Kufa and Medina. Those earlier than the twelfth century were usually heavy square structures of stuccoed brick or stone without much ornament. This type is preserved at the mosque of Sidi Okba at Kairwan in Tunis. Among the finest groups of the middle period is that of Cairothe mosques of Ibn Tulun, Hassan, Barkuk, Kalaun, Bordeï, and Kait Bey. The Tulun mosque had a stone minaret in the centre of one of the sides on a square plan passing first to a cylindrical and then to an octagonal shape. The Hassan mosque has two minarets; that of Kait Bey only one.

The minarets of Egypt, Spain, Syria, India, Persia, and Turkey built between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries are among the most original and graceful works of Eastern architecture. The Giralda at Seville shows that the Spanish moors maintained the early square type with added delicacy and richness; generally the circular and octagonal types prevail. The old heavy simplicity has been replaced by a wealth of surface decoration in relief and color and by great slenderness. Stalactite corbels support the balconies, arabesques and colonnettes break up the surfaces, and glazed tiles, especially in Persia, add a brilliant coloring. Damascus and Bagdad preserve some of their medieval examples. The minarets of Ahmedabad rival those of Cairo; those of Delhi and Agra are hardly less interesting. Those of the Constantinople mosques, such as Saint Sophia, Ahmed, etc., are exceedingly graceful. Sometimes the colleges or madrasah had minarets of similar style to those of the mosques, as in that of Sultan Husein at Ispahan, where the towers are similar to those of the great mosque of Ispahan. The height varies exceedingly; among the highest are Giralda (formerly 230 feet, now 308 feet), Kalaun (193 feet), and Hassan (280 feet) at Cairo, and the Kutub Minar near Delhi (242 feet). Consult the bibliography of MOHAMMEDAN ART. MINAS, mēnȧsh, more properly BELLO HORIZONTE, běl'lô ō'rê-zōn'tâ. The capital of the State of Minas Geraes, Brazil. It is situated on a plateau 60 miles northwest of the late capital, Ouro Preto (q.v.). Though founded as late as 1894, it has now grown into a large and flourish ing city of 30,000 inhabitants, with broad streets, public gardens, fine public buildings, and official residences. It is lighted by electricity, and has an excellent supply of pure spring water. It is connected by a branch line with the Central Railroad of the State.

MINAS, me'nȧs. Capital of the department of the same name in Uruguay. It is picturesquely situated 55 miles northeast of Montevideo, with which it is connected by rail (Map: Uruguay, G 10). It is surrounded by well-cultivated grain producing lands, and there are quarries of marble and granite in the neighborhood. Population,

about 5000.

MINAS DE RIO TINTO, me nås da re'd tên to. An important mining town in Southern Spain, in the Province of Huelva, situated among the mountains, 32 miles northeast of the city of Huelva (Map: Spain, B 4). The surrounding country contains almost inexhaustible deposits

of copper ore, which were exploited by the ancient Phoenicians. In 1873 the mines were taken over by a London company, and the methods of obtaining the ore revolutionized. The mines

now employ 10,000 workers; in 1900 the quantity of ore produced amounted to 1,894,000 tons, from which 21,120 tons of pure copper were derived. The town, which in 1845 had a population of only 800, numbered in 1900, 9956.

MINAS GERAES, mě násh zhâ-rish'. An eastern State of Brazil, bounded by Bahia on the north, Espirito Santo on the east, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo on the south, and Goyaz on the west (Map: Brazil, H 7). Area, 221,890 square miles. The State lies wholly in the Brazilian Plateau, with an average elevation of mountain ranges, which, although the highest in 2000 feet, and is traversed by a number of Brazil, are not very prominent, owing to the general elevation of the surrounding country. The principal ranges are the Serra da Mantiqueira along the southern frontier, and the Serra do Espinhaço, running north and south through the centre of the State. At their junction is Mount Itatiaia, about 9000 feet high and the highest point in Brazil. Only the mountain tween them are extensive steppes covered only ranges and the river valleys are forested; bewith grass and scanty shrubbery. Minas Geraes is watered by numerous rivers, including the São Francisco (with its numerous tributaries which take in the larger portion of the State), the headstreams of the Paraná, and the Doce. of these only the São Francisco is navigable,

