Navigation Law of Sweden.-A new navigation law was passed for Sweden on the 28th of October, 1935. The following extracts from an Ordinance, issued on the 22nd of December of the same year, should be attended to by all merchants and ship-owners engaged in the trade with Sweden: "The masters of foreign as well as Swedish vessels, who take in goods destined for Sweden at a foreign port where a Swedish consul is stationed, are required before their departure to produce to the consul a duplicate, signed by them, of the manifest of the cargo, along with the original bills of lading. After the consul has compared the bill of lading with the manifest, and found them to agree, and affixed his attestation thereof in the manifest, these papers, of which the bills of lading are to have a string drawn through the whole, and the consul's seal affixed thereon, are to be returned to the captain. "The bills of lading for cargoes coming from an European port, and not shipped in bulk, must state the mark and number, with the gross weight and cubic contents of each package, according to the weights and measures in use at the port of loading. A captain, Swede or foreigner, in charge of a laden vessel from a port where a Swedish consul is stationed, is required, on giving in at the customhouse a list of his cargo, to deliver at the same time a duplicate of his manifest, attested as stated in the first paragraph, or otherwise he will be subjected to a fine of one hundred rix-dollars. "A captain, foreign or Swedish, destined to a port in Sweden not enjoying the privilege of receiving goods in bond, and having on board his vessel goods for re-exportation not admitted for consumption in Sweden, must show proof by passport, certificate, or other duly authenticated document from the port of loading, that he intended to proceed with such goods to a foreign port therein specially named, or otherwise such goods will be liable to confiscation." N. B.-The ports enjoying the privilege of receiving goods in bond, prohibited as well as permitted, are the following :-Stockholm, Gothenberg, Carismaven, Landscrona, and Soderkoping. Statement of the Commerce and Navigation of Sweden with Foreign Countries in 1833. (SWEETS.-An excise duty was imposed on sweets-that is, on home-made wines, mead, or metheglin, &c.-manufactured for sale, so early as 1696. In 1803 it amounted to 498. a barrel; the produce of the duty varying from that year to 1816 from about 21,000/ to about 33,000l. a year. But in 1816 it fell off to little more than half its previous amount. This sudden decline was doubtless occasioned by the great increase in the consumption of Cape wine, consequent to the reduction of the duty on it, in 1814, from about 6s. to about 2s. 6d. a gallon. In 1817 it was attempted to revive the manufacture of home-made wine, by taking a third from the duty on sweets; which amounted, after the reduction, to about 18. 04d. a gallon; and in 1826 it was further reduced to 6d. But the ease with which the article may be made by private individuals, and the decisive check given, by the introduction of Cape and other foreign wines, to the use of home-made substitutes, prevented these reductions from having any material influence; and in 1832 the duty had dwindled to 3,7211. Under these circumstances, the Commissioners of Excise Inquiry wisely recommended the abolition of the duty, which has been effected by the act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 77.--(Fifth Report by the Commissioners of Excise Inquiry, p. 18., &c.)—Sup.) SYDNEY, the capital of New South Wales, and of the British settlements in New Holland, or Australia, in lat. 33° 55′ S., lon. 150° 10′ E. Population (December, 1835) about 20,000. Sydney is situated on a cove on the south side of Port Jackson, about 7 miles from its mouth. The water is of sufficient depth to allow the largest ships to come close to the shore. The inlet or harbour, denominated Port Jackson, is one of the finest natural basins in the world. It stretches about 15 miles into the country, and has numerous creeks and bays; the anchorage is every where excellent, and ships are protected from every wind. The entrance to this noble bay is between 2 gigantic cliffs not quite 2 miles apart. On the most southerly, in lat. 33° 51' 30" S., lon. 151° 16′ 30′′ E., there is a light house, the lantern of which is elevated 67 feet above the ground, and about 345 above the sea. Owing to a want of attention at first, the streets of Sydney were laid out and the houses built, according to the views of individuals, without any fixed or regular plan. But latterly this defect has been to a considerable degree remedied in the old streets; and the new ones are systematically laid out. The town covers a great extent of land; almost every house having a considerable piece of ground attached to it. There are different joint stock banks at Sydney; and there is also a savings' bank. Schools for the instruction of poor children have been established; and there are, besides, two establishments dignified with the pompous title of colleges, numerous seminaries, some of them said to be very well conducted, for the education of the middle and upper classes. There are several periodical publications. Population, &c.