division of labor. His general work on Crustacea is still a valuable and standard work.

MIL'NER, Sir ALFRED (1854-). An English colonial Governor, born at Bonn, Germany. He studied at King's College, London, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated with a first class in classics. For a short time he was fellow of New College, Oxford, then studied law, and from 1882 to 1885 devoted himself to journalism. His service as private secretary to G. J. (afterwards Lord) Goschen, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1887-89), began his public career. He proved an able Under-Secretary for Finance in Egypt (1889-92), and wrote England in Egypt (1892). After five years as chairman of the Inland Revenue Board, Milner was appointed High Commissioner of South Africa and Governor of the Cape of Good Hope. He held the former post through the difficult period preceding the second Boer War, as well as afterwards; was made a K.C.B. in 1895, and created a baron in 1901 and a viscount in 1902, and in 1901 was appointed Governor of the Transvaal and Orange River Colonies. MILNER, JOHN (1752-1826). An English Roman Catholic scholar. He was born in London, October 14, 1752; was ordained priest in 1777; settled at Winchester in 1779, and became titular Bishop of Castabala in 1803. In 1804 he moved to Wolverhampton and entered into the agitation which finally led to the removal of the right of veto on appointment of Roman Catholic bishops as part of Peel's Catholic Relief Act passed in 1829. His firmness and courage in the controversy won him the sobriquet "The English Athanasius.' He died at Wolverhampton, April 19, 1826. His permanent fame rests upon his Antiquities of Winchester (2 vols., 1798-1801; 3d ed. with memoir by Husenbeth, 1839); Treatise on the Ecclesiastical Architecture of England During the Middle Ages (1811; 3 ed. 1835); The End of Religious Controversy (1818). Consult his Life by Husenbeth (Dublin, 1862).

MILNER, JOSEPH (1744-97). An English ecclesiastical historian. He was born at Leeds, in Yorkshire. He studied at Catharine Hall, Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1766, and afterwards became head-master of the grammar school at Hull. In 1768 he was appointed lecturer at Holy Trinity or High Church, Hull, and later became also vicar at North Ferriby, near Hull. He belonged to the Evangelical School and was not popular with certain of his parishioners. Milner's principal work is his History of the Church of Christ, of which he lived to complete three volumes, reaching to the thirteenth century (1794-97); vols. iv. and v. (180309) were edited from his MSS. by his brother, Dr. Isaac Milner, dean of Carlisle, who also published a complete edition of his brother's works in eight volumes (1810). The principles on which the History of the Church of Christ is written are of the narrowest kind of Evangelicalism; the scholarship is poor, the literary merit still poorer, and the critical insight poorest of all. A greatly improved edition by Grantham appeared in 1847. A life of Milner by his brother Isaac is prefixed to the first volume of Milner's Practical Sermons (3d ed., London, 1804-23, 3

vols.).

MILNER-GIBSON, THOMAS. See GIBSON, THOMAS MILNER-.

MILNES, miln'z, RICHARD MONCKTON, Baron Houghton (1809-85). An English poet and politician, son of Robert Pemberton Milnes, of Fryston Hall, near Wakefield, Yorkshire, born in London, June 19, 1809. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was a member of the famous society called the 'Apostles,' which included Hallam and Tennyson. Soon after re ceiving the degree of M.A. (1831) he traveled in Germany and Italy and visited Greece. He returned to London in 1835. In 1837 he entered Parliament for Pontefract, which he continued to represent till 1863, when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Houghton. In politics he was at first a Conservative, but on Peel's conversion to free trade he became an Independent Liberal. He was an advocate of public education and religious equality; labored for copyright laws and the establishment of reformatories for juvenile offenders; and took a decided stand on the side of Italy against Austria. A friend of literary men, he secured a pension for Tennyson, helped Hood, and was one of the first to recognize the merits of Swinburne. Throughout life he was an extensive traveler. In 1842-43 he visited the East, and in 1875 Canada and the United States. He died at Vichy, August 11, 1885. Memorials Among Lord Houghton's works are: of a Tour in Some Parts of Greece, Chiefly Poetical (1834); Poems of Many Years (1838); Poems Legendary and Historical (1844); and magazines, published several speeches and pamPalm Leaves (1844). He contributed to the phlets, and edited The Life, Letters, and Literary ing Monographs, Personal and Social (London, Remains of Keats (1848). Consult his interest