but it does not afford direct communication with

the Atlantic owing to its numerous rapids. The climate differs according to the formation of the surface. It is very hot in the thickly wooded valleys, but moderate and not unhealthful in the more elevated portions, where the temperature may even reach the freezing point during the night. In former years the chief economic interest of Minas Geraes was centred in its gold and diamond mines. At present, however, mining is in a state of decline. Iron ore is found in great quantities; and gold is still mined to some extent, but the diamond mines are well-nigh abandoned. The chief industries are in connection with agriculture and stock-raising, the leading agricultural products being coffee, sugar, corn, beans, and potatoes. Stock-raising is carried on extensively, and cheese is produced in large quantities. The chief manufactures are those of cotton, textiles, and cigars. Railway lines traverse the southern portion of the State and are connected with the Rio de Janeiro lines. Minas Geraes had a population of 3,184,099 in 1890. The inhabitants are largely of mixed origin, and the number of aborigines is still considerable; negroes are also numerous.

Minas Geraes was settled at the

end of the sixteenth century, immigrants being attracted there by the gold and diamond deposits of the region. It was separated from Rio de Janeiro in 1709 and several times rose in revolt against the central government. Up to seat of government was then removed to Bello 1894 the capital was Ouro Preto (q.v.), but the Horizonte or Minas (q.v.).

MINBU, minʼbʊʊ. A division of Upper Burma comprising the districts of Minbu, Magwe, Pamiles; population, in 1891, 996,873; in 1901, kokku, and Thayetmyo. Area, 17,170 square

1,077,978. Capital, Minbu.

MINCH. The channel which separates the island of Lewes in the Hebrides from the north

west of Scotland (Map: Scotland, C 1). Its shores are exceedingly irregular, and its average width is about 30 miles. It connects with the Sea of the Hebrides to the south by the Little Minch, which is about 15 miles wide, and which separates the island of Skye from that of North Uist and the neighboring islands in the outer Hebrides.

MINCIO, mēn’cho. A left affluent of the River Po, Italy, which it joins near Governalo, ten miles southeast of Mantua, after a southeastern course of about 120 miles. Its source is at Pescheria, where it flows from Lake Garda. It is the ancient Mincius, and during the AustroItalian wars was an important strategical base, several battles being fought along its banks.

MINCKWITZ, mink'vits, JOHANNES (181285). A German poet and classical scholar, born at Lückersdorf. He was educated at Leipzig, was appointed professor there in 1861, and in 1883 removed to Heidelberg. He first gained fame by his translations into German of Homer, Eschy lus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Pindar, and Lucian. He also wrote Vorschule

zum Homer (1863). In the field of German

criticism, Minckwitz wrote Platen als Mensch

und Dichter (1836) and Leben Platens (1838), and edited Platen's posthumous papers (1852); and he also published: Lehrbuch der deutschen Verskunst (1844); a play, Der Prinzenraub (1839); and a volume of popular poems (1847).

MINCOPIES. The native inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. They are in general of very low stature, averaging 1.49 meters, and are subbrachycephalic with an index of 82.6. They have a very low grade of civilization, living in huts called 'chongs,' which consist merely of a roof on four stakes. and going naked. They live by hunting and use a peculiar bow in the shape of an S, which presents a curious analogue to certain Eskimo bows and also to the bows of some Bantu tribes in East Africa. Consult Man, "Aborigines of the Andaman Islands," in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. xi. (London, 1882); Deniker, Races of Man (ib., 1901). See

ANDAMANS.

