Principles of Extractive Metallurgy, Volumen1

acid alloy aluminum blast furnace blast furnace gas calcination calcium carbon carbonyl chalcopyrite charge chlorine Cl₂ CO₂ coal coke combustion condenser conducted containing converter cooling copper Cu₂S CuSO4 decomposed decomposition deoxidation distillation dust electric furnace electrode elemental sulfur exit gases exothermic FeCl3 ferrosilicon fluoride flux formation H₂O H₂S hearth furnace heat high temperature hydrogen ilmenite impurities iron oxide ladle layer leaching lead liquid magnesite magnesium material matte melting point mercury method mineral mixture molten metal nickel operation oxygen particles pellets pig iron powder precipitation preheated pressure pyrite pyrometallurgical reaction takes place reactor reacts recovery reducing agent reduction refining refractory removed retort reverberatory furnace rotary kiln separation shown in Fig silicate silicon sintering SiO2 slag SO₂ sodium solid soluble solution steel steelmaking sulfate sulfide concentrate Table thermal TiO2 Typical analysis usually vacuum vapor volatile white metal zinc zone