character of Vavasour in Disraeli's Tancred; and 1873); Collected Poetical Works (ib., 1876); the Reid, Life, Letters, and Friendship of R. M. Milnes (London, 1890).

MIʼLO. An island in the Cyclades. See MELOS.

MILO (Lat., from Gk. Miλwv, Milon) of Croton, in Magna Græcia. A Greek athlete famous for his great strength, who lived, according to Herodotus, about B.C. 520. He won the prize as wrestler in six Olympian, seven Pythian, ten Isthmian, and nine Nemean games. Among other displays of his strength, he is said to have on one occasion carried a live ox upon his shoulders through the stadium of Olympia, and afterwards to have eaten the whole of it in one day; and on another to have upheld the pillars of a house in which Pythagoras and his scholars were assembled, so as to give them time to make their escape when the house was falling. He lost his life through too great confidence in his own strength, when he was getting old, in attempting to split up a tree, which closed upon his hands, and held him fast until he was devoured by wolves.

MILO, TITUS ANNIUS PAPIANUS (B.C. 95-48). A Roman politician. He was born at Lanuvium, and belonged to a distinguished family. Few details of his life are known till his election as tribune of the people in B.C. 57. He was then a partisan of Pompey, and attempted to bring about the recall of Cicero from exile. This measure was bitterly opposed by Clodius, who, as tribune of the people, had been instrumental in passing the law condemning Cicero to exile. Milo attempted to have Clodius condemned as a violator of the

public peace, but the proceedings were quashed. Both Milo and Clodius now hired a body-guard of gladiators, and armed collisions between their retainers became almost every-day occurrences. About this time Milo married Sulla's daughter, Fausta, for her fortune. In 56 Clodius was elected curule ædile, and accused Milo of being a violator of the public peace by keeping a force of armed retainers. Pompey conducted the defense of Milo,

but no decision was ever reached. In 53 Milo offered himself as a candidate for the consulship. Clodius opposed the candidature of Milo, who was defended in the Senate by Cicero in a speech of which some fragments are still extant. On January 20th of the next year Milo was on his way to Lanuvium from Rome, accompanied by his band of gladiators. Clodius, also with an armed company, met him near Bovillæ. Milo and Clodius passed each other without trouble; but some of Milo's followers picked a quarrel with the slaves of Clodius, who attempted to interpose, and was stabbed in the shoulder by one of Milo's

men.

Clodius was taken to a tavern in Bovillæ, but was dragged out by the slaves of Milo and put to death. The corpse of Clodius was placed

on the rostra of the Forum in Rome and a mob set fire to the Senate house. These acts of

popular violence created a reaction in favor of

Milo, who ventured to return to Rome. Milo was tried for the murder of Clodius, and though

defended by Cicero, he was condemned to exile,

and went to Marseilles. In his absence he was tried and condemned on charges of violence, of bribery, and conspiracy. In 48 he went back to Italy, without permission, to join Marcus Cælius, an expelled Senator, who was attempting to excite a rebellion in South Italy, and he was killed before a fort near Thurii. See CLODIUS PULCHER. MILORADOVITCH, mê'lô-rä'do-vich, MIKHAIL, Count (1770-1825). A Russian general, born in Saint Petersburg. After active service in the war with Turkey and in that with Poland, he distinguished himself under Suvaroff in the campaign of the Austro-Russian army against the French in Italy (1799) and made the famous passage of the Alps by way of the Saint Gothard Pass into Switzerland. In 1805 he was a division commander at Austerlitz, and in 1812 he fought at Borodino. In 1813 he played a prominent part at Lützen. He was made Governor of Saint Petersburg in 1819, but six years afterwards, as he strove to quell the Decembrist rising, he was shot dead.