-The British settlements in New South Wales were originally intended to serve as penal establishments, to which convicts might be transported, and employed in public and private works; and are still used for this purpose. The first vessel with convicts arrived at Botany Bay in January, 1788; but it having been found to be quite unsuitable as a site for a colony, the establishment was removed to Port Jackson. The progress of the colony has been much more rapid than might have been anticipated, considering the character and habits of the convicts annually landed upon its shores, the difficulties which the great distance from England interpose in the way of an emigration of voluntary settlers, and the inferiority of the soil. Owing to the circumstance of the great majority of the convicts and other emigraats being males, a great disproportion has always existed between the sexes in the colony, which has materially retarded its progress, and been, in other respects, productive of very pernicious results. Government, however, availing itself of the assistance of benevolent individuals at home, and in the colony, has within these few years endeavoured to lessen the disproportion referred to, by sending out considerable numbers of young unmarried females, free of expense. Much, it was obvious, of the influence of this measure, would depend on the discrimination with which the female emigrants were selected; and various precautions were taken by the organisation of committees, and otherwise, to exclude from amongst them ail whose character was found to be in any degree suspicious. It was not, however, to be expected that these precautions should be completely successful; and the most conflicting accounts have been received as to the conduct of the females on their landing, and the influence of their immigration on the colony. There can be no question, indeed, that the latter has, in many respects, fallen short of the anticipations of its promoters; and that, whether from want of due care in the selection, or from the force of circumstances, many of the emigrants have fallen into vicious courses. On the whole, however, we have no doubt that the measure has been decidedly advantageous; and that it will tend both to increase the population, and to improve the morals of the colony. Climate. The climate of such parts of New South Wales as have been explored by the English is particularly mild and salubrious. The high summer heat indicated by the thermometer has not the relaxing and enfeebling effect that a similar high temperature has in India and many other countries. Fearless of damps, and unmolested by noxious insects, the traveller may throw himself under the shade of the first tree that invites him, and sleep in safety. On the other hand, however, the climate has the serious defect of being too dry. It seems to be subject to the periodical recurrence of severe droughts. These prevail sometimes for 2, 3, or even 4 years together. The last "great drought” began in 1826, and did not terminate till 1829. Very little rain fell during the whole of this lengthened period, and for more than 6 months there was not a single shower! In consequence, the whole surface of the ground was so parched and withered, that all minor vegetation ceased; and even culinary vegetables were raised with much difficulty. It well nigh ruined many of the settlers; nor is the colony as yet quite recovered from its effects.-(Breton's Ercursions in New South Wales, p. 296. ; Sturt's Southern Australia, vol. i. p. 2.) There was, also, a pretty severe drought in 1835. This is, in fact, the great drawback upon the colony; and were it more populous, the droughts would expose it to still more serious difficulties. Soil, Products, &c.