inside through Great South Bay, Moriches and Shinnecock Bays and Shinnecock Canal to Great Peconic Bay. Masted boats are limited to a height of less than 20 feet (6.1 m) above the water by the fixed bridges over Shinnecock Canal, and otherwise all bridges have draw openings. This route is described in Atlantic Coast Pilot, Section B, under the heading "Inland waters, south coast of Long Island."

By the Hudson River and New York State Barge Canal, or Hudson River, Champlain Canal, and Richelieu River, boats can be taken through to the Great Lakes or St. Lawrence River, respectively. The dimensions of vessels that can be taken through to the Great Lakes or to Lake Champlain are, draft 10 feet (3.0 m), length 300 feet, width 44.4 feet, and overhead clearance 14.5 feet (4.4 m) above water level.

The limiting depth occurs in the New York State Barge Canal, where the project depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) has not yet been attained. In 1930 barges drawing 91⁄2 feet (2.8 m) successfully navigated the canal.

Chicago to New Orleans. The completion of the Illinois Waterway in the spring of 1933 will permit a draft of 9 feet (2.7 m) or less being taken from Chicago to the Mississippi River and thence to New Orleans. The limiting overhead clearance under fixed bridges between Chicago and Grafton, Ill., will be about 44 feet (13.4 m) at high water.

New York to Key West.-Vessels of 7-foot (2.1 m) draft can pass inside from New York Bay to Delaware River through the Delaware & Raritan Canal. Masted vessels are limited to a height of 50 feet (15.2 m) above canal level by a bridge without draw at New Brunswick, N.J. In 1933 this canal was closed and there was no definite information as to when it would be available for traffic. Twelve feet (3.7 m) can be carried from the Delaware River through the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal and Chesapeake Bay to Norfolk.

From Norfolk to Morehead City, there is a project depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) via the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, the Alligator River-Pungo River Canal, and other waterways. Some shoaling occurs and the controlling depths range from 912 to 112 feet (2.8 to 3.5 m).

From Morehead City to Cape Fear River, the new link of the Intracoastal Waterway is open with a controlling depth (1933) of 9 feet (2.7 m). It is a 12-foot project. This new waterway eliminates the long and dangerous run around Frying Pan Shoals.

From Cape Fear River to Winyah Bay, an 8-foot (2.4 m) waterway was being dredged in 1933. Pending the completion of this section, all craft are required to go outside from Cape Fear River to Winyah Bay.

From Winyah Bay to Charleston there is a project depth of only 4 feet (1.2 m). By taking advantage of the tide, boats of 5-foot (1.5 m) draft and even more can make the passage.

From Charleston to the St. Johns River, the controlling depth is usually about 6 feet (1.8 m).

From St. Johns River to Miami, the controlling depth is about 5 feet (1.5 m), the general depths being 5 to 8 feet (1.5 to 2.4 m). From Miami to Key West, the route north of the keys, carries a least depth of about 4 feet (1.2 m). The route via Hawk Channel

which is partially protected by the offlying reefs, is good for 10 feet (3 m).

Route across Florida.-A draft of about 2 feet (0.6 m) can be carried across Florida by the St. Lucie Canal to Lake Okeechobee, thence via the Caloosahatchee Canal and River to the Gulf Coast at San Carlos Bay.

Gulf of Mexico.-From Key West to New Orleans there are several detached stretches of inside waters, available for a draft of 4 to 9 feet (1.2 to 2.7 m), and a partially sheltered route with frequent harbors for small craft along the entire coast.

From Apalachicola Bay to St. Andrews Bay, there is an inside route with a depth of 5 feet (1.5 m).

From Mobile Bay to New Orleans, there is an inside route with a controlling depth of 9 feet (2.7 m).

From New Orleans to the Sabine River, there is at present an inside route with a controlling depth of 5 feet (1.5 m). By 1934 it is expected that the new 9-foot channel will be available in this section.

From Sabine Pass to Galveston, a 9-foot (2.7 m) waterway is now (1932) under construction.

