876 in New York. Similar services followed in many large cities throughout the country. In 1882 a second visit to England was made. Most of his work was done in the provinces, but he held large meetings also at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. He also held meetings at Paris. His later years were applied to the building up of a seminary for young women and a training-school of Christian workers, both at Northfield, Mass., and the Mount Hermon School for Boys at Gill, near Northfield. He died at Northfield, December 22,

1899.

He published numerous discourses and works of a popular character. Consult his biog raphy by his son (New York, 1900).

MOODY, JAMES (1744-1809). An American Loyalist, born in New Jersey. In 1777 he joined the British, and for several years he was very active as a partisan leader and spy, performing many daring exploits in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. At the close of the war he went to England, and later settled in Nova Scotia. In reward for his services the English Government gave him the half pay of a lieutenant and an estate. An account of his adventures, entitled Lieutenant James Moody's Narrative of His Exertions and Sufferings in the Cause of Government Since 1776, was published in London in 1783 and in New York in 1865.

MOODY, WILLIAM HENRY (1853-). An American lawyer and administrator. Secretary of the Navy in Roosevelt's Cabinet. He was born in Newbury, Essex County, Mass., graduated at Phillips Andover in 1872, and at Harvard in 1876, and studied law. From 1890 to 1895 he was district attorney for the Massachusetts Eastern District, carried through successfully the prosecution of boodling aldermen in the city of Lawrence, and assisted Attorney-General

Knowlton in the case of the State against Lizzie Borden. In 1895 he was chosen to succeed General Cogswell as Congressional Representative. Politically independent, he made his reputation on the floor of the House by his knowledge of parliamentary procedure and by his perseverance, so that he was mentioned as a possible candidate for the Speakership to succeed Thomas B. Reed. In the Committee on Appropriations he had especial charge of the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill, and in general was reckoned an able second to Chairman Cannon. Upon the resignation of J. D. Long, in March of 1902, Moody was named successor, and received the portfolio of the navy on May 1.

MOODY, WILLIAM VAUGHN (1869–).

An

American poet, born in Spencer, Ind. He grad

uated at Harvard in 1893, became instructor

The

in English there and later at the University of Chicago, devoting much time to the composition of verses, showing talent and care. Masque of Judgment (1900) is marked by lyric power, but aloofness from present interests; the Poems (1901) show high thought and feeling, applicable to current needs. Much of the latter volume had been published in periodicals and widely noticed. He also edited Milton's "Poems" in the Cambridge Poets (1899), and in 1902 he wrote a short History of English Literature in collaboration with R. R. Lovett.

MOOLTAN, mool-tän'. A city of British India. See MULTAN.

MOON (AS. mõna, Goth. mēma, OHG. ‘māno, Ger. (with excrescent d) Mond, moon; connected with Lith. menu, moon, Gk. μýv, mēn, month, Skt. mās, moon, month, probably from Skt. mã, to measure, and ultimately connected with Eng. month). The satellite of our earth, revolving round the earth from west to east in a period of one month (q.v.), and accompanying the earth in its motion round the sun.

PHASES OF THE MOON. The first peculiarity about the moon is the constant and regular change of its illuminated surface from a thin crescent to a circle, and vice versa, and a corresponding change in the time of her appearance above the horizon. These changes depend upon the position of the moon relative to the earth and the sun, for it is only the half of the moon facing the sun that is illuminated by his rays, and the whole of this illuminated portion can be seen from the earth only when the sun, earth, and moon are nearly in a straight line (the line of syzygies), and the earth is between the sun and moon. When the moon is in the line of syzygies, but between the earth and the sun, no part of her illuminated disk can be seen from the earth. In the former case, the moon is said to be full, and in the latter, new. A few days after 'new moon' the moon appears to be a little to the east of the sun as a thin crescent, with the horns pointing to the east, and as she increases her angular distance from the sun at the rate of about 12° daily, the crescent of light becomes broader till, after the lapse of a little more than seven days, at which time she is 90° in advance of the sun, she presents the appearance of a semicircle of light. The moon is then said to have completed her first quarter. Continuing her course, she becomes gibbous'; and at the 15th or 16th day from the new moon attains a position 180° in advance of the sun, and now presents the

appearance known as full moon. From this point she begins to approach the sun, again appearing ‘gibbous,' and after a third period of more than seven days, reaches a point 90° west of the sun and enters her last quarter. Here, again, she appears as a semicircle of light, the illuminated portion being that which was not illuminated at the end of the first quarter. The moon, now rapidly approaching the sun, resumes the crescent form, but this time with the horns pointing westward, the crescent becoming thinner and thinner, till the moon reaches the position of 'new moon' and disappears. The earth as seen from the moon presents similar phases, and has consequently, at the time of new moon, the appearance of a round illuminated disk, and at phenomenon occasionally observed when the moon full moon is invisible. This explains the peculiar moon), of the part of the moon's face which is is near the sun (either before or after the new unilluminated by the sun appearing faintly visible, owing to the reflection upon it of strong earth-light. This phenomenon is often called the new moon in the old moon's arms. At new moon, the moon comes above the horizon about the same time as the sun, and sets with him, but rises each day about fifty minutes later than on the day previous, and at the end of the first quarter rises at midday and sets at midnight, continuing to lag behind the sun. When full, she rises about sunset and sets about sunrise, and at the commencement of her last quarter she rises at midnight and sets at midday. The daily retardation of the moon's rising, just stated to be about fifty minutes, is subject to considerable variations. In the latitude of New York it may range from 23 minutes to 1 hour 17 minutes. See HARVEST MOON.

DISTANCE AND MAGNITUDE. From repeated observations of the moon's horizontal parallax (q.v.), and of the occultations by her of the fixed stars, her mean distance from the earth has been estimated at 238,840 miles, and her mean angular diameter at 31' 7", and her actual diameter as 2162 miles, or about 3-11ths of the earth's diameter. Her actual distance from the earth may vary from 252,972 miles at apogee to 221,614 at perigee. Her volume is about 1-49th that of the earth, her density 0.61 (that of the earth being taken as unity), and her mass of the earth's

mass.

ORBIT. The moon revolves round the earth in an elliptic orbit with the earth in one focus; the eccentricity of the ellipse being 0.05491, or more than 34 times that of the earth's orbit. The plane of her orbit does not coincide with the ecliptic, but is inclined to it at an angle of 5° 8' 40", and intersects it in two opposite points, which are called the nodes (q.v.). Were the moon's orbit a true ellipse, which, owing to various irregularities known as perturbations (q.v.), it is not, the lunar theory (q.v.) would be exceedingly simple; but these perturbations cause in the case of the moon a distinct and wellmarked deviation from her previous course in a single month. The retrogradation of her nodes along the ecliptic causes a continual change in the plane of her orbit, so that if, during one revolution round the earth, she occults certain stars, at the next revolution she may pass to one side of them, and will remove farther and farther from them in each successive revolution. Owing to this continual change of her orbit, the moon