potamia, 4to; In Assyria, Media, and Persia, 4to; Belgium, Rhine, and Switzerland, 2 vols.; France, Piedmont, and Lombardy, 2 vols.; America, Historical, Statistic, and Descriptive, Northern States, 3 vols.; Eastern and Western States, 3 vols.; Southern States, 2 vols.; British Provinces, 1 vol.; Autobiography, 2 vols.

WILLIAM HENRY BARTLETT, 1809-1854, is widely known as a travelling artist. His views of scenery in different countries, in some fourteen or fifteen different volumes, mostly 4to, were accompanied with letter-press descriptions by Willis, Miss Pardoe, and by his fellow-traveller, William Beattie, M. D., and sometimes by himself. They are among the finest works of this kind that have appeared.-WILLIAM BEATTIE, M. D., is particularly known as the fellow-traveller and biographer of Bartlett the artist, and as his assistant in the literary portions of most of the volumes of Views of different countries published by the latter. Dr. Beattie's publications are: Residence in Germany; The Pilgrim in Italy; The Castles and Abbeys of England; Scotland Illustrated; The Wilderness Illustrated; The Danube, Its History and Scenery; Life and Letters of Dr. Campbell; Heliotrope, or Pilgrim in Pursuit of Health.

VI. MISCELLANEOUS WRITERS.

Arnold of Rugby.

Thomas Arnold, D. D., 1795-1842, is known the world over as "Arnold of Rugby," from the great educational work which he performed in that renowned school.

Arnold was Head Master of Rugby from 1827 to the time of his death, and during the last two years of his life he was also Regius Professor of Modern History in Oxford.

His principal works are: History of Rome (unfinished); The Later Roman Commonwealth; Lectures on Modern History; and Sermons (3 vols.). He published also an edition of Thucydides, showing fine critical power and ripe scholarship.

The great work of Arnold, however, was the religious life which he infused into the Rugby School, and through it, by example, into the other great public schools of England where most of the sons of high-born Englishmen are educated. This work he accomplished, partly by the singular vigor and force of his intellectual character, but mainly by the thorough, inwrought religiousness of his own life. It was what he was, quite as much as what he did, that made him a power among his boys. Another circumstance that contributed greatly to the quickening power of Arnold's life and teachings was that his religion was entirely free from asceticism and from sham. While of the deepest and most earnest kind, it was yet a religion of sunshine and health and of high physical activity and enjoyment.

Arnold's Life and Correspondence, by Stanley, has been published in 2 vols. But the best picture of the daily life of the great Head Master is to be found in Tom Brown's School-Days at Rugby, by Hughes.

There are some striking points of likeness between Arnold and Milton. "There is the same purity and directness about them both: the same predominance of the graver, not to say, sterner elements; the same confidence, vehemence, and elevation. They both so lived in their 'great Task-Master's eye' or, to verify Bacon's observation, made themselves of kin to God in spirit, and raised their nature by means of a higher nature than their own." ·Edinburgh Review.

"The most strongly marked feature of his intellect was the strength and clear ness of his perceptions. It seemed the possession of an inward light so intense that it penetrated on the instant every subject laid before him, and enabled him to grasp it with the vividness of sense and the force of reality. Hence, what was said of his religious impressions may be used to characterize his intellectual operations: 'he knew what others only believed; he saw what others only talked about.'” — Knight.

This wonderful clearness of his own apprehension, joined to a native vehemence of temper, made him impatient of contradiction, and led him frequently into controversy on public questions.

MATTHEW ARNOLD, 1822

a son of Arnold of Rugby, was

elected in 1857 Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford.

Prof. Arnold has had every advantage of education which the most celebrated schools of England could give him, having passed successively through Winchester, Rugby, and Oxford, and he has used his opportunities in a manner worthy of his distinguished parentage. Though at times erratic in his opinions, and hence not entirely safe as a literary guide, his intellectual activity is great, and he is constantly putting forth ideas which stimulate inquiry.

His publications are: The Strayed Reveller and Other Poems; Empedocles in Etna and Other Poems; Merope, a Tragedy; Essays in Criticism; Culture and Anarchy; Study of Celtic Literature; Popular Education of France; Schools and Universities of the Continent; Friendship's Garland; St. Paul and Protestantism

ARCHIBALD ALISON, 1757-1839, father of the historian, is chiefly known by his work on the Nature and Principles of Taste, first published in 1790.

Alison published also a Memoir of Lord Woodhouselee, and a number of Sermons. His work on Taste has attained a wide celebrity, and is one of the standard authorities on that subject. The Edinburgh Review says of it, "We can hardly help envying the talent by which Mr. Alison has clothed so much wisdom in so much beauty, and made us find in the same work the highest gratification of taste and the noblest lessons of virtue."

Taylor the Platonist.

THOMAS TAYLOR, 1758-1835, acquired distinction by his devotion to Greek literature, and especially to the works of Plato.

