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BOOKS RECEIVED

Andrews, Irene O. and Hobbs, Margarett A. Economic Effects of the War upon Women and Children in Great Britain. New York: Oxford University Press. 1919. pp. 190. $1.00. (Publication of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.)

Barron, C. W. War Finance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1919. pp. 368. $1.50.

Beard, Margaret K. The Relation between Dependency and Retardation: A Study of 1351 Public School Children Known to the Minneapolis Associated Charities. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis. 1919. pp. 17. 25 cents. (Research Publications of the University of Minnesota, Vol. VIII, No. 1.)

British Minister of Labor. Report of an Inquiry as to Works Committees. London: Ministry of Labour. 1919. pp. 131. (Reprinted by Industrial Relations Division, United States Shipping Board, Emergency Fleet Corporation.)

Butterfield, K. L. The Farmer and the New Day. New York: Macmillan. 1919. pp. 311. $2.00.

Carver, T. N. War Thrift. New York: Oxford University Press. 1919. pp. 68. (Publication of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.)

Cerf, Barry. Alsace-Lorraine since 1870. New York: Macmillan. 1919. pp. 190. $1.50.

Cleveland, F. A. and Schafer, J. (Editors). tion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Commons, J. R. Industrial Goodwill.

Democracy in Reconstruc1919. pp. 491. $1.50. New York: McGraw-Hill

Book Co. 1919. pp. 213. $2.00. Dickinson, G. L. (Introduction by). Problems of the International

Settlement. New York: Macmillan. 1919. pp. 205.

$2.50.

(Papers reprinted and translated from the Recueil de Rapports published by the "Central Organization for a Durable Peace.") Douglass, H. P. The Little Town, especially in its Rural Relationships. New York: Macmillan. 1919. pp. 258. $1.50.

Fairlie, J. A. British War Administration. New York: Oxford University Press. 1919. pp. 302. (Publication of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.)

Flint, G. E. The Whole Truth about Alcohol. New York: The Macmillan Co. 1919. pp. 294. $1.50.

Gephart, W. F. Effects of the War upon Insurance, with Special Reference to the Substitution of Insurance for Pensions. New York: Oxford University Press. 1919. pp. 302. $1.00. (Publication of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.)

Hobson, J. A. Richard Cobden: The International Man. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1919. pp. 416. $5.00.

Hollander, J. H. War Borrowing: A Study of Treasury Certificates of Indebtedness of the United States. New York: Macmillan. 1919. pp. 215. $1.50.

Kinley, David (Editor). Early Economic Effects of the European War upon Canada; Early Effects of the European War upon the Finance,

Commerce, and Industry of Chile. New York: Oxford University Press. 1919. pp. 101. $1.00. (Publication of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.)

Lehfeldt, R. A. Gold, Prices and the Witwatersrand. London: P. S. King. 1919. pp. 130. 58. 2d.

Lippmann, Walter. The Political Scene: An Essay on the Victory of 1918. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1919. pp. 124. $1.00. McVey, F. L. The Financial History of Great Britain, 1914-18. New York: Oxford University Press. 1919. pp. 101. (Publication of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.)

Munro, W. B. The Government of the United States. New York: Macmillan. 1919. pp. 648. $2.75.

National Industrial Conference Board. Hours of Work as Related to Output and Health of Workers: Silk Manufacturing. Boston: National Industrial Conference Board. 1919. pp. 54. $1.00. (Research Report, No. 16.)

Problems of Industrial Readjustment in the United States. Boston: National Industrial Conference Board. 1919. pp. 58. $1.00. (Research Report, No. 15.)

Rest Periods for Industrial Workers. Boston: National Industrial Conference Board. 1919. pp. 55. $1.00. (Research Report, No. 13.)

Wartime Changes in the Cost of Living. Boston: National Industrial Conference Board. 1919. pp. 33. $1.00.

New Jersey, State Chamber of Commerce. Teachers' Retirement Systems in New Jersey: Their Fallacies and Evolution. Newark: New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce. 1919. pp. 87. (Report of the Bureau of State Research, prepared by Paul Studensky.) New York, Department of Labor. The Industrial Replacement of Men by Women in the State of New York. Albany: New York Department of Labor. 1919. pp. 68. (Special Bulletin.)

A Plan for Shop Safety, Sanitation and Health Organization. Albany: J. B. Lyon Co. 1919. pp. 32. (Special Bulletin.)

Weekly Earnings of Women in Five Industries (Paper Boxes, Shirts and Collars, Confectionery, Cigars and Tobacco, and Mercantile Establishments). Albany: J. B. Lyon Co. 1919. pp. 21. (Special Bulletin prepared by the Bureau of Statistics and Information.)

Odencrantz, Louise C. Italian Women in Industry: A Study of Conditions in New York City. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 1919. pp. 345. $1.50.

Ohio, Industrial Commission of. Statistics of Mines and Quarries in Ohio. Columbus: Industrial Commission of Ohio. 1919. pp. 96. Union Scale of Wages and Hours of Labor in Ohio on May 15. 1918. Columbus: Industrial Commission of Ohio. 1919. pp. 47. Overlach, T. W. Foreign Financial Control in China. New York: Macmillan. 1919. pp. 295. $2.00.

Russell, Bertrand. Proposed Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1919. pp. 218. $1.50. Scott, J. B. James Madison's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 and their Relation to a more Perfect Society of Nations. New York: Oxford University Press. 1919. pp. 149. $2.00. Smith, J. R. Influence of the Great War upon Shipping. New York: Oxford University Press. 1919. pp. 357.

Stull, William. The Food Crisis and Americanism. New York: Macmillan. 1919. pp. 135. $1.25.

Swiss Bank Corporation. Financial and Commercial Review, 1918. London: Swiss Bank Corporation. 1919. pp. 56.

U. S. Provost Marshal General. Second Report to the Secretary of War on the Operations of the Selective Service System to December 20, 1918. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1919. pp. 607. U.S. Shipping Board, Marine and Dock Industrial Relations Division. Report on Marine and Dock Labor: Work, Wages, and Industrial Relations During the Period of the War. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1919. pp. 203.

Wolfe, A. B. Works Committees and Joint Industrial Councils. Philadelphia: U. S. Shipping Board, Emergency Fleet Corporation, Industrial Relations Division. 1919. pp. 254.

Woolf, L. S. Coöperation and the Future of Industry. New York: Macmillan. 1919. pp. 141. $2.00.

THE

QUARTERLY JOURNAL

OF

ECONOMICS

AUGUST, 1919

FEDERAL OPERATION OF RAILROADS
DURING THE WAR

SUMMARY

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Reasons why the roads were taken over by the government, 577. The contract, 582. - Federal operation, 587. — Labor conditions, 602. - Rate increases, 606. — Capital expenditures and the revolving fund, 609. Relation of the railroad administration to existing regulating agencies, 611. The future, 617.

In

ON December 26, 1917, the President of the United States issued a proclamation taking possession of the railroads of the country, under the powers granted by the Army Appropriation Act of August 29, 1916. As a preliminary to this profoundly significant step, there were many months of strenuous railroad history. April the Railroads' War Board had assumed direction of the railroads, under a resolution signed by nearly seven hundred executives, in which the signatories pledged themselves during the war to coördinate their operations in a continental railway system, "merging during such period all their merely individual and competitive activities in the effort to produce a maximum of national transportation efficiency." As the resolution indicated, they desired to be of the greatest service possible in the struggle upon which the country was about

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