MIND (AS. gemynd, Icel. minni, Goth. gamunds, memory, from AS. munan, Icel. muna, Goth. gamunan, to remember; ultimately connected with Lat. mens, Gk. μévos, menos, mind, Skt. man, to think). The collective term for the subject-matter of psychology (q.v.). The common-sense view of mind makes it a mind-substance, a spiritual agent, a real, simple, and unitary being, sharply opposed to material substance as thought' is opposed to 'extension,' yet interacting with the physical universe under some form of the causal law. This conception of mind has its root in primitive reflection upon the phenomena of sleep, dreams, trance, and death. It received philosophical treatment at the hands of the scholastic psychologists; and, in its current form, is practically a legacy from Descartes. It is doubtless kept alive by its emotional value; it satisfies human aspirations, and accords well with the natural anthropocentric notion of the world at large. It is still held by some psychologists: Ladd openly accepts it, and James, while rejecting it for his psychology, yet admits that, for his personal thinking, it appears "the line of least logical resistance." Nevertheless, such a view of mind is wholly foreign to

the spirit and to the requirements of modern psychology. In the first place, it is unsupported by psychological evidence. Had there been the same emotional temptation to reject minds as there has been to posit them, we may be sure that the arguments ordinarily urged in their favor would have received but scant attention. Secondly, the assumption of a real mind is superfluous. "The substantialist view of the soul," says James, "is at all events needless for expressing the actual subjective phenomena of consciousness as they appear:" "the substantial soul explains nothing and guarantees nothing."

In so far, then, as this theory of mind is concerned, modern psychology is what Lange, the historian of materialism, named it: a psychology without a mind, a Psychologie ohne Seele. Even the few writers who still cling to the substantialist view make no use of the assumption in their actual presentation of psychological facts at the point of transition from psychology proper and laws: it is only in their concluding remarks, to metaphysics, that mind, the unit being,' is

introduced. At the same time, it would be en

tirely erroneous to apply Lange's phrase, without qualification, to mental science. A psycholsible. The new psychology keeps the term mind, ogy without some sort of mind would be imposbut defines it as the sum-total of an individual's mental experience. Just as a 'plant' is the flowers, and not something above and behind organized whole of root, stem, leaves, and these 'parts,' so is mind the organized whole of our mental processes (q.v.), the interwoven totality of thoughts, feelings, desires, volitions, etc., and not something above and behind these 'manifestations' of mentality.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. James, Principles of Psychology, vol. i. (New York, 1890); Ebbinghaus, Grundzüge der Psychologie, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1897); Wundt, Outlines of Psychology (trans., ib., 1898); Titchener, Outline of Psychology (New York, 1899); Kuelpe, Outlines of Psychology (trans., ib., 1895); id., Introduction to Philosophy (trans., ib., 1897); Ladd, Elements of Physiological Psychology (ib., 1889); id., Philosophy of Mind (ib., 1895). See BODY AND MIND; CONSCIOUSNESS; ELEMENTS, CONSCIOUS.

MIND, mint, GOTTFRIED (1768-1814). Α Swiss painter, born at Bern. He was educated at Pestalozzi's charity school, and studied under Freudenberger. Naturally eccentric, and subject He was fond of cats, his pictures of which are his to a deformity, he studiously avoided society.

most characteristic works. He was also sucdied poor, some of his pictures have since been cessful in the delineation of bears. Although he sold at very high rates, and have been frequently lithographed. Consult Wiedemann, Der Katzenraffael (2d ed., Leipzig, 1887).

MINDANAO, mềndả-ni. The second in importance and, according to the latest official estimate, the first in size of the Philippine Islands. It is the southernmost of the large islands of the archipelago, between latitude 5° 21' and 9° 50′ N., and between longitude 121° 53′ and 126° 28′ E., about 220 miles northeast of Borneo and 270 miles north of Celebes (Map: Philippine Islands, J 12). It is bounded on the north by the channels and seas separating it from the islands of Leyte, Bohol, Cebú, and Negros, the narrowest of these channels being

the Strait of Surigao, 7 miles wide, separating the northeastern extremity of the island from Leyte. On the east Mindanao is bounded by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Celebes Sea, and on the west by the Sulu Sea.

