exceed a certain proportion of the capital of the bank, and so forth. Such regulations are all very well, provided the banks choose to respect them; but there are no means whatever of insuring their observance; and their only effect is to make the public look for protection and security to what is altogether impotent and worthless for any good purpose. The suppression of local issues is indispensable in order to make a paper currency what it ought to be.. If, however, this be impossible in America, there is nothing left but to take security from the issuers of notes. All schemes for the improvement of banks, by making regulations as to the proportion of their issues, and advances to their bullion, capital, &c., are downright delusion and quackery. Table showing the Number and Capital of the various Banks existing in the United States at the undermentioned Periods. (See Letter of the Secretary of the Treasury, 8th January, 1838.) Account of the principal Articles of Produce exported from Java during each of the Ten Years ending Leaves nett gain 669,030 01 81,515 05 or 33 1-2 per cent. on original capital of two millions. 1928 216,182 8.226 23,010 1829 281,612 6,104 46.368 1830 288,740 6,061 22,063 1831 1832 1833 1:35 1537 684,947 12,487 822,492 49,400 1,852 1,648 44,321 2,134 1,19 30.249 803 1,304 299,086 7,836 42,-84 €3,271 1,581 2,550 314,173 7,075 168,211 82,385 5,144 3,849 345,872 47.801 23,072 14,323 947 260,166 5,407 217,490 75,421 1,942 1,171 210,947 44,304 30,344 16,731 1834 455,008 7,704 250,423 53,000 4,010 4,200 367,131 39,165 23,379 14,909 466,871 11,868 635,753 139,995 4,566 5,022 439,543 40,836 26,577 4,905 1836 498,077 7,006 407,798 120,000 2,155 3.86 509,513 47,739 36,430 49,968 93.071 2,925 3,778 676,085 44,417 25,870 19,505 15,538 31,301 600 534 73,780 1,397 108,6-10 21,426 13,521 5,090 The values of the principal products exported from Java, in 1836, were: Taking the florin at 1s. 8d., the total value of the exports is 3,521.8031. Among the principal articles of import are cotton goods; copper, iron, and steel; glass and earthenware; wines and spirits; provisions, &c. We have not learned the exact value of the imports in 1836, but, taking it at 2,500,000l., it will make the whole trade of the island amount to about 6,000,000. It is stated in the Dictionary (vol. i. p. 378.) that the export of coffee from Java might be estimated at about 18,000 tons; but it appears from the above table, that it has increased so rapidly that it amounted, in 1837, taking the picul at 136 lbs. to 93,152,792 lbs., or to above 41,500 tons! The export of sugar during the same year exceeded 40,000 tons. BOMBAY. In 1836-7, 28 ships, of the aggregate burden of 20,800 tons, mostly owned by native merchants resident in Bombay, were employed in the China trade; and there are besides a considerable number of large ships engaged in the trade to England and other places. They are for the most part navigated by Indian seamen or Lascars, those of Bombay being accounted by far the best in India; the master and superior officers only, and not always, being Englishmen. In 1836-7, there arrived at Bombay 253 ships (222 under British colours) of the aggregate burden of 104,913 tons.-A. The small and sterile island of Bombay affords no produce for exportation; indeed, hardly yields a week's consumption of corn for its inhabitants. Nor does the whole presidency of Bombay, although estimated to contain about 70,000 square miles, and from 10,000,000 to 11,000,000 inhabitants, yield, with the exception of cotton and rice, any of the great colonial staples, such as coffee, sugar, and indigo; a circumstance that seems mainly ascribable to the impolitic restraints upon the employment of British settlers and capital that were long imposed by law, and acted upon with peculiar rigour in this and the sister presidency of Madras, in contradistinction to the greater latitude afforded in Bengal. Bombay is also much less favourably situated, in respect of internal communications, than Calcutta. The Ganges and its tributary streams intersect the richest provinces of India, and give Calcutta a vast command of inland navigation; whereas all the inland trade of Bombay has to be carried on by means of roads, that are seldom available for carriages, and which can be used only by pack-bullocks and camels. The transit duties, by which the inland trade has been grievously oppressed, were abolished in Bengal in 1836; and they either have been, or are, immediately to be abolished in Bombay. And were this judicious measure followed up the formation of lines of road to the principal markets in the interior, a great increase of the trade of the town and improvement of the presidency would be the result. The principal trade of Bombay is carried on with China, Great Britain, the countries on the Persian and Arabian gulfs, Calcutta, Cutch, and Sinde, the Malabar coast, foreign Europe, &c. The imports from China consist principally of raw silk, sugar, and sugarcandy, silk piece goods, treasure, &c. The principal articles of export to China, are raw cotton (44,464,364 lbs., in 1836-37.), opium (20,882 chests, in 1836-37.), principally from Malwa, pearls, sharks' fins and fish maws, sandal-wood, &c. The exports to China being much greater than the imports, the returns for several years past have been made to a large extent in hills on London, drawn by American and other houses in China, and in bills on the Indian governments, drawn by the Agents of the East India Company in China. The trade with the United Kingdom has been regularly increasing since the abolition of the restrictive system. The chief articles of import from Great Britain are, cotton and woollen stuffs, cotton yarn, hardware, copper, iron, and lead, glass, apparel, fur, stationary, wine, &c. The