town, wholly rebuilt in the reign of Richard I., in the later pointed style, with a tower surmounted by a battlement and cupola 120 feet high; &c. Several of the churches have been lately restored. Among the Dissenting chapels several are well worth notice, such as that of the Independents in Princes Street, a handsome edifice, with a front in the Italian style; the Baptist chapels of St. Mary's and St. Clement's; and the Wesleyan chapels in Lady Lane and Ber Street, besides others. Among the other public buildings and establishments are the castle, a noble feudal relic, apparently of Norman origin, finely situated near the centre of the city, on a lofty eminence with precipitous sides, and still surmounted by its massive donjon tower, but internally so altered to adapt it to its present use as a jail that little idea can be formed of its original appearance; the Shirehall, built on the inner vallum of the castle; the bishop's palace, and the deanery, large irregular piles adjoining the cathedral, and, like it, approached through what is called the Erpingham Gate, a remarkable structure, consisting of a lofty pointed arch, flanked with semioctangular buttresses, and enriched with columns, mouldings, and thirty-eight male and female statues in canopied niches; the Guildhall, a large building at the north-western corner of the market, partly fitted up as a courthouse, where the assizes and quarter-sessions are held; St. Andrew's Hall, a noble fabric, originally the nave of the church of the Black Friars' Convent, but now fitted up so as to form one of the largest and most splendid halls for public purposes in this country; the grammar-school, situated within the precincts of the cathedral, and occupying what was formerly the charnel-house, with a colossal statue of Nelson in front of it; the commercial school, and various other schools; St. Giles', Doughty's, Cooke's, and the Norfolk and Norwich hospitals, the last occupying a spacious structure of red brick, well fitted up for the convenience and comfort of patients; the lunatic and blind asylums; the infirmary; the jail and house of correction, presenting a massive front, supported by rusticated Tuscan columns; the workhouse; the new corn exchange, a large building in the Italian style; the cavalry barracks; the theatre; Victoria Hall, used for public entertainments; bowling-greens, &c. The literary and scientific institutions include a public library of about 30,000 vols.; a literary institution, with a well-selected library of about 20,000 vols.; 2. valuable museum, which, along with the literary institute, free library, and school of art, occupies a handsome block of buildings in St. Andrew's Street. Manufactures are very extensive, and employ the far larger part of the population. Worsted goods, of which a coarse description appears to have been made even before the Norman conquest, were greatly improved by the arrival of Dutch and Flemish settlers at different times, and have ever since continued to form the staple manufacture, though they have assumed a vast variety of forms, and become greatly intermixed with other materials, as cotton, mohair, and silk. The leading articles are shawls, crapes, poplins, and Japanese silks; also coburgs, gauzes, paramattas, challis, camlets, bareges, &c. These are mostly made by hand-loom weavers at home. The making of boots and shoes employs about 6000 persons. There are also mills for spinning woollen, worsted, and mohair yarns; dye-works, vinegar-works, breweries, iron-foundries, machine-works; mustard, starch, and blue works; paper-mills, &c. There is a considerable trade carried on both by the railways from the city and by the river, which is navigated chiefly by wherries of from 15 to 40 tons to Yarmouth and Lowestoft. Of late vessels of 100 tons have come with cargoes from those ports to Norwich. The foundation of Norwich cannot be fixed earlier than 446. On the departure of the Romans it was seized by the Anglo-Saxons, and by 1066 had risen to be the capital of the Kingdom of East Anglia. Its castle was originally founded by Uffa at the date last mentioned. By the middle of the tenth century Norwich had become a large and wealthy town, and been divided into several distinct parishes; but in 1002 it was attacked by the Danish fleet, commanded by Sweyn their king, captured, and laid in ashes. It was shortly after rebuilt by the Danes themselves. In the eleventh century it had become a large and populous borough, containing twenty-five parochial churches. In 1294 it acquired new importance by the building of its walls, and in 1296 it began to send representatives to Parliament. In 1328 the foundation of its prosperity was laid by Edward III, who made it a staple town for the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, conferred upon it other important privileges, and induced great