AREA AND CONFIGURATION. As Mindanao has never been thoroughly surveyed, its area can only be given approximately. It has been estimated as low as 36,237 square miles, including its dependent islands. The official estimate of 1902, however, gives as the area of the mainland, 45,559 square miles, which is larger than that for Luzon (q.v.), and of the 264 dependent islands, 1162 square miles, making a total of 46,721, which, even excluding the dependent islands, is larger than that of the State of Pennsylvania. Mindanao, like Luzon, is very irregular in outline. It consists of a main body about 300 miles long from north to south and 150 miles broad, with a long, irregular peninsula stretching in a semicircle for 180 miles from the centre of the western coast, where it is connected by an isthmus between the Bay of Iligan on the north, and the Bay of Illana on the south. There are numerous other large and small bays on all sides of the island, among which the large and deep Bay of Davao indenting the south coast is one of the finest and largest of the archipelago. Of the dependent islands the principal (with their areas in square miles) are the following: Camiguin (65) off the north coast, Dinagat (258) and Siargao (176) on the northeast, Sámal (178) in the Bay of Dávao, Balut (42) and Sarangani (25) to the southeast, Olutanga (36) south of the western peninsula, and Basilan (304) forming with about 50 small islets a separate province at the extreme southwestern end.

TOPOGRAPHY. The coasts as a rule consist of sandy beaches interrupted by numerous rocky headlands. Almost everywhere the forest-covered mountains approach close to the shores, and the interior is in general very mountainous, containing the highest peaks in the Philippines, such as Mount Malindang, 8697 feet high, in the northwestern part, and the volcano of Apo, 10,312 feet, west of Davao Bay. The mountain system consists of a number of irregular, broken, and roughly parallel chains traversing the island from north to south, and inclosing between them large and fertile river valleys. The configuration of the mountains in many places bears evidence of having been influenced and even originated by volcanic action. There are several active and a number of extinct volcanoes, while plains of volcanic matter as well as sulphur and hot springs occur, and the island is subject to frequent and violent earthquakes. Very little, however, is known of the geology of Mindanao.

HYDROGRAPHY. The two principal river systems lie on either side of the central mountain range, both of them running almost the entire length of the island. On the east is the Agusan, running northward into the Bay of Butúan; on the west is the Rio Grande de Mindoro, running south, then west into the Bay of Illana, and rivaling in size the Cagayan of Luzon. Both of these systems include several large lakes. Owing to the proximity of the mountains to the coasts, most of the remaining rivers of Mindanao are short and torrential.

CLIMATE. Being situated at the southern end of the archipelago, within 10° of the equator, and being less exposed to cooling winds than the

northern islands, Mindanao has a hot and humid climate. The warm and moisture-laden south winds are particularly enervating, though the land breezes from the mountains are cool and refreshing. The climate is more equable than that of Luzon, and the island is seldom touched by the typhoons, which rage only among the northern islands. The rainfall is very heavy, often exceeding 100 inches, and reaching sometimes 140 inches in a year. Several parts of the island are subject to destructive inundations. FLORA and FAUNA (for general description see PHILIPPINES). The vegetation of Mindanao, even compared with the rest of the archipelago, is remarkably luxuriant. Almost the whole island is covered with forests so interwoven with canes and vines as to form in many places an impenetrable jungle. The flora partakes of the character of that of Celebes and the Moluccas; cinnamon, nutmeg, and other spices, and betelnuts grow wild, and the forests abound in the most valuable building timber and cabinet woods.

The animal life is equally abundant and varied, including, besides the species common to all the islands, many species peculiar to Mindanao. Monkeys are very numerous, and especially characteristic is the white monkey (Macacus Philippinensis). Reptiles, including venomous snakes, abound, and the rivers are infested with crocodiles. Consult: Mindanao, su historia y geografía (Madrid, 1894); González Parrado, Memoria acerca de Mindanao (Manila, 1893). See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

MIND CURE. See HYPNOTISM; ISM; SUGGESTION.