-The fertility of the soil in most parts of New Holland that have been explored with any care is very far, indeed, from corresponding with the glowing descriptions of some of its casual visitors, whose imaginations seem to have been dazzled by the magnificence of its botanical productions, and the clearness and beauty of the climate. The truth is, that the bad land seems to bear a much greater proportion to the good in New Holland, than in almost any other country with which we are acquainted. Different theories have been framed to account for the fact; Lut of the fact itself there seems no manner of doubt. Of course, it is not to be supposed but that in a country of such vast extent there must be some fertile districts; but along the east coast, with which we are best acquainted, these seem to be much more confined than might have been expected; and the little experience we have had on the west side, at Swan River and other places, does not seem to lead to any more favourable conclusions. It is true that only a comparatively small part of the interior has as yet been explored; and it is not improbable that in the hitherto undiscovered regions of this vast continent, land suitable for tillage may be found. At present, however, it would appear that the soil and climate, not of New South Wales only, but of New Holland generally, are much better fitted for pastoral than for agricultural pursuits. The colony is mainly indebted for the introduction of the sheep farming system to the example and exertions of John Macarthur, Esq. Its success has exceeded the expectations of the most sanguine. The growth and exports of wool have increased with a rapidity hitherto unexampled in the history of industry. In 1822, only 152 80lbs. of wool were exported; in 1825, the exports amounted to 411,600 lbs.; in 1830, to 899,750 lbs.; and in 1835, to no fewer than 3,273,353 lbs.; being an increase of about 800 per cent. in the interval between 1825 and 1835! And considering the attention that is now universally paid to the improvement of the breed of sheep, the efforts made by the colonists to increase their numbers, and the all but boundless extent of pasture land over which they may be diffused, it is impossible to conjecture to what extent the production of woo' may be carried. Under these circumstances, we need not wonder that some of the best informed individuals belonging to the colony are of opinion that the inhabitants would equally consult their security and their profit, were they to devote their entire attention to their flocks, fisheries, and commerce, depending for supplies of corn, flour, &c., on the imports from America, Madagascar, India, the Philippine Islands, Van Diemen's land, &c. In the above sum of 991,9904, being the imports for 1834, is included the sum of 156, 1334, the value of whale and other oil brought into the colony; but this being ain.ost wholly the produce of the industry of the colonists, ought certainly to be excluded from the im ports, the real amount of which, in 1834, will, consequently, be 839,8571. The value of the imports in 1835, when corrected in the same way, may be taken at about 900,000l. The excess of the imports over the exports is a consequence of the expense incurred by this country on account of the convict establishments. In 1933-34 this item amounted, for New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, to 371,010L We subjoin a return of the quantities of the principal articles imported into Sydney from the 1st of January to the 31st of December, 1834. The principal articles and their value exported in 1833, 1834, and 1835 were Arrivals.-In 1834, 245 ships, of the burden of 57,442 tons, entered Port Jackson of these 58 ships, tonna 20.906, were from Great Britain, 112 ships, tonnage 23,730, from British colonies, and 76 ships, tourage 13,896, from foreign states. In 1835 there arrived 209ships, of the burden of 3,260 tons, Fishery.-The fishery is said not to have been profitable for some time past. This is ascribed partly to the heavy expenses attending the outfit of a vessel at Sydney, where labour is dear, and capital may be profitably invested at a high interest; and partly to the increasing scarcity of the fish, and the consequent greater difficulty of the catch. We are unable to decide as to the exact degree of weight that should be given to this statement. Probably it is a little exaggerated; though, on the whole, we are inclined to think that it has some con siderable foundation in fact.-(Carmichael's Hints on Emigration, p. 27. Sydney edition.) The trade carried on between New South Wales and New Zealand is daily becoming of more and more importance. The imports of fax from the latter into this country are now, as we have already seen, of considerable value and importance. Colonial Income. We subjoin an account of the revenue of New South Wales for the 7 years ending with 1835. Revenue of New South Wales, from the 1st of January, 1829, to the 31st of December, 1835. 