numbers of Flemings to settle in it. A still greater number arrived at a later period during the reign of Elizabeth; and the inhabitants, not only profiting by the lessons thus taught them, but improving upon them, ultimately surpassed their masters, and made their manufactures famous throughout the world. In the more modern history of Norwich there is no event of much interest. It sends two members to Parliament. Pop. of mun. and parl. bor. in 1861, 74,891; in 1871, 80,386. NORWICH, a city of the United States, America, in the county of New London, Connecticut, on the Thames, 13 miles north of New London. The falls of the river at this place afford extensive water power, and there are considerable manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, paper, fire-arms, machinery, &c. The city has communication with the seaboard and the interior by two lines of railway, and steamers ply regularly between it and New York. Pop. 16,653. NOSE, the organ in man and the higher animals exercising the olfactory sense, or that of smell, and which is concerned through its apertures or passages in the function of respiration, and in the production of voice. The bones of the nose comprise the boundaries of the nasal fossæ or cavities, which open in front in the nasal apertures, and behind into the pharynx or back part of the mouth. The front openings of the nose or nostrils are, in the skeleton, of an oval or heart-shape, whilst the openings of the posterior nares or nostrils are of quadrilateral form. The front nostrils are bounded above in the skeleton by the nasal bones of the skull, whilst inferiorly and on each side the palatine bones and ascending processes of the upper maxillary bones form the boundaries to these apertures. The posterior openings are limited inferiorly by the palatine plates of the palate bones, and by the hinder nasal spine, situated at the point of union of these bones. Laterally, the posterior nostrils are bounded by the internal pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone; and superiorly by the ale or wings of the vomer, and by the body of the sphenoid. The bones which enter into the composi tion of the entire structure of the nose number fourteen. These may be simply enumerated, their anatomical relations being of too complicated a nature for description in the present instance: two nasal bones, two superior maxillary bones, two palatine, two inferior, and two sphenoidal turbinated bones; the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and vomer. In addition to this osseous skeleton, certain cartilaginous pieces assist in forming the framework of the nose. These latter comprise lateral cartilages, of which two-an upper and lower-exist on each side. The upper lateral cartilage is of triangular form, and is attached superiorly to the nasal and upper maxi NOSE. lary bones; in front to the cartilaginous septum or partition of the nose; and below to the lower and companion lateral cartilage. The lower cartilages are each of curved shape, and are sometimes termed the pinnal cartilages, or cartilages of the alæ, since they form the lower and curved boundary of the nostrils. At the posterior portion of each of the lower lateral cartilages, and imbedded in the fibrous tissue by which each cartilage is attached to the upper maxilla, three or more small cartilages disposed in a row, and termed the sesamoid cartilages, are found. The cartilage of the septum generally exists in the middle line of the nose, but may also be directed more or less obliquely. It possesses a nearly triangular shape, its surfaces being flat and smooth. The bony septum, or partition of the nose itself, is formed chiefly, and in the middle, by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone; behind by the vomer and the 'rostrum,' or process of the sphenoid; and inferiorly by the median ridge or crest of the upper maxillary Like the cartilage of the septum, and palate bones. with which it unites to form the complete partition of the nose, the bony septum may lean to one side. It is perforated by apertures for the transmission of blood-vessels and nerves. Occasionally the septum may be perforated, so that the two nasal fossæ or cavities may communicate with each other. The muscles which are concerned in the movements of the nasal cartilages include the triangularis (or compressor) nasi, which arises by its apex from the superior maxillary bone, and is inserted into a fibrous aponeurosis spreading over the front The fibres of the muscle of one ridge of the nose. side may unite with those of the opposite and companion muscle. The depressor alæ nasi of each side also arises from the superior maxillary bone, and is inserted into the septum and posterior part of the The former of these two muscles ale of the nose. appears to increase the breadth of the nose, and thus may