MESMER

MIN'DELEFF, COSMOS (1863-). An American archeologist, of Russian parentage. From Bureau of Ethnology, he devoted himself to the 1882, when he was attached to the United States study of the aboriginal habitations of New Mexico and Arizona. He became specially skilled in the modeling of these, and wrote articles upon "The Influence of Geographic Environment" (Bulxxix., 1897), and a series upon "Pueblo Arts and letin of the American Geographical Society, Sciences" (Scientific American, 1898). He and his brother, Victor Mindeleff, prepared the first exhaustive report on Pueblo architecture, and of the Casa Grande cliff dwellings in Arizona. Cosmos made plans (1891) for the restoration

MIN'DEN. An ancient town in the Province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the left bank of the navigable Weser, 39 miles by rail westsouthwest of Hanover (Map: Prussia. C 2). It is an old-fashioned town with modern suburbs laid out on the site of the fortifications demolished in 1873. Its public buildings include the thirteenth century cathedral, a fine early Gothic structure with valuable works of art in its treasury; the town hall; the government buildings; and the gymnasium, having an aula decorated with fine paintings. Minden manufactures cigars, glassware, chemicals, chicory, iron prodMinden ucts, etc. The trade is quite active. is supposed to be of Roman origin. Charlemagne made it the seat of a bishopric, which was converted into a secular principality in 1648, and united with Brandenburg. Population, in 1890, 20.223; in 1900, 24,327, chiefly Protestants.

MINDEN. A city and the county-seat of Kearney County, Neb., 128 miles west by south of Lincoln; on the Chicago, Burlington and

Quincy Railroad (Map: Nebraska, F 3). It is the centre of a farming and stock-raising district, and has some manufactures. There is a public school library of 3000 volumes. Population, in 1890, 1380; in 1900, 1238.

MINDORO, men-dō'rô. One of the Philip pine Islands, among which it ranks seventh in size. It is situated south of the main body of Luzon, from which it is separated by a sea channel, 71⁄2 miles wide (Map: Philippine Islands, F 7). Its extreme length from northwest to southeast is 110 miles, and its greatest width is 58 miles. The area of the mainland is 4040, and of the 26 dependent islands 68 square miles, making a total of 4108 square miles. The island has an oval shape with no large indentations, though there are a number of small bays and several almost land-locked harbors. The coasts, though generally having deep water close to shore, are lined, especially along the west side, with submarine reefs. Mindoro is, next to Mindanao, the most elevated of the Philippine Islands. The whole interior forms a mountainous plateau, reaching in Mount Halcón the height of 8860 feet. Almost the whole of the island, from the mountain summits to high-water mark, is covered with unbroken virgin forests, though in the narrow strip of lowland along the western coast there are some prairie and marshy regions. The rivers are all short and simple streams running down from the edge of the plateau on all sides, there being no large riversystem. The climate is more variable than that prevailing in the southern islands, and Mindoro is especially exposed to the monsoons. proximity of the forests to the coast towns renders these unhealthful and subject to intermittent and typhoid fevers.

The

In spite of the fertility and natural wealth of the island, its economic conditions are in a very backward state. A very small portion of it is cultivated, and the yield of agricultural products is scarcely enough for home consumption. The cultivation of sugar, cotton, and hemp is increasing, and a little of the latter is exported. The mineral wealth is believed to be considerable, but only the coal-beds and sulphur springs have begun to be exploited. The principal exports are forest products, such as timber and pitch, and the forests also are the basis of the principal industries-wood-cutting and rattan-splitting. Communication is almost exclusively carried on in coasting vessels, the interior being a rough and pathless wilderness.

The population of Mindoro was estimated in 1901 at 106,000, including some 30,000 savages inhabiting the interior. The inhabitants are chiefly Malayans, with a few Visayans, and the languages spoken are Visayan, Manguiano, and Tagalog. By the act of the Philippine Commission of June 23, 1902, Mindoro was incorporated in the Province of Marinduque, with the capital at Bóac, situated on the island of Marinduque (q.v.). See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

MIND-READING. See MUSCLE-READING;

TELEPATHY.