MILOSH, me'lôsh, OBRENOVITCH (1780-1860). A Prince of Servia, born in Dobrinia. He was the son of a peasant, and spent his youth and early manhood as a swineherd in the service of his rich half-brother, who was a leader in the revolt of 1804. Milosh was his lieutenant and

his successor, took his half-brother's patronymic in place of his own, Todorovitch, and became a leader in the opposition against Karageorge. After the latter fled into Austria, Milosh stood his ground against the Turks for a time, then surrendered, and was made commandant or 'knez' of Rudnik. In 1815, what with brave fighting and clever diplomacy, he practically made Servia independent. Two years afterwards he was named hereditary and supreme Prince of Servia, a title conferred in 1822 by the National Assembly, and by the Porte in 1830. Several revolts came to nothing, but in 1839 he was forced

to abdicate in favor of his son, Milan. In 1858 he was recalled to power by the National Assembly. He was a man of no education, but, energetic, headstrong, and rather cruel as he was, he deserved the title of 'Father of His Country,' as he gave Servia a place in European politics.

It is

MILREIS, mil-res' or MILREA, mil-rē (Port., from mil, thousand + reis, pl. of real, small coin). A Portuguese silver coin and money of account, containing 1000 reis. valued at $1.075 American. The coin is commonly known in Portugal as the coroa, or 'crown,' and since April 24, 1835, has been the unit of the money system in that country. It is used in Brazil, where it is worth about 55 United States cents. The half-coroa, or half-milrei, of 500 reis, is also used in both countries.

MIL/ROY, ROBERT HUSTON (1816-90). An American soldier, born in Washington County, Ind. He graduated at Norwich University, Northfield, Vt., in 1843, and served in the Mexi can War as captain of Indiana volunteers. While studying law he served as a member of the 1851 was made judge of the Eighth Judicial DisConstitutional Convention in 1849-50, and in

trict of Indiana. At the outbreak of the Civil brigadier-general in 1861. In 1862 he was proWar he was made captain, colonel, and finally moted to be a major-general after his service in for three days a large part of Lee's army, then en West Virginia. At Winchester, Va., he opposed route for the invasion of Pennsylvania, and lost heavily. Though he claimed that this detention of Lee was of great advantage to General Meade, enabling him to fight at Gettysburg instead of farther north, an investigation was ordered into his conduct. The charges, however, were dismissed. His commands afterwards were less important, but while in charge of the defenses of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad his conduct was again investigated, and he resigned from the army. In 1868 he was trustee of the Wabash and Erie Canal, was superintendent of Indian affairs in Washington Territory from 1868 to 1874, and was Indian agent from 1875 to 1885.

MILTI'ADES (Lat., from Gk. Miλriáôns). A famous Athenian general, son of Cimon. He became 'tyrant' of the Chersonesus after his brother Stesagoras, and accompanied Darius Hystaspis in his expedition against the Scythians, about B.C. 508. He was one of those who were left by Darius in charge of the bridge over the Danube, and, when Darius failed to appear at the expected time, he advised that the bridge be destroyed and Darius left to his fate. Afterwards he took Lemnos from the Persians, but, when the Persian fleet came near the Chersonesus, fled to Athens. Being chosen one of the ten generals of the year B.C. 490, he defeated the Persians in that year in the great battle of Marathon. Later he was intrusted with a fleet of seventy ships by the Athenians, with which he proceeded against Paros for the purpose of avenging a private grudge. The expedition having failed, he was, on his return to Athens, condemned to pay a fine of fifty talents. Being unable to do this, he was thrown into prison, where he died of an injury received at Paros.