open, dilate, or expand the nostrils; the action of the latter muscle is that of a true compressor of the nostrils, each of the depressors drawing its ala or side of the nostril downwards. The dilatator naris posterior and the dilatator naris anterior of each side are delicate muscular slips, and by their action tend to dilate the nasal apertures. The pyramidalis nasi, extending down the side of the nose, depresses the inner angle of the eye, and at the same time raises or elevates the skin of the nose at the ale. The levator labii superioris alaque nasi lies on the side of the between the inner side of the orbit and the upper lip. When in action this muscle dilates the nose, raises the upper lip and alæ of the nose; its use being well seen in the expression of a derisive smile, and in the wrinkling of the skin at the angles of the nose and mouth. nose, The skin of the nose is of delicate and smooth character. The papillæ or minute elevations of the true skin in the neighbourhood of the nose are described as being of smaller size than ordinary, whilst of more than usually thin the upper skin or cuticle nature. The hairs of the skin are also of finer nature than in the other regions of the body; and the sebaceous or skin glands are very numerous, and possess short ducts, whilst their secretion is generally present in very abundant quantity. It is in this situation that the harmless little parasite, one of the Acarina or mites, and known as the Demodex folliculorum, is chiefly found, inhabiting the follicles and ducts of the cuticle. Turning to the internal conformation and structure of the nose, attention must be directed to the three meati or compartments of the nose, which are formed in the outer wall or side of each of the nasal cavities by the turbinated bones. These compartments are of unequal size, and they communicate by apertures The mucous membrane lining the nostrils and nasal The olfactory nerves form the first pair of cerebral nerves, or those which take origin from the cerebrum or brain proper. They proceed from the olfactory bulbs, which are situated beneath the anterior or as vesicular prolongations of the brain, and are generfront lobes of the cerebrum. These bulbs are viewed ally of larger size in lower mammals than in man. | clude cases of entire non-development of the part, of The olfactory nerves in their minute or microscopic fissure of the nose, and of a probos is-like developstructure-as noticed in the article NERVOUS SYSTEM ment. Nasal polypi or tumours may exist in the -exhibit a difference from ordinary nerve-fibres, in form of simple outgrowths from the mucous memthat they possess no medullary sheath, and consist of brane, or of malignant, rascular, or bleeding polypi; nucleated cells; and they consist each of a collection the latter generally occurring in advanced life. The of delicate filaments, which are distributed chiefly to fibrous polypi are of firmer consistence, and require the olfactory region of the nose already described. | much greater care and skill for their removal, an They number about twenty on each side, and pass to operation not always attended by success or cure. be distributed in the nose, through the foramina or The nose and its cartilages are also liable to be afapertures in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid fected by general diseases, among which lupus or noli bone. The olfactory nerves are thus nerves of special | me tangere-an obstinate ulceration often resulting sense; and the nose receives its nerves of common in the entire destruction of the organ-may be mensensibility from the fifth pair of nerves. The nerves tioned. Syphilis may also affect the nose, in the of common sensibility are quite distinct and separate form of an ulcerative process, and cancer sometimes, from those of smell. In cases where from disease, although more rarely, occurs. Bleeding from the nose or the presence of lesions of any kind, the sense of or epistaxis is a common affection, existing primarily; smell is lost, the sensibility of the nose is not affected. or it may be a symptom attendant on the growth of And from the intimate relations existing between polypi. The nose may be restored by an operation, the senses of smell, taste, and touch, it is frequently wherein a flap of skin dissected from the arm is difficult to exactly determine or distinguish between modelled to the nose, and means taken to insure its sensations or impressions, such as those of a pungent due and natural growth in the new situation. This or acrid nature and those resulting from the stimula- operation is known as that of Taliacotius, an Italian tion of the nerves of smell alone. Very great differ- surgeon who first practised it. The Indian method ences are observable in the exercise of the olfactory consists in dissecting the flap of skin from off the sense by different