From Galveston Bay to Corpus Christi, there is an inside route with a controlling depth of about 22 feet (0.8 m). Beyond Corpus Christi, there is no inside route available.

Charts covering the routes along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts are published by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Charts of the natural waters of the New York State Canal system and Great Lakes are published by the United States Lake Survey Office, Detroit, Mich. The same office publishes a Bulletin, Survey of Northern and Northwestern Lakes, in which a detailed description of the waters of the Great Lakes and the New York Canal system are found. This volume is issued free to navigators and other chart purchasers. Application should be made to the United States Lake Survey Office, Old Customhouse, Detroit, Mich. The Department of Public Works, Albany, N.Y., has issued a set of charts covering practically all parts of the canal system. These charts are priced 30 cents each.

A catalogue showing the charts of the route along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts can be obtained free of charge on application to the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C., or to any of its agents. A list of agents for the sale of charts and other publications of the Coast and Geodetic Survey is given in the catalogue and in the first notice each month of the Notice to Mariners, published weekly by the Bureau of Lighthouses and the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

The inland waters are covered in the following publications of the Coast and Geodetic Survey:

United States Coast Pilot, Section B, covering the coast and inland waters from Race Point, Cape Cod, to Sandy Hook, including Long Island Sound, and New York Harbor and tributaries.

United States Coast Pilot, Section C, covering the coast and inland waters from Sandy Hook to Cape Henry, including Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, and the inside route from New York to Norfolk.

United States Coast Pilot, Section D, covering the coast and inland waters from Cape Henry to Key West.

Inside Route Pilot, New York to Key West.

United States Coast Pilot, Gulf Coast, Key West to the Rio Grande, covering the coast and inland waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

Inside Route Pilot, Key West to the Rio Grande,

DESCRIPTIONS AND SAILING DIRECTIONS

GULF OF MAINE

The great indentation of the coast between the British Province of Nova Scotia on the northeast and Massachusetts on the southwest, which includes the Bay of Fundy and Massachusetts Bay as subsidiary_features, has received the general designation "Gulf of Maine." It is shown on charts 1000, 1106, and 1107.

On account of its changeable weather, frequent fogs, and strong tidal currents, this locality has a bad reputation among mariners. (For offshore current observations see p. 23.)

The bottom in the Gulf of Maine is irregular, and the depths are so variable that it is quite impossible to determine a vessel's position by soundings alone, but the navigator will find a frequent use of the lead of the greatest assistance in approaching both Georges and Brown Banks from southward and eastward, the bottom slope on that side being well defined.

The principal offshore dangers are Nantucket Shoals, Georges and Cultivator Shoals, both a part of Georges Bank; and Ammen Rock, a part of Cashe Ledge.

Brown Bank, with 14 to 50 fathoms (25.6 to 91 m) over it, is about 40 miles south of Cape Sable, between latitude 42°17' and 42°54' N., and longitude 65°12′ and 66°28′ W. The bank is about 50 miles long in a west-northwest direction, and its greatest width is nearly 30 miles. The least known depth of 14 fathoms (25.6 m) is near the westerly end of the bank.

Georges Bank (chart 1107) is the extensive shoal with depths less than 50 fathoms (91 m), lying off the coast of Massachusetts eastward of Nantucket Shoals. The northeastern point of this bank is in latitude 42°00′ N. and longitude 66°00′ W.; from this the eastern edge trends in a general southwesterly direction to latitude 40°48′ N. and longitude 67°00′ W.; the edge of the bank then takes a general westerly direction and joins the 50-fathom (91 m) curve southward of Nantucket Shoals. The greatest width north and south is about 80 miles.