MIND-STUFF THEORY. A metaphysical theory which explains the relation of matter and mind by affirming their identity under the form of atoms of mind-stuff. These atoms are of a nature between physical atoms and psychical monads, representing an indivisible element, as

the former, but being qualitatively rather than quantitatively determined, as the latter. Mind and matter, according to this theory, are but forms of composition of the atoms of mind-stuff; only under the most rarely favorable conditions does this composition result in intelligence, as in the higher animals, but at the same time no mat

ter is to be conceived as 'dead' matter, since it is built up of elements whose essential character is psychical. The theory was propounded by W. K. Clifford, in Mind (old series), vol. iii.

MINE, SUBMARINE. See TORPEDO.

MINE GAS. An explosive gas encountered in coal mines, also known as fire-damp. It consists principally of marsh gas (CH), which is the combustible element, but it contains also small proportions of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Owing to its light specific gravity-about onehalf that of air-it is always found in the upper portions of the workings. The explosive qualities are first shown when the gas is mixed with from four to five volumes of air; when free from air it will not take fire. The danger resulting from the presence of this gas in coal mines has largely been removed, in recent years, by the methods of ventilation. See COAL. use of the safety lamp (q.v.) and by improved

MINEO, mê-nã'ô. A town in the Province of Catania, Sicily, 27 miles southwest of Catania (Map: Italy, J 10). It occupies the site of the ancient Menæ, founded by Ducetius, 459 B.C., and captured by the Saracens in 840. In the vicinity is the famous Lago de' Palici, the Lacus Palicorum of volcanic origin. Population, in 1901, of commune, 9828.

MI'NER, ALONZO AMES (1814-95). A Universalist minister. He was born at Lempster, N. H. He received an academical education, and after teaching for several years was ordained to the Universalist ministry in 1839, and served as pastor to churches in Methuen, Lowell, and Boston, Mass. He was president of Tufts College, Medford, Mass., from 1862 to 1874, when he returned to his former pastorate of the Second Universalist Church, Boston. He was appointed a member of the Board of Overseers of Harvard University in 1863; was a member of the State Board of Education of Massachusetts from 1869, serving twenty-four years, and chairman of the Board of Visitors to the State Normal School from 1873; was for twenty-one years president of the Massachusetts State Temperance Alliance,

and was the Prohibition candidate for Governor in 1878. He was the original projector of the Universalist Publishing House in Boston, and was prominent in the anti-slavery agitation. He edited the journal, The Star of Bethlehem, contributed to periodicals, and published Bible Exercises (1854); Old Forts Taken (1878); and Doctrines of Universalism. His Life has been published by Emerson (Boston, 1896).

MINER, CHARLES (1780-1865). An American author, born at Norwich, Conn. When nineteen years old he removed with his family to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, where he became interested in various newspapers. He was a member of Congress from 1825 till 1829. The most important of his publications is a History of Wyoming (1845), which contains a description of the Wyoming massacre given by eye-witnesses.

MINERAL ACID (in Medicine). An acid not of animal or vegetable origin. The ordinary mineral acids are sulphuric (oil of vitriol), nitric (aqua fortis), hydrochloric (muriatic), nitrohydrochloric, and phosphoric. In their medicinal action they have many properties in

common.

The strong acids are escharotic, abstracting the waters of the tissues, combining with the albumin and other bases, and destroying the protoplasm. They are very diffusible. Sulphuric and phosphoric acid have a strong affinity for water, completely decomposing tissues to which they are applied; they are therefore powerfully escharotic. Sulphuric acid makes a black eschar, while nitric and hydrochloric acid turn the tissues yellow.