individuals; and abnormal or dis- forehead, and of adjusting it to the situation and eased cerebral conditions may affect this sense in requirements of the lost feature. peculiar ways. A constant sensation of a disagreeable odour was thus present to an individual whose brain after death was found to be diseased; and a fall from a horse was mentioned by Dubois to have produced a similar result in a case which came under his observation. The study of the comparative anatomy of the nasal organs shows us that man possesses a sense of smell greatly inferior in very many instances to that possessed by the lower animals. The distribution of the olfactory nerves in man is of a very limited nature when compared with what obtains in such animals as the dog, sheep, &c. And amongst these lower forms great differences are apparent in the kinds or qualities of odours most readily perceived or appreciated. The Carnivorous Mammalia will in this way be most susceptible to the odours of other animals, and the Herbivorous forms to those of plants. All Vertebrates above fishes generally resemble man in the essential type of their olfactory apparatus. The Cetacea, however, appear to want an olfactory organ. In fishes, with the exception of the Myxinoids and Lepidosiren, the nostrils are simply shut or closed sacs, and do not communicate posteriorly with the mouth. The nostrils may open externally in a single aperture, as in the porpoise, &c.; whilst its posterior or hinder opening may be situated far down the throat, as in the great ant-eater (Myrmecophaga). In some forms (for example, Bats) peculiar leaf-like appendages may be attached to the nose. In the Lampreys, and Myxinoids or hag-fishes, the nostril is single and median in position. In the mole and hog a special ossicle or bone, median in its position, may be present in the snout. The familiar proboscis of the elephant exemplifies a singular elongation of the nose, in which the organ becomes modified for tactile purposes, and also for the exercise of prehensile functions. In the scals, Ornithorhynchus, and in other diving animals the nostrils can be closed at will by sphincter muscles or valvular processes. In Cetaceans the nostrils or 'blow-holes' are intimately associated with respiration, and with the expulsion of water, a function for which a complication of structure, muscular and otherwise, is provided. The most frequent discases or abnormal conditions which affect the nose comprise congenital defects, and tumours or polypi. The congenital defects in on. NOSOLOGY (from the Greek nosos, disease), in medicine, that science which treats of the systematic arrangement and classification of diseases. Many systems of nosology have been adopted at different times, such as those of Sauvages, Cullen, Mason Good, Pinel, and others, some of which have been founded on the nature of the ascertained cause of diseases, others on the pathological conditions which attend diseases, others, again, on the differences between structural and functional diseases, and so The system introduced by Dr. William Far: appears to have the advantage over all others of showing those causes that are injurious or fatal to life, and thus contributing to the removal of these evils (overcrowding, imperfect drainage or ventilation, &c.) which tend to destroy health. This system is the one adopted by the registrar-general in his reports on the mortality of London and England, and seems destined to become in a short time the most widely recognized. This system of nosology is divided into four primary classes, which are subdivided into various orders. Class 1.-Zymotic Diseases, diseases that are either epidemic, endemic, or contagious, induced by some specific body, or by the want of food or by its bad quality. In this class there are four orders. Order I.Miasmatic diseases, such as small-pox, measles, scarlatina, diphtheria, croup, hooping-cough, scarlet, typhus, typhoid, and yellow fevers, cholera, ague, boils, erysipelas, dysentery, rheumatism, diarrhea, &c. Order II.-Enthetic diseases, such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, hydrophobia, leprosy, glanders, &c. Order III.-Dietic diseases, such as famine fever, scurvy, rickets, cretinism, delirium tremens, &c. Order IV. Parasitic diseases, as itch or scabies, worms, scaldhead, &c. Class II-Constitutional Diseases, those affecting several organs, in which new morbid products are frequently deposited; sometimes hereditary. This class is divided into two orders. Order I-Diathetic diseases, such as gout, dropsy, cancer, canker, mortification, dry gangrene, &c. Order II.-Tubercular diseases, as scrofula, phthisis, mesenteric tuberculosis, &c. Class III.-Local Diseases, those in which the functions of particular organs or systems are disturbed or obliterated, with or without inflammation; sometimes hereditary. This class contains eight orders. NOSSI-BE-NOSTRILS Order I.