That part of the bank where depths of less than 20 fathoms (37 m) will be found, including Georges and Cultivator Shoals, is an area 30 to 40 miles wide and about 75 miles long in a west-southwesterly direction, lying approximately between latitude 40°45′ and 42°00′ N. and longitude 67°10′ and 68°40′ W., and has several spots with 5 to 10 fathoms (9.1 to 18.3 m) over them. Depths of less than 20 fathoms (37 m), however, extend farther southwestward. A comprehensive resurvey of Georges Bank was completed in 1932. A feature of this survey was the discovery of several deep submarine gorges or canyons along the 100-fathom (183 m) curve at the southern edge of the bank. The most easterly of these features is Corsair Gorge, located in latitude 41°22', longitude 66°10'. These submarine features afford vessels equipped with echo sounding, an excellent opportunity of checking their position when following the southern edge of Georges Bank.

The eastern part of Georges Bank is shown on chart 3075 which was published especially for the fishing industry.

21

Georges Shoal is a long, narrow, and dangerous shoal lying between latitudes 41°36′ and 41°51' N. and longitudes 67°38′ and 67°48′ W. The least found depth in 1931 was 17 feet (5.2 m) located near the middle part of the ridge. In heavy weather the sea breaks here in 10 fathoms (18.3 m), and tide rips are found near the shoal areas. Georges Shoal is 1412 miles long in a north and south direction.

Cultivator Shoal, lying about 21 miles west of Georges Shoal, has general depths of 5 to 7 fathoms (9.1 to 12.8 m) with fine gray sand. The survey of 1932 indicated a least depth of 4 fathoms (7.3 m), but older surveys of doubtful value show a least depth of about 3 fathoms (5.5 m). Cultivator Shoal is marked by a whistle buoy at its northern end. The locality should be avoided by deep draft vessels.

Nantucket Shoals is the general name of the numerous different broken shoals which lie southeastward of Nantucket Island and make this one of the most dangerous parts of the coast of the United States for the navigator. These shoals extend 23 miles eastward and 39 miles southeastward from Nantucket Island, are shifting in their nature, and the depths vary from 3 and 4 feet (0.9 to 1.2 m) on some to 4 and 5 fathoms (7.3 to 9.1 m) on others, while sloughs with depths of 10 fathoms (18.3 m) or more lead between those farthest offshore. The easterly edge of the shoals has depths of 4 and 42 fathoms (7.3 to 8.2 m) in places, and trends 166° true (S. mag.) from latitude 41°18′ N., longitude 69°29′ W., to latitude 40°57' Ñ., longitude 69°22′ W. Asia Rip, the southeasternmost danger, has a least depth of 6 fathoms (11 m) in latitude 40°48′ N., longitude 69°22′ W. Deep-draft vessels should pass southward and eastward of Asia Rip, and eastward of the easterly edge of the shoals as defined above. For a distance of 15 miles eastward and southeastward and 17 miles southward from Nantucket Island, the shoals have depths less than 16 feet (4.9 m), and this area should be avoided by all vessels. The tidal currents are strong, and variable in direction, forming extensive rips and broken water over the shoals.

Nantucket Shoals Lightship, the leading mark for vessels passing southward of Nantucket Shoals, is moored in 30 fathoms (55 m) off the southern end of the shoals. The light is group flashing white with 3 flashes every 8 seconds. The light is 65 feet above the water and visible 14 miles. The fog signal is an air oscillator, blast 3 seconds, silent 12 seconds. There is a submarine oscillator sounding 2 groups of 6 blasts each every 90 seconds. A radiobeacon is operated at the lightship. The radiobeacon and the submarine oscillator are synchronized for distance finding purposes. For details, see the Atlantic Light List.

The station receives and transmits radio messages call letters WPS. Weather signals are flown during daytime.

Cashes Ledge, with depths less than 30 fathoms (55 m), is about 6 miles long in a north-northeast direction. Ammen Rock, with 414 fathoms (7.6 m) over it, is near the middle of the ledge in latitude 42°53' N., longitude 68°55′ W. There is a whistling buoy on the east side. The sea breaks over this rock in heavy weather. Fippenies Ledge, with a least known depth of 39 fathoms (71 m), lies about 16 miles west of Ammen Rock.