principal articles of export to Britain are, raw cotton (68,163,901 lbs. in 1836–37.), raw silk, from China and Persia, ivory, pepper, and spices, piece goods, coffee, and wool. The export of the last mentioned article has increased with extraordinary rapidity, the quantity shipped for England in 1833-34 being only 69,944 lbs.; whereas the shipments for England in 1836-37 amounted to 2,444,019 lbs.! At present the principal supply of the article is drawn from Cutch and Sinde, and from Marwar, via Guzerat; but active measures have been taken by government for improving the flocks in the pastoral country of the Deccan, so that a further and very considerable increase of this new and important trade may be anticipated. The trade between Bombay and the ports on the Persian gulf has materially varied of late years. A large portion of the articles of British produce and manufacture that were formerly exported to Persia, by way of Bombay and Bushire, being now sent through Trebisond and ports in the Levant; and a considerable portion of the raw silk that used to be exported from Persia, via Bombay, being now also sent through the ports referred to. On the other hand, however, there is a considerable increase in the exports and imports of other articles; so that, on the whole, the amount of the trade has not materially varied. The trade between Bombay and Calcutta is not so great now as it was formerly; the abolition of the restrictive system in 1815 having given Bombay the means of bringing various articles direct from foreign ports which she was previously obliged to import at second-hand from Calcutta, and of exporting directly. Account of the total Value of the Imports into, and of the Exports from Bombay, in the official years 1816-17, 1826-27, and 1836-37. Total Rupees. Subordinate Ports. 1,86,53,246 Panwell and Concant Surat Guzerat 2,55,30,479 3,25,167 £1,192 3,46,359 54,94,473 24,19,037 79,13,510 55,33,682 49.89.236 1,05,2 2,918 23,76,202 7,25,503 31,02,705 22,62,011 3,89,414) 24,51,426 15,09,845 7,30,615 22,41,480j 40,85,915 3,42,785 44,28,710 73,47,696 39,24,626 1,12,72,322 81,30,010 17.31.811 98,61,821 67,87,193 10,90,480 1,51,04.181 67,33,077 5.99.05,978 1,51,24,533 74,51,662 The sale or purchase of diamonds, pearls, and jewellery of all descriptions - 21-2 -21-2 The sale or purchase of treasure or bullion, exclusive of 1 per cent, on receipt of the proceeds 1 Procuring freight - 5 Shipping goods of every description -21-2 Shipping treasure, bullion, and jewellery Ships' disbursements when no commission has been charged on freight or cargo 21.2 Effecting insurances General Rates of Commission in Bombay.-On the sale or purchase | Surrendering, or depositing in the treasury, Company's secu -21-2 Settling insurance losses, whether partial or total; also on procuring return of premium, exclusive of comniission on receipt of cash 1-2 Receipt of payment (at the option of the agent) of all monies - 1 . I Del credere or guaranteeing the responsibility of persons to 21-2 - 51-2 Collecting house rent - 21-2 Effecting remittances by bills of exchange (not being the proceeds of goods sold). .1 Taking up interest bills from the Company (exclusive of 1 per cent. on remitting) 1-2 Sale or purchase of public or private bills of exchange Exchanging Companies' securities of all descriptions, or investing money therein, and on transferring government paper from one constituent to another 1 1-2 [BOSTON. The number of arrivals at Boston, during the year 1838, was 1313; during the year 1839, was 1553. Increase 240. The following Table exhibits the amount of salt, coal, grain, and potatoes, brought to this port during the past eleven years : All cases where the debtor side of the account exceeds the -21-2 In the above is included the salt and coal re-shipped for debenture. There was exported from Boston during the year 1840, 24,500 standard bushels of salt, and 95,259 bushels of coal.-Am. Ed.] CALCUTTA. (See Table on the next page.) COINS. [Statement of Deposits and Coinage at the Mint of the United States and its Branches, in the Year Philadelphia 138,500 904,000 1,861,600 183,412 1,040,747 50 5,948,272 1,949,136 3,128,661 31,286 61 Dollars. 9,260,345 3,021,170 11 41,640 162,767 50 New Orleans. 6,869 78,290 173,901 2,401,600 227,160 385,240 982,290 2,025,401 257,665 1,332,395 00 8,349,872 2,176,296 3,128,661 31,296 61 11,736,198 3,529,977 61 Statement of Deposits and Coinage at the Mint of the United States and its Branches, in the Year United 124,726 121,858 31,828 127,055 26,429 123,310 2,8365 162,094 666,676 56,600 217,500 3,390,300 698,100 of... 31,828 127.055 26.428 123,310 3,446,900 915,600 426,195 1,187,326 1,699,746 318,435' 1,675,302 7,777,106 1,726,703 2,462,700 24,627 10,558,240 3,426 632 Am. Ed.] An Account showing the Total Amount of the Import and Export Trade of Calcutta in 1836-37 and 1837-38; showing also the Amount of the Trade with each country, and the proportion per cent, which the Trade with each Country bears to the total Amount of the Trade. (Bell's Review of the Commerce of Bengal for 1836-37 and 1837-38.) Statement of the Consumption, Exportation, &c. of the different Sorts of Cotton Wool, in and from Great Britain, in 1839. Return of the Number of Emigrants from the United Kingdom in 1839, specifying the Colonies and Countries for which they cleared out, and the Numbers that cleared out for each.-Parl. Paper, No. 113. Sess. 1840.) [The reader will find in vol. i. p. 42., a statement of the value of the fish exported annually from the United States, from 1790 to 1838, inclusive. The value of the fish imported during the year ending on the 30th of September, 1839, was, of dried or smoked fish, $21,303; of salmon (pickled), $73,768; of mackerel (pickled), §60,374, and of all other pickled fish, $71,489. |