-Diseases of the brain, or rather of the ner- Class IV.-Developmental Diseases, special diseases, NOSTALGIA, or HOME SICKNESS, a peculiar NOSTOC, a genus of plants of the natural order NOSTRADAMUS (MICHEL DE NOSTREDAME), had gained some reputation in the medical profes- One of the most NOSTRILS, DISEASES OF THE. common of the diseases of the nostrils has been already described under the heading CATARRH. Another common one is bleeding, hemorrhage or epistaxis, which may be produced by a direct injury, as by a blow on the nose, or a scratch in the interior of the nostrils; or it may be an active hemorrhage, in which case it is frequently preceded by a feeling of tension and heat in the nostrils, pain in the forehead, giddiness, buzzing in the ears, flushing of the face. All these symptoms are not often present in the same case, and in many instances the flow of blood is not preceded by any apparent disorder. Epistaxis may also be of a passive character, and due either to a morbid state of the blood, as in typhoid and typhus fevers, malignant scarlatina, purpura (popularly known as the purples), scurvy, &c., or to obstruction of the circulation by disease of the heart and liver. Bleeding from the nose in persons advanced in life must be much more cautiously interfered with than in the young. If the person so affected is plethoric, the hemorrhage is evidently of an active character, and is a natural relief. It may, however, go to an extreme extent, and require checking. Many methods of effecting this are had recourse to, but cold applied to the forehead, spine, or other parts of the body is the most general. Raising both arms suddenly above the head has been said to stop the flow quickly, or a small quantity of solution of alum, as strong as it can be made, may be thrown up with a syringe, or a piece of linen soaked in the solution may be stuffed up the nostril. From ten to fifteen drops of dilute sulphuric acid may be given in water at intervals, according to the nature and persistence of the attack. Should these means fail, direct compression must be resorted to. Polypus, a tumour, the result of the morbidly excessive growth of the mucous membrance, is of frequent occurrence in the nostrils. It is treated of under a separate heading. NOTA, ALBERTO, a modern Italian dramatic poet, | born at Turin in 1755. He was carefully educated, and his great native talents were thus early developed. After studying law he practised for a long time as an advocate, and held several important appointments under government until the political circumstances of Italy obliged him to retire from public life. He again, however, accepted a civil appointment, and was successively intendant and generalintendant in several towns. He died at Turin in 1847. His eventful life and an unhappy marriage are said to have thrown a gloom over his temper. The comic element is weak in him, the plot is usually very simple, and the events are taken from ordinary life. On the other hand he excels particularly in his delineations of character, and even the most irregular natures are presented by him with extraordinary skill. Of his numerous theatrical pieces, La Fiera, a graphic and amusing description of manners, is perhaps the best. A collection of his works, under the title of Comedie, appeared at Florence in seven vols. in 1824. Many of them have been translated into French, Spanish, German, &c. NOTABLES (les notables), in French history, signifies the deputies of the states who were appointed and convoked by the king. In the early history of that country mention is several times made of the notables; but the first assembly of any importance was in 1558. From 1626 no such assembly was again called, till in 1786 the minister and controllergeneral Calonne conceived the idea of summoning the notables for the purpose of effecting several arrangements which he considered necessary: and there were accordingly assembled, by an ordonnance dated December 29, 1786, seven princes of the blood, nine dukes and peers, eight field-marshals, twenty-two noblemen, eight counsellors of state, four masters of requests (maîtres des requêtes), eleven archbishops, thirty-seven chief justices, twelve deputies of the pays-d'états, the civil lieutenant and twenty-five magistrates of the different cities of the kingdom, making in all 144 persons. After this assembly had continued its sessions from February 22 to May 25, 1787, it separated, and the following results of their labours were published:-1. The provincial assemblies were established according to a plan proposed by the notables; 2, the council of finance was organized as they wished, and was to publish annual reports of the receipts and expenditures, and also of the pardons and pensions; 3, the abolition of the corvées; 4, the abolition of