1,162 13 7 9C3 10 3 688 10 0 $76 19 11 4,712 1 4 388 11 3 3,549 12 8 Customs Duty on spirits distilled in the colony Post-office collections Auction duty, and licences to auction eers Licences to retail malt and spirituous liquors Licences to hawkers and pediers. Crown lands. Rents of tolls, ferries, and market and government pre mises Fees of public offices Totals 776 14 32 2,172 2 6 786 3 4 102.784 16 2 104,729 4 1121,65 14 11 135,909 15 6 164,063 5 10 205,535 10 24 273.744 13 101 It is seen from this statement that the revenue of the colony is rapidly increasing; and were it not for the heavy expenses necessarily incurred on account of the conveyance and superintendence of convicts, it would be more than adequate to meet the outgoings, * The returns for 1835 have not been derived from the Custom House, and may not, therefore, be - quite accurate; but the error must be inconsiderable. Consumption of Spirits.-We need not be surprised, considering | nual supply of 55-8th gallons to each individual. It has been prohow the population is ina le up, that drunkenness should be rather prised to lessen this consumption by increasing the customs duties on prevalent in New South Wales, and the consumption of spirits pro-apartea spirits, and prohibiting distillation in the colony. But the portionally great. In 1935 there were entered for consumption in forine are already high; and it is all but certain at their further the colony as follows: viz., rum 234,783 proof gallons, brandy 33,453 increase, and the prohibition of home distillation, would give rise to do, gin 16,207 do., other foreign and British spirits 1,205 do., and an extensive smuggling trade, and be injurious to the revenue withpiri's produced in the colony, 8,450 do, making in all 291,138 gil out being in other respects of any material service. lons; which, taking the population at 80,00, gives an average anMonies, Weights, and Measures.-Accounts are kept in sterling money; but Spanish dollars are inost abundant. They pass current at 5s. each. The weights and measures are the same as those of Eng land. Rates of Agency, Commission, and Warehare Rent, agreed to at a Mecting of the New South Wales Chamber of Commerce, 1828. Commission. 1. On all sales or purchases of ships and other vessels, houses, or lands, where no advance on them has been made, 2 1-2 per cent. On all other sales, purchases, or shipments, 5 per cent. On goods consigned and afterwards withdrawn, or seat to public auction, if no advance on them has been made, 2 1-4 per cent 2. On giving orders for the provision of goods, 2 1-2 per cent. 3. On guaranteeing sales, Lills, bonds, or other engagements, 2 1-2 per cent. 4. On the management of estates for others, 5 per cent. 9. On the recovery of money, 212 per cent. If by law or arbitra. 11. Ou attending the delivery of contract goods, 2 per cent. 11. Ou obtaining money on respondentia, 2 per cent. 16. Ou purchasing, selling, receiving from any of the public offices, 17. On all iteins on the debit or credit side of an account, on which a 19. On the dishonour of foreign bills, exclusive of protest and other Warehouse Rent. 6. On procuring freight or charter, and on freight collected, 5 per On ell measurement goods, Is. per ton of 40 cubic feet, per week. cent. 6. On insurances effected, 1-2 per cent. 7. On settling losses, partial or general, 1 per cent. 8. Ua effecting remitiances, or purchasing, selling, or negotiating bills of exchange, 1 per cent. Articles upon which levied. On liquids, Ir. Id. per tun of 252 gallons told measure) per week On grain, 4d. per bushel for first month, and 1-2d. per bushel per On iron, lead, &c., 4d. per ton per week. Duties levied at Sydney under Acts of Parliament. Shipping Charges in Port Jackson, &c. Pilotage Rates, payable to licensed pilots on ships and vessels from | and to a distance of 2 leagues out to sea, into and out of any port or harbour in New South Wales, for which a pilot sha I be app int ed; vessels registered in Sydney, not exceedling 50 tons, or while For every vessel drawing L. 1. d. -400 7 feet or under -and under 9 feet Present Duties levied. employed in the consting trade from one part of New South Wales to another, and steam vessels, while so enployed, excepted, unless the assistance of a pilot be required and receive 1. For every vessel drawing -450 13 feet and under 14 feet. 16 - L. t. d. 9.10 O - 10 0 0 8 9 10 12 - 11 0 0 12 0 0 - 8 10 0 And so on, 11. for every additional foot. 900 On every ship or vessel above 50 and not exceeding 100 Dozen of spades and shovels Letters from and to New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land to pay a sea postage of 3d., and all other Ship Letters a sea postage of 4d, in addition to the inland Postage payable thereon. Parcels of Newspapers, printed Prices Cur