one from another as thofe of natural fubftances: For why fhould we not think a watch and piftol, as diftinét fpecies one from another, as a horse and a dog, they being expreffed in our minds by distinct ideas, and to others by diftinct appellations?

Y

§ 42. Substances alone have proper Names. THIS is farther to be oblerved concerning fubftances, that they alone of all our feveral forts of ideas have particular or proper names, whereby one only particular thing is fignified; because in fimple ideas, modes, and relations, it feldom happens that men have occafion to mention often this or that particular when it is abfent. Befides, the greatest part of mixed modes, being actions which perith in their birth, are not capable of a lafting duration as fubftances, which are the actors, and wherein the fimple ideas that make up the complex ideas defigned by the name, have a laiting union.

$43. Difficulty to treat of words. I-MUST beg pardon of my reader, for having dwelt fo leng upon this fubject, and perhaps with fome obfcurity. But I defire it may be confidered how difficult it is to lead another by words into the thoughts of things ftripped of thofe fpecific differences we give them; which things, if I name not, I fay nothing; and if I do name them, I thereby rank them into fone fort or other, and fuggeft to the mind the usual abstract idea of that fpecies, and focrofs my purpose. For to talk of a man, and to lay by at the fame time, the ordinary fignification of the name man, which is our complex idea ufually annexed to it, and bid the reader confider man as he is in himself, and as he is really diftinguifhed from others in his interna conftitution, or real effence, that is, by fome hing he knows not what, looks like trifling; and yet thus one muft de who would speak of the inppofed real effencesand fpecies of things, as thought to be maile by nature, if it be but only to make it underflood, that there is no. fuch thing fignified by the general names which fub-. ftances are called by, but because it is difficult by known. familiar names to do this. Give me leave to endeavour by an example to make the different confideration the mind.

has of fpecific names and ideas a little more clear, and, to show how the complex ideas of modes are referred fometimes to archetypes in the minds of other intelligent beings, or, which is the fame, to the fignification annexed by others, to their received names, and fomness times to no archetypes at all. Give me leave allo tos fhow how the mind always refers its ideas of fubftances either to the fubftances themfelves, or to the fignifica tion of their names as to the archetypes; and allo, toi make plain the nature of species, or forting of things, as. apprehended, and made use of by us; and of the effences belonging to thofe fpecies, which is perhaps of more móment, to difcover the extent and certainty of our knowledge than we at first imagine.

$44. Inftance of Mixed Modes in Kinneah and Ni

ouph.

LET us fuppofe Adam in the state of a grown man, with a good understanding, but in a strange country, with all things new and unknown about him, and no other faculties, to attain the knowledge of them, but what one of this age has now. He obferves Lamech more melancholy than ufual, and imagines it to be from a fufpicion he has of his wife Adah (whom he most ardently loved), that she had too much kindness for another man. · Adam discourses these his thoughts to Eve, and defires her to take care that Adah commit not folly and in these dif'courses with Eve he makes use of these two new words, Kinneah and Niouph. In time Adam's mistake appears, for he finds Lamech's trouble proceeded from having kil led a man: but yet the two names, Kinneah and Niauph, the one ftanding for fufpicion, in a husband, of his wife's difloyalty to him, and the other for the act of committing difloyalty, loft not their distinct fignifications. It is plain then that here were two distinct com. plex ideas of mixed modes, with names to them, two diftinct fpecies of actions effentially different. I alk wherein confifted the effences of thefe two diftinct fpecies of action? And it is plain it confifted in a precife combination of fimple ideas, different in one from the other. I afk, whether the complex idea in ddam's mind,

which he called Kinneah, were adequate or no? And it is plain it was; for it being a combination of fimple i des, which he, without any regard to any archetype, without respect to any thing as a pattern, voluntarily put together, abstracted and gave the name Kinneab to, to exprefs in fhort to others, by that one found, all the fimple ideas contained and united in that complex one, it must neceflarily follow, that it was an adequate idea his own choice having made that combination, it had all in it he intended it fhould, and fo could not but be per fect, could not but be adequate, it being referred to no other archetype which it was fuppofed to reprefent.