of zinc; antimony white, or oxide of antimony; fixed white, or barium sulphate; mineral white, or calcium sulphate; china clay, or aluminum silicate; whiting, or calcium carbonate; native or artificial yellow ochres, i.e. earths colored by iron oxide; massicot, or oxide of lead; strontian yellow, or chromate of strontium; the chromates of cadmium, mercury, and barium; mineral yellow, or oxychloride of lead; Naples yellow, or antimonate of lead; orpiment, or sulphide of arsenic; rouge, or red oxide of iron; vermilion and cinnabar, or sulphide of mercury; Derby red, or basic chromate of lead; minium ('red lead'), or lead ortho-plumbate; realgar, or red sulphide of arsenic; Brunswick green, or oxychloride of copper; Scheele's green, or copper arsenite; Schweinfurt green, a mixture of copper acetate and Scheele's green; cobalt green, or cobalt and zinc oxide; umber, or brown silicate of iron and manganese; native or artificial brown ochres, i.e. earths colored by iron oxide; Berlin blue, or ferrocyanide or iron; Thénard's blue, or aluminate of cobalt; ultramarine blue, a compound of aluminum, sodium, silicon, oxygen, and sulphur; etc. The principal mineral colors are described in special articles or in connection with

Antidotes for poisoning by these acids are: alkalies, such as bicarbonate of soda, lime water, or plaster from a wall mixed with water to neutralize the acid; oil, albumin, and milk to protect the mucous membranes. For stimulants, opium and ammonia (intravenously) may be used to counteract the resulting depression of the vital powers.

All these mineral acids, if well diluted, are useful in fevers, especially in typhoid. Hydrochloric is here preferable. Nitric is the acid generally preferred as a caustic, its action being effectual and superficial; it may be applied undiluted to phagedenic ulcers and sloughs, warty growths, and indolent sores. Dilute nitric and nitrohydrochloric acids are used internally in oxaluria and lithæmia, intermittent and remit tent fevers, and aphonia of singers, and in chronic hepatic disorders due to malaria. Sulphuric acid, dilute, is appropriate in cases of hemor rhage, diarrhoea, colliquative sweating, and as a prophylactic against lead-poisoning; it is used also as an acid drink in fevers and before meals in acidity of the stomach. Phosphoric acid is considered of special value in tissue waste, and it is thought to diminish the growth of osseous tumors, and to dissolve phosphatic deposits. All these acids act injuriously on the teeth, by attacking the enamel. They should always be administered largely diluted, taken through a straw or glass tube; and the mouth should be thoroughly rinsed at once with an alkaline wash. See NITRIC ACID; HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

MINERAL COLORS. A term applied to a number of inorganic substances used in the manufacture of paints. The principal mineral colors include the following: white lead, consisting chiefly of lead carbonate; zinc white, or oxide

the metals or acids combined in them. See also PAINTS; PAINTERS' COLORS.

MINERAL DEPOSITS. See ORE DEPOSITS;

erals.

MINERALOGY (by haplology for *mineralology, from mineral, OF. mineral, Fr. minéral, from ML. minerall, ore, from minera, mineria, minaria, mine, from minerarius, pertaining to mines, from minare, to mine, lead here and there, Lat. to drive, from minari, to threaten, from mine, threats, from minere, to jut out + -λoyia, -logia, account, from Xéyaɩ, legein, to say). The science of those natural substances known as minerals which, together or separately, form the material of the earth's crust, and also, as far as our knowledge extends, that of other celestial bodies. A mineral is a substance of definite chemical composition which has been directly produced by the processes of inorganic nature. It must be homogeneous even when submitted to minute microscopic examination, and must possess a definite composition capable of being expressed by a chemical formula. Laboratory and furnace products, or such substances as shells and bones of animals, cannot be included in the range of mineralogy. It is the function of the mineralogist to investigate the form, properties, and composition of minerals; their genesis; their relations to one another, and to the accompanying rocks; the places where they are found; and the geological conditions under which they are formed. A knowledge of mineralogy is of importance to the geologist in his study of the rock formations, to the mining engineer in his search for metalproducing minerals, and to the metallurgist in the extraction of metals from minerals. Many of the useful arts are directly dependent for their raw materials upon minerals, while some mineral species occur in such brilliancy and beauty of color as to be highly prized as gems.

THE BRANCHES OF MINERALOGY. The general subject of mineralogy may be divided into four sections: (1) Crystallography, which includes the description of crystals, their character, classification, the mathematical relations of their