rent, or other periodical Publications, exported or importel, to be charged a sea postage at the rate of 1d. for every 4 ounces of their weight. L. s. d. 026 L. s. d. Ton of salt 016 0 20 Tou of flax 010 Pipe or puncheon 010 Ton of cordage Hogshead Ton of potatoes Hottle of paint, oil, or turpentine 026 Millstone Four-wheeled carriage 020 050 Emigration to New South Wales holds out several advantages to the industrious emigrant, which, however, are partially at least, if they be not wholly, countervailed by sundry disadvantages. There is at all times a pretty brisk demand for additional labour; wages, though not extravagant, are high; provisions, except in years of drought, are moderately cheap; and above all, the climate is mild, healthy, and suitable for European constitutions. The great drawbacks are,--the immense distance from Europe, and the consequent cost of the voyage; the general inferiority and high price of the land; the frequent recurrence of droughts; and the large amount of convict population.-The greater mildBess and salubrity of the climate appears to be the principal, or rather perhaps the only recommendation, in favour of emigrating to Australia rather than to Canada or the United States. Whether, however, this be a sufficient counterpoise to the peculiar disadvantages attending it, is a point which we do not presume to decide, but which deserves the most serious consideration from intending emigrants. It seems to be the unanimous opinion of every one acquainted with the colony, and entitled to be heard upon such a subject, that, "in every case, emigrants of every sort will find it for their interest to come out married."-(Carmichael's Tract, Sydney edit. p. 57.) Expense of the Voyage.-This, of course, differs, at different periods; but, speaking generally, it may be estimated, inclusive of provisions, at about 167. for adults, and S. for children. This is about three times the cost of the voyage to Quebec; the expense of conveying an adult to the latter not generally exceeding 51., and children in proportion. Wages-It is always very difficult to obtain authentic information as to the state of wages in any country, but especially in a cojony. The owners of lands in the colonies, and the shipowners engaged in the trade with them, being generally interested in the promotion of emigration, endeavour to set its advantages, of which high wages are probably one of the greatest, in the most striking point of view. The accounts of wages furnished by such persons being consequently liable to suspicion, we have endeavoured, when we had occasion to allude to such subjects, to supply our readers with statements derived from oticial or other sources less liable to be biassed. Even these, however, have not always proved so accurate as could have been wished. In the former impressions of this work we inserted in this place an account of the rates of wages at Sydney embodied in an official paper issued from the Colonial Office, in July, 1831, by the commissioners for facilitating emigration. But we regret to say that the apparently well-founded confidence we had in it has turned out to be not a little misplaced. The Rev. Henry Carmichael, one of the Professors in the Australian College, Sydney, has shown in his valuable tract, already referred to, entitled Hints to Emigrants to New South Wales, that the commissioners had been deceived by erroneous information, and that the statements they put forth were "calculated very seriously to mislead," and that, in point of fact, they did mislead, very many individuals, who, on arriving at Sydney, found the wages far below what they had been led to expect. A committee, consisting of the most intelligent mechanics at Syd | ney, drew up, in 1833, a report on the eligibilty of New South Wales as a place of resort for emigrant mechanics, in which, anong other things, they declare that the account of the rate of wages pub Tabed by the Emigration Commissioners, "is extravagant and ridi culous." "Common labourers,' they say," do not earn more than 4. to 58. per week, with rations and lodgings; mechanics out of Sidney do not average more than 151, to 2% per annum, with ra tions, c.; mechanics of the highest qualifications, in Sydney, do not average more than 21. per week the year round. Agricultural la bourers, capable of managing a farm in the capacity of bailiff, not more than 154, to 201. per andun, with rations, and but to live in; and persons of higher grades and similar occupations cannot get are tha 40 to 601. per annum and rations.” Is corroboration of the accuracy of these statements, Mr. Carmichiel gives the substance of a letter from William McPherson, Esq., collector of internal revenue, and secretary of the Emigrants' Friend Society, dated the 18th of June, 1833. Good mechanics," says he, "can earn, in Sydney, from 30%. to 40. per week, without board or lodging; and in the country from 201. in 30 per annum, with house and rations.