§45:

THESE words, Kinneah and Niouph, by degrees grew into common ufe, and then the cafe was fomewhat altered. Adam's children had the fame faculties, and thereby the fame power that he had to make what complex ideas of mixed modes they pleased in their own minds, to abstract them, and make what founds they pleafed the figns of them. But the ufe of names being to make our ideas within us known to others, that cannot be done but when the fame fign ftands for the fame idea in two who would communicate their thoughts, and difcourfe together. Thofe, therefore, of Adam's children, that found thefe two words, Kinneah and Niouph, in familiar ufe, could not take them for infignificant founds, but must needs conclude they stood for fomething, for certain ideas, abstract ideas, they being general names; which abstract ideas were the effences of the fpecies diftinguished by thofe names. If, therefore, they would use thefe words as names of fpecies already eftablished and agreed on, they were obliged to conform the ideas in their minds fignified by these names, to the ideas that they food for in other mens minds, as to their patterns and archetypes; and then indeed their ideas of thefe complex modes were liable to be inadequate, as being very apt (especially thofe that confifted of combinations of many fimple ideas), not to be exactly conformable to the ideas in other mens minds, ufing the fame names, though for this there be ufually a remedy at hand, which is to afk

the meaning of any word we understand not of him that ufes it, it being as impoffible to know certainly what the words jealoufy and adultery (which I think anfwer NP and N), ftand for in another man's mind, with whom I would difcourfe about them, as it was impoffi ble, in the beginning of language, to know what Kinneaḥ and Niouph food for in another man's mind, without explication, they being voluntary figns in every one.

$46. Inflance of Subftances in Zahab.

LET us now alfo confider, after the fame manner, the names of fubftances in their firft application. One of Adam's children roying in the mountains, lights on a glit tering fubftance which pleafes his eye; home he carries it to Adam, who, upon confideration of it, finds it to be hard, to have a bright yellow colour, and an exceeding great weight. Thefe, perhaps, at firft, are all the quali ties he takes notice of in it, and, abftracting this com plex idea, confifting of a fubftance having that peculiar bright yellownefs, and a weight very great in proportion to its bulk, he gives it the name Zahab, to denote and mark all fubftances that have thefe fenfible qualities în them. It is evident now, that, in this cafe, Adam acts quite differently from what he did before in forming thofe ideas of mixed modes, to which he gave the name Kinneah and Niouph; for there he puts ideas together only by his own imagination, not taken from the exiftence of any thing, and to them he gave names, to denominate all things that fhould happen to agree to thofe his abftract ideas, without confidering whether any fuch thing did exift or no; the ftandard there was of his own making. But in the forming his idea of this new fubftance, he takes the quite contrary courfe: Here he has a ftandard made by nature; and, therefore, being to reprefent that to himfelf, by the idea he has of it, even when it is abfent, he puts in no fimple idea into his complex one, but what he has the perception of from the thing itself; he takes care that his idea be conform, able to this archetype, and intends the name should fland' for an idea fo conformable,

$47.

This piece of matter, thus denominated Zalab by Adam, being quite different from any he had feen before, nobody, I think, will deny to be a diftinct fpecies, and to have its peculiar effence; and that the name Zabab is the mark of the fpecies, and a name belonging to all things partaking in that effence: But here it is plain, the effence Adam made the name Zahab ftand for, was nothing but a body hard, fhining, yellow, and very heavy. But in the inquifitive mind of man, not contents with the knowledge of thefe, as I may fay fuperficial qualities, puts Adam on farther examination of this matter; he therefore knocks and beats it with flints, to fee what was difcoverable in the infide; he finds it yield to blows, but not eafily feparate into pieces; he finds it will bend without breaking. Is not now ductility to to be added to his former idea, and made part of the effence of the fpecies that name Zahab ftands for? Farther trials difcover fufibility and fixednefs. Are not they alfo, by the fame reafon that any of the others were, to be put into the complex idea fignified by the name Zahab? If not, what reafon will there be shown more for the one than the other? If these muft, then all the other properties, which any farther trials fhall difcover in this matter, ought by the fame reafon to make a part of the ingredients of the complex idea, which the name Zabub stands for, and fo be the effences of the fpecies marked by that name; which properties, because they are endless, it is plain, that the idea made after this fashion by this archetype, will be always inadequate. ...48. Their Ideas imperfect, and therefore various. BOT this is not all; it would alfo follow, that the names of fubflances would not only have (as in truth they have), but would alfo be fuppofed to have different fignifications, as ufed by different men, which would very much cumber the ufe of language; for if every diftint quality, that were difcovered in any matter by any one, were fuproied to make a neceffary part of the complex idea fignified by the common name given it, it must follow, that men muft fuppofe the fame word to fignify different things.