MILTIADES, less correctly called MELCHIADES. Pope 311-314. He was born in Africa, and his pontificate covers the eventful period of Constantine's conversion. Under him a synod

was held in Rome in 313, and a decision was rendered against the Donatists (q.v.).

MIL'TITZ, KARL VON (c.1490-1529). A German ecclesiastic of the Roman Catholic Church, the son of a Saxon noble. He was canon at Mainz, Treves, and Meissen before he became Papal notary in 1515. Three years afterwards he was sent by Pope Leo X. to Saxony on the mission to confer with Martin Luther and his protector, the Elector Frederick the Wise, in the matter of indulgences. An able and politic advocate for a compromise, Miltitz so far succeeded that Luther promised future submission, if not recantation; but though later meetings took place between the two at Altenburg, Liebenwerda, and Lichtenberg, the hope of reconciliation was definitely abandoned on the arrival of a denunciatory Papal bull. Miltitz was charged also with an investigation into the conduct of Tetzel, whom he condemned absolutely. According to some authorities, the delegate was accidentally drowned while on his way to Rome.

MILTON. A town and the county-seat of Santa Rosa County, Fla., 20 miles northeast of Pensacola; at the head of Blackwater Bay, and on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (Map: Florida, A 1). It is in the lumbering section of the State, and has ship-building interests and a flourishing trade. There is a public library (Santa Rosa Academy) with 5000 volumes. Population, in 1890, 1455; in 1900, 1204.

MILTON. A town, including the villages of Blue Hill, East Milton, Lower Mills, and Mattapan, in Norfolk County, Mass., seven miles south of Boston; on the Neponset River and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, E 3). It is an attractive residential suburb of Boston, and has a public library, Milton Academy, Leopold Morse Home, and the Milton Convalescent Home. The crest of the highest hill of the Blue Hills is the site of an observatory and a station of the United States Meteorological Bureau. A fine view is afforded. The town has a trade in garden stuff and ice, and there are granite quarries, paper mills, chocolate and cracker factories, rubber cement works, etc. The government is administered by town meetings. Population, in 1890, 4278; in 1900, 6578. Settled in 1637, Milton was a part of Dorchester until, in 1662, it was incorporated as a separate township. It was the home for many years of Jonathan Belcher, a colonial Governor of both Massachusetts and New Jersey, and of Thomas Hutchinson, the historian and colonial Governor of Massachusetts. Consult Teele (editor), History of Milton, Mass. (Milton, 1887).

MILTON. A borough in Northumberland County, Pa., 67 miles north of Harrisburg; on the Susquehanna River, on the Pennsylvania Canal, and on the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia and Reading railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, E 2). Its extensive manufacturing plants include car and wood-working machinery works; rolling, flour, knitting, planing, and saw mills; washer, nut, and bolt works; and bamboo furniture, nail, fly net, and paper box factories. The borough has a public park with picturesque scenery and a fine bridge spans the Susquehanna at this point. Settled in 1770, Milton was incorporated first in 1817. It is governed, under a revised charter of 1890, by a chief burgess,

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VOL. XIII.-34.

elected every three years, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 5317; in 1900, 6175.

ner.

