CANALS,

[REFERENCES ARE TO SECTIONS.]

canals are public, 20, 43,

canal boats, 176.

canal traffic, 19.

ship channel, 19.

water channel or cut, 19.

waterways, 20.

classification in canal tolls, 553.

CANDLES,

rates on, 934.

CANS,

rates on, 934.

CAPITALIZATION,

1. Enumeration of the theories for estimating capital,
the various theories suggested, 331.

comparison of these theories of capital charge, 332.
cost of reproduction as a basis, 333, 358.
money invested as a basis, 334, 338.

outstanding capitalization as a basis, 335, 346.
present value as a basis, 336, 352.

competition of these different theories, 331, 337.

2. The original cost as the basis.

the investment as the capital entitled to return, 338.

what is the actual cost, 340.

unusual and unprecedented expenses, 340.

cost enhanced by fraudulent contract, 341.

original cost not necessarily the basis of capitalization, 353.

unwise construction, 342.

plant unnecessarily large, 343.

portion of plant not yet in use, 344.

cost of unsuccessful experiments, 345.

3. Outstanding capitalization.

watered stock, 346.

fictitious capitalization, 346.

outstanding stock issues, 348.

bonded indebtedness beyond present value, 349.

Cost of buying up constituent roads of the present system, 350.

4. Present value as the basis.

constitutional requirements, 352.

present value may be shown to be less than actual cost, 354.

original cost as evidence of actual value, 355.

value returned for taxation not conclusive, 356.

elements entering into the determination of present value, 357.
franchise and good-will considered, 361-371.

[REFERENCES ARE TO SECTIONS.]

CAPITALIZATION-Continued.

5. The cost of reproduction.

the Minnesota rule, 358.

cost of reproducing at present prices, 358.

price of materials to-day, 358.

methods of arriving at replacement value, 359.

the rule held unreasonable by the federal courts, 360.

explanation of the California decisions, 361.

See BONDS, COST OF CONSTRUCTION, EARNING CAPACITY, FRANCHISES,
REPRODUCTION OF PLANT, STOCKS, VALUATION.

CAR LOAD LOTS,

different classification between car load and less than car load, 597.
difference in classification not essential, 598.

advantages of car load traffic, 777.

minimum car loads, 599.

permission to mix car loads, 601, 778.

car loaded by several shippers, 602.

lower rates for shipments in bulk, 779.

shipments in train loads problematical, 603, 780.
See, also, CLASSIFICATION, DISCRIMINATION.

CARRIAGE,

common carriage defined, 71.

1. Carrier must control thing carried.

acceptance of passengers, 75-80.

bailment of goods, 81-86.

common carriage where a single car is chartered, 94.
employees taking entire charge of the journey, 96.

2. Transportation requisite for.

conception of common carriage requires transportation, 87.
carrier must undertake transportation, 87.

chartered accommodations, 94.

furnisher of motive power only not a carrier, 74.

position of leased railways, 93.

when transportation is furnished by others, 93.

See ACCEPTANCE OF PASSENGERS, BAILMENT OF GOODS, COMMON CARRIERS,

CATTLE,

[REFERENCES ARE TO SECTIONS.]

classification of, 540, 931.

rates on, 608, 934.

CELERY,

classification of, 931.

rates on, 571, 601.

CEMENT,

rates on, 334.

CEREALS,

classification of, 591.

rates on, 584, 934.

CHAIRS,

classification of, 583.

rates on, 934.

CHAMPAGNE,

rates on, 934.

CHARGING WHAT THE TRAFFIC WILL BEAR,

what the traffic will bear as a factor, 481.
essential defects in the principle, 482.

value of the service to the goods, 524.

legal limitations upon principle necessary, 524.

limit of value of service not necessarily limit of charge, 525.
traffic will continue to move at unfair rates, 526.

cost of obtaining a substitute for the service furnished, 528.
See RATES.

CHARTER,

obligation to serve according to charter provisions, 278, 279.
withdrawal from business where no charter provision, 280, 281.
limitation of returns in charter, 875.

charter of corporation as contract against legislation, 1324-1330.
See CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, WITHDRAWAL FROM BUSINESS.

CHEESE,

rates on, 934.

CHEWING GUM,

rates on, 934.

CIDER,

classification of, 574.

rates on, 934.

CITRUS FRUIT,

rates on, 934.

CLASSIFICATION,

1. General principles.

classification the basis of rate-making, 490.
general principles of classification, 930.
various instances of classification, 931.

[REFERENCES ARE TO SECTIONS.]

CLASSIFICATION-Continued.

necessity of classification for a proper distribution, 552.

the necessity of classification for convenience in rate fixing, 553.
classification not unduly minute, 557.

classification necessarily imperfect, 556.

reasonableness of a particular rate involves proper classification,
567.

justifying classification by railroads, 566.

2. Methods of classification.

history of classification in the United States, 554.

various classifications in different parts of the country, 554.
methods of classification, 560.

six general classes usually, 556.

extra class divisions, 558.

commodity rates, 559.

classification sheet, 560.

interpretation of the classification sheet, 561.

adjustment of business to established classification, 563.

3. Basis of classification.

elements determining difference in classification, 556.
classification of various goods, 565.

classification according to manufacturer's representations, 564.
influences determining classification, 562.

comparison with other commodities, 567, 568.

elements in comparison of commodities, 569.

comparison of similar things, 570.

perishable articles of food, 572.

groceries, 573.

articles shipped in glass, 574.

forest products, 575.

comparison of unlike things, 577.

dry goods, 576.

differences between commodities, 578.

4. Convenience in handling.

classification based on nature and size of package, 579.

shipment in small packages, 580.

shipment in form more convenient for handling, 581.

shipment in form permitting greater car load, 582.

car load rates, 597-603.

classification based on volume of business, 583.

large volume of traffic in a certain commodity, 584.
perishable freight, 586.

traffic handled in special trains, 587.

special equipment not necessary for the traffic, 588.
less than usual care required, 589.

[REFERENCES ARE TO SECTIONS.]

CLASSIFICATION-Continued.

5. Value of the goods.

value of the goods as an element, 590.

difference between values justifies difference in classification, 591.
market value rather than intrinsic value, 593.

differing value of same kind of freight, 594.

low value of goods as reducing classification, 595.

value of the commodity not of the greatest importance, 596.

6. Difference in rate between classes.

COAL,

principles governing differences between classes, 604.

extra class rating, 604.

low grade commodities may be carried at special rates, 605.

high grade commodities should not be overcharged, 606.

difference between the classes should not be disproportionate, 607..
principles in making rates for different commodities, 608.
reasonableness tested by comparison, 609.

slight differences between similar commodities, 610.

See, also, DISCRIMINATIONS, RATES.

limitations upon the right to engage in an independent business, 301.

carrier discriminating in favor of itself, 302, 958.

railroad cutting its own rates for itself, 303, 958.

charging its competitors higher relative rates, 304.
whether a collateral business is ultra vires, 305.

whether collateral businesses should be permitted, 306, 307.
See, also, DISCRIMINATION.

COLORED PERSONS,

See EXCUSES AND DISCRIMINATIONS.

COMMODITY RATES,

COMMON CARRIERS,

definitions of, 71.

See CLASSIFICATION.

carriers in public employment, 10, 33, 41, 42.

grounds of public position of carriers, 20, 34, 54, 55.

carriers of both goods and passengers, 74, 75, 171, 177, 186, 188.