* Common labourers in Sydney obtain about 148. per week, with out board or lodging; and in the country, about 121. per annuin, with house (or rather hut) and rations. "Wages given to faim servants vary with their qualifications; 501. to 60, with a house and rations, may be considered the highest wages given to overseers of a superior description, and 201. to 231. to those of humbler pretensions. Their being married or single makes, in general, no difference in the rate of wages, unless where the females are expected to perform any domestic duties: but rations are usually given to the wife and children of a married overseer as well as to himself. Good ploughmen, or shepherds, obtain from 15. to 201. with a bouse and rations. Wages of domestic servants are Of a single man Of a single woman Of a married couple. from L, 12 to L. 20 "N. B.-A married pair of emigrants may easily find a small house, containing 2 apartments, to accommodate them on their arri. val, at a weekly rent of from 7s. to IC.; and an unmarried man may lodge and board for 10s. 6d. per week."-Carmichael's Tract, pp. 50, 51. Sydney ed.) Mr. Carmichael gives in the 2d edition of his tract, published at Sydney, in January, 1836, the following details as to the descriptions of workmen that were then most in demand in the colony with the wages they were accustomed to earn : Boat builders, 64. to Ss, per day.-See Shipwrights. Caulkers, 8s. to 9s. per day.-Work usually done by shipwrights. Coopers, 7s. to S. per uay --Employment uncertain. Yet the salting trade is good, and consequently ought to promise employment for coopers. Compositors, 258. to 358. per week.-A few steady men wanted to supplant drunkards. Cabinet makers and Upholsterers, 58. to 7s. per day.-Not at present in deman except as carpenters. Cooks, s. 6 to 10s. per week, and rations.-Men usually employed. Careful servants of this description, of sober and steady habits, wanted. Coppersmiths, 30s. to 40s. per week.-Good workmen would find en ployment. Dairy Women, 101 to 151. per annum, lodging and rations.-In extreme demand. Engineers, 241, to 428, per week, and rations-The class of men here Farriers. No regular wages. See blamiths. Field Labourers. 3. per day, or 6s. per week, and rations.-All kinds Gardeners, 15 to 401, per annum, and rations. See vine-dressers. Joiners, 5, 6d, to 6s. 6d. per day.--Good workinen in demand. Locksmiths, 68, to 78. per day.-A few good general workmen would Millwrights, 6. to 8s. per day.-The sort of hands wanted are men who have been accustomed to fit up wooden gear. Milkmen, 101 to 151. per annum, and rations.-All kinds of husbandry-men in demand. Nailers, 408. per week, and upwards.--Good workmen sure to find employment. Na Is have been imported largely of late. Parchment-makers: sheep-skius 1d. to 2d, each.--In the course of time, parchment is likely to be manufactured for exportation. At present, there is at least one parchment maker in Sydney; two could not support themselves by their trade. Plasterers, 423. per week.-lu demand. An excellent trade. Ploughmen, 10. to 121. per annum, lodging and rations -All agricul tural labourers, shepherds, sheep-shearers, &c, may be so rated. Brickmakers, Bs, to 10. per thousand for making-Good workmen Plumbers, 63. to 78. per day.--One or two might find employment. will always find employment. Bricklayers, 69. to 73. per day.-Ditto, ditto. Blacksmiths, 241. tn 42s. per week.-Good workmen in demand. Brewers, Mallsters, 38, to 4, per day.-Brewers are increasing. Commor labourers employed. Chairmakers, 25s. to 30 per week.-Market gluted at present. Carpenters, 68. 6d. to 7s. per day-Always in demand, especially good workmen, Polters, rated as labouring mea--An extensive manufactory of coarse earthenware is just established, capable of supplying the wants of the colony. One or two good hands might find employ ment. Printers and pressmen, 25s. to 30s. per week.-Sober steady men Quarrymen, 4, 10 6s. per day. Always find employment. haruess makers. The rations allowed to free labourers may be rated per week Sawyers, 68. to 7s. 6d. per 100 feet.-Good workmen in great re as follows, viz.— Lbs. oz. 02 0 2 .0 21 Soap. · 0 2 - 10 Milk! 7 quarts This latter (the milk), being given in lieu of tea and sugar. So that labourers, if well-behaved and industrious, are sure to raise themselves above the station which they occupy at home." ques'. Shipwrights, 78. to Es. per day.-Flenty of employment for good |