MILTON, JOHN (1608-74). An English poet. He was born in Bread Street, London, December 9, 1608. His father, also named John Milton, belonged to a Roman Catholic family of yeomen living in Oxfordshire. The elder John Milton was converted to Protestantism while a student at Oxford, and as a result was promptly disinherited by his father, Richard Milton. The poet's father settled in London, where he prospered as a scriveThe younger John Milton received instruction from his father in music; was taught by a private tutor; and was sent to Saint Paul's School (about 1620), where he learned Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and some Hebrew, and read English literature. Spenser's Faerie Queene and Sylvester's translation of Du Bartas, which came into his hands at this time, exerted much influence on the formation of his style. In February, 1625, he proceeded to Christ's College, Cambridge. He was of less than the middle height, yet well made, with light brown or auburn hair. In bearing he was courteous and stately, though sometimes sarcastic. Owing to a misunderstanding with his first tutor, he was rusticated for a short time in 1626, but he returned and completed the course, graduating B.A. in 1629 and M.A. in 1632. From childhood Milton had been destined for the Church, but the policy of Laud led him first to postpone taking orders and then to abandon all thought of it. He retired to his father's estate at Horton, Buckinghamshire, where he passed nearly six years (1632-38) in reading the classics and writing at intervals his choicest poems. Believing that he had it in him to write something that would live, he set out for Italy in April, 1638, wishing to fit himself still more for his future work. Probably at Bologna, which he visited in 1639, Milton wrote in excellent Italian five sonnets and a canzone wherein he expresses love for a beautiful lady of Bologna. For some time he stayed in Florence, where he visited in prison the blind Galileo. Thence he went on to Rome and Naples. As he was about to pass over to Sicily and from there to Greece, news reached him of 'the civil commotions in England.' He turned homeward, reaching England toward the end of July, 1639. He took a house in Aldersgate Street, London, where he received as pupils two nephews, children of an elder sister, and occupied his leisure with plans for future poems. From these pursuits he was drawn into ecclesiastical controversies, writing pamphlet after pamphlet. In June, 1643, he married, after a brief courtship, Mary Powell, then only seventeen years old, the daughter of an Oxfordshire squire and Royalist. After a month the bride returned to her father's house. In the summer of 1645 they were reconciled, and he moved to the Barbican, a more commodious house for the increasing number of his pupils. She died in 1652, after bearing four children, of whom the one son died in infancy. A fortnight after the execution of Charles I. (January 30, 1649), Milton issued a memorable defense of the deed, and this led to other pamphlets which gave him European fame as controversialist. On the establishment of the Commonwealth Milton was appointed Latin secretary to the Council of State (March 15, 1649). For this office, involving the duty of turning into Latin all foreign dispatches,

he was eminently fitted. In 1652 he lost his eyesight, already long impaired, but with the aid of assistants-one of whom was Andrew Marvell -he performed the duties of his post till the abdication of Richard Cromwell (1659). In the meantime (November, 1656) he had married a Catharine Woodcock, who died in February, 1658. She was honored by one of Milton's most beautiful sonnets (xxiii.). The Restoration put an end to his active career. In 1661 he settled in Jewin Street, Aldersgate, from which he removed two years later to a house in Artillery Walk, Bunhill Fields, his last residence. Here he fulfilled the literary task he had long ago planned and since begun. To the annoyance of his daughters, he married a third wife, thirty years his junior, named Elizabeth Minshull. His relations with these daughters were most unhappy. Brought up in ignorance, they revolted from the service that he demanded of them-reading to him Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, which of course they could not understand. Toward the end Milton stood aloof from religious sects and never went to religious services. He died November 8, 1674, and was buried in Saint Giles's, Cripplegate.

Milton's literary career is clearly divided by the outbreak of the Civil War and by the Restoration into three periods: (1) 1626-40; (2) 1640-60; (3) 1660-74.