the tolls and other obstacles to a free passage through the interior; 5, the abolition of the salt tax, which was to take place by degrees, as the revenue was improved by retrenchments, &c.; 6, freedom of the corn trade, and of the internal trade in general; 7, careful improvement in all departments, and a yearly retrenchment of at least £4,000,000; 8, retrenchment in the household of the queen and princes; 9, a yearly loan of 50,000,000 livres; 10, a yearly tax of 50,000,000 upon such articles as would render it least burdensome to the people; 11, the provincial assemblies were not to consent to the imposition of any new tax till the retrenchment should amount to £40,000,000. This assembly forms an epoch in the modern history of France. A second meeting of the notables was called in November, 1788, to consult on the manner of assembling the states-general. NOTARY (Latin, notarius, from nota, mark) originally denoted, with the Romans, those slaves or freedmen who acted as stenographers (making use of certain abbreviations, signs, note), particularly in the meetings of the senate. In later times the notarii were the secretaries of public authorities. From the Romans the name passed over to the nations of Western Europe; and in modern times a notary is a witness, appointed as such by government, whose testimony is in some cases useful, to give credibility to instruments; in other cases is required by law to give them full validity, as, for instance, in protests of bills of exchange, &c. In France the importance of the notary was, and still is, greater than anywhere else. He is not only a public witness for every one who wishes his testimony, but he is also the great witness of government. He makes all contracts, mortgages, and other deeds and conveyances, where the property in question amounts to more than 150 francs. The instruments of a notary have full authority, and no testimony against them is permitted: and the originals are preserved and registered by himself, the parties retaining only copies. The notaries also perform an important part in the division of inheritances, make the inventories, direct the business, and make a report of what has been done. In England a notary public is a person who publicly attests deeds, or writings, to make them authentic in another country; but he principally acts in business relating to commerce; makes protests of bills of exchange which are not accepted or not paid; attests the statements of masters of ships in regard to the damage which their vessels have suffered, &c. NOTATION, CHEMICAL. See CHEMISTRY. NOT GUILTY is the general issue or plea of the accused in a criminal action. When a prisoner has pleaded not guilty he is deemed to have put himself on his country for trial, and the court may order a jury for the trial of such person accordingly. Should he refuse to plead, or stand mute, the court may direct the proper officer to enter a plea of not guilty on his behalf, which has the same effect as if he had actually pleaded. Should the prisoner make a simple and plain confession of guilt, the court has nothing to do but to award punishment; but it is generally backward in receiving and recording such confession, and it mostly counsels the prisoner to retract it, and plead to the indictment. On an indictment for murder a man cannot plead that it was in his own defence, but must answer directly by the general negative, not guilty; the effect of which is, that it puts the prosecutor to the proof of every material fact alleged in the indictment, and it allows the prisoner to avail himself of any defensive circumstance as fully as if he had pleaded them in a specific form. If an English jury finds that the charge against the prisoner has not been satisfactorily proved they return a verdict of not guilty, and he is discharged. NOTICE TO QUIT. See LANDLORD AND TEN ANT. NOTO, a town of Sicily, in the province of Syracuse, and 14 miles south-west of the city of that name, on a height above the left bank of the Noto, near its mouth in the Ionian Sea. It was a place of great strength under the Saracens, and held out against the invading Northmen longer than any other Sicilian city. It is one of the most agreeably situated and best-built towns in the island, and contains several churches and convents, an hospital, college, and museum, rich in rare Greek, Roman, and Moorish coins; and some trade in corn, wine, and oil. Its site is said to be unhealthy. Pop. 14,362. NOTOCHORD, or CHORDA DORSALIS, the strueture which is developed in the early or embryonic life of every vertebrate animal, and which, in most instances, becomes or is replaced by the spine of adult existence. In the early development of the vertebrate egg or ovum the dorsal or upper surface of the embryo becomes elevated to form two ridge-like projections, inclosing between them a depression, |