First Period. Milton began writing English and Latin verse while a schoolboy. The earliest extant specimens of these exercises are paraphrases of the 114th and 136th Psalms, composed at the age of fifteen. Other early poems are a group of graceful Latin elegies and sylvæ (1626-29); On the Death of a Fair Infant (1626); At a Vacation Exercise (1628); Hymn on the Nativity (1629); At a Solemn Music (1630); On Shakespeare; and sonnets To the Nightingale and On Arriving at the Age of Twenty-three. The Latin verses are undoubtedly the best ever written by an Englishman, and the last five of the English poems display high poetical genius. While at Horton, Milton composed four absolutely perfect poems: the two descriptive lyrics, L'Allegro and Il Penseroso (1634); Comus, a masque performed at Ludlow Castle on Michaelmas night, 1634, in honor of Lord Bridgewater's appointment to the wardenship of the Welsh marches; and Lycidas, a pastoral elegy in memory of his college friend Edward King, drowned on his passage to Ireland (August 10, 1637). Of these poems, which by themselves would place Milton among the great names in English literature, only a few had been published. The lines on Shakespeare appeared in the second folio of the dramatist's works (1632); Henry Lawes, who composed the music for Comus, published the masque anonymously (London, 1637), and Lycidas formed one in a collection of memorial poems (Cambridge, 1638). To this period belong six sonnets in Italian and Milton's two finest Latin poems: Mansus (1638), addressed to the Marquis of Manso, the friend of Tasso, who in his old age hospitably received Milton at Naples: and Epitaphium Damonis, an elegy on the death of his college friend Charles Diodati.

Second Period. For full eighteen years Milton was distracted from poetry by domestic perplexities and the revolutions in Church and State. The separation from his wife led to

pamphlets on divorce, of which the most important are The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (August 1, 1643), and The Tetrachordon (1645). Against episcopacy he launched, in 1641-42, five tracts, of which the best known is The Reason of Church Government Against Prelaty. In 1644 appeared the valuable letter Of Education and a noble plea for the freedom of the press under the title Areopagitica. The execution of Charles I. and the establishment of the Commonwealth were defended against Continental criticism in The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649), Eikonoklastes (1649), Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio, and sequels. These tracts, vehement and often scurrilous in style, contain autobiographical passages of interest. Throughout this period Milton wrote almost no verse. He composed, however, at intervals his magnificent sonnets, as On His Blindness, To Fairfax, To Cromwell, and The Massacre in Piedmont; and in 1645 appeared a volume of collected poems in English and Latin. Besides this he wrote some Greek and Latin verse and made a few translations. In 1902 there appeared a valuable work called Nova Solyma: the Ideal City of Zion; or Jerusalem Regained; translated from the Latin by the Rev. Walter Begley, and by him attributed to John Milton. This romance was published in London (1648) with the title Nova Solyma Libri Sex. Whether or not the work belongs to Milton, it undoubtedly shows strongly many of his characteristics in thought and style. The romance is written in prose and in verse, and is wholly in Latin. It shows advanced theories on education, it considers love philosophically, and deals with the philosophy of religion, with conversion, salvation, the brotherhood of man, with almsgiving, self-control, angels, the fall of man, and man's eternal fate. It contains some 256 hexameters of a projected epic on the Armada, and there runs through it a vein of adventures with tales of outlaws, robbers, sea-rovers, and fighting on sea. There is an account of a man possessed by the devil, and an allegory of Philomela's King

dom of Pleasure.

Third Period. The great epic that Milton now composed is the spiritual summary of his life of lost ideals. As early as his return from Italy, he had meditated the production of some great poem. By 1642 his mind was turning toward a mystery play on the loss of paradise. When he resumed the subject in 1658, it took the form of an epic. Paradise Lost, in ten books, completed by 1665, perhaps even by 1663, was first published on August 10, 1667. After several reprints with slight changes, it was enlarged to twelve books (1674). For this poem, of which 1300 copies were sold in eighteen months, Milton received from his publisher in all £10. At the suggestion of Thomas Ellwood, a Quaker friend of the poet, Milton wrote Paradise Regained, which was published with Samson Agonistes, an intense lyrical drama, in 1671. Once Milton was known mainly as the author of Paradise Lost. Since the romantic revival, this epic has been unfavorably compared with the socalled minor poems. The fascinating imaginative state in which the early lyrics were conceived certainly departed from Milton during the civil conflict. But as years went on, his imagination became invested with sublimity. Had Paradise Lost been written in 1642, it would have been a perfect mystery play, as Comus is a