While a young man, Taylor was chiefly engaged in business. He passed the last forty years of his life in retirement, preparing his translations from the Greek. Taylor was a sincere lover of the Greek language and philosophy, but his scholarship was by no means equal to his enthusiasm. His translations are very numerous; some rather good, the majority poor, and all anathematized by each successive generation of scholars and reviewers. The principal are The Works of Plato (in which Taylor was assisted by Sydenham), and The Works of Aristotle. These voluminous contributions to the history of philosophy had some value, not because of their intrinsic merits, but because until lately nothing better had taken their place. They are very carelessly executed, and full of errors. Taylor seems to have regarded it as his life-mission to reproduce in English all that related to the Platonic and Neo-Platonic school. The

complete list of his works covers nearly forty translations, on all subjects, from the Hymns of Orpheus to the Golden Ass of Apuleius. The translation of Plato by Prof. Jowett, completed in 1871, supersedes entirely that by Taylor.

Taylor of Norwich.

WILLIAM TAYLOR, 1765-1836, was for a long while the chief exponent of German literature in England.

His works have the merit of being the first to show to the English public the importance of the then young but rapidly growing poetry of Germany. Mr. Taylor was editor of the Norwich Iris, and published some miscellaneous works. He is exclusively known now, however, by his translations of Bürgers Leonore and Lessing's Nathan the Wise, and his Historic Survey of German Poetry. In this last-mentioned work he has incorporated all his previously published translations. As a critic and translator, Mr. Taylor has been superseded, and his history, published nearly fifty years ago, is obviously incomplete. Still, the services which he rendered in making known to his countrymen the rising stars of German thought, are too important to be forgotten.

MRS. SARAH AUSTIN, 1793-1867, daughter of William Taylor of Norwich, an accomplished and scholarly woman, also did much to bring "the finest types of the German mind to the knowledge and appreciation of the English reader."

Of her translation of Ranke's histories, Macaulay says, "it is such as might be expected from the skill, the taste, and the scrupulous integrity of the accomplished lady who, as interpreter between the mind of Germany and the mind of Britain, has already deserved so well of both countries." Her works are: Characteristics of Goethe, 3 vols. ; Collections of Fragments from the German Prose Writers; Sketches of Germany from 1760 to 1814; Ranke's History of the Reformation in Germany; Ranke's History of the Popes: Considerations on National Education; Letters on Girls' Schools; Story without an End; Selections from the Old Testament.

JOHN STERLING, 1806–1844, a native of Scotland, studied at Cambridge, but did not take his degree. After residing some years in Loudon, as a writer for the periodical press, chiefly for The Times, he took orders in the Church of England, and became curate to Charles Julius Hare, his former college tutor. During the last few years of his life his health was extremely feeble, and he died prematurely at the age of thirty-eight.

Sterling's literary record is scarcely commensurate with his reputation, which has been secured for him by two biographies, one by Hare, the other by Thomas Carlyle. Like many young Englishmen of the present century, he seems to have been a man of great intellectual powers and keen sympathy, but he has produced comparatively little. His papers, essays, and tales have been collected and published in two volumes. His poems were published in 1839. The finest of them is perhaps The Sexton's Daughter, pronounced by Moir "a striking lyrical ballad." His novel of Arthur Coningsby was unsuccessful.

ROBERT PLUMER WARD, 1765-1846, acquired considerable reputation as a writer, his works being chiefly on political and international subjects.

Ward was the son of an English merchant living at Gibraltar. He was educated at Oxford, and admitted to the English bar. He occupied several political offices of distinction, became one of the Lords of the Admiralty, and sat for a number of years in Parliament.

His works arrange themselves into two sharply-defined classes: those of learning and those of fiction. Among the former are An Inquiry into the Foundation and History of the Law of Nations, from the Times of the Greeks and Romaus to the Age of Grotius; A Treatise on the Relative Rights and Duties of Belligerents and Neutrals ; An Essay on Contraband; an Inquiry into the Way in which the Different Wars of Europe have commenced during the Last Two Centuries; and An Historical Essay into the Character and Precedents of the Revolution of 1688. His works of fiction are: Tremaine, or the Man of Refinement; De Vere, or the Man of Independence; De Clifford, or the Constant Man; Illustrations of Human Life; and Pictures of the World at Home and Abroad. The last two are collections of tales.

Ward's works of fiction enjoyed a fair share of reputation in their day, but are now little read. They can scarcely be called dull, and may even be looked upon as "clever," but do not evince any real force of character. His legal and historical treatises are wanting in profound study and grasp of intellect, but are so pleasingly written as to call from Canning the satirical remark that "his law-books were as pleasant as novels, and his novels as dull as law-books."

The Duke of Wellington.

ARTHUR WELLESLEY, Duke of Wellington, 1769-1852, holds a place in letters by the remarkable literary excellence of his military despatches.

Wellington was born in Ireland, and educated at Eton and at the French military school at Angers. He entered the army, and, after sitting in the Irish Parliament for a number of years, joined the English army then fighting in India. Here he rose rapidly to distinction, and was then called home to take command of the campaign in Spain against Napoleon. His success in Spain and France and at Waterloo, and his subsequent political labors and distinction, are too well known to call for mention in this place.

As an author, the Duke is known exclusively by his General Orders and Despatches, published by Lt.-Col. Gurwood, and the Supplementary Volumes and Civil Correspondence published by the Duke's son. These volumes are not only intrinsically valuable from the information which they give concerning the Duke's campaigns and policy, but they are interesting in point of style. The Duke, although professing to be a mere soldier, possessed the additional talent of writing with nervous force and even elegance. His despatches are a model of straightforward, manly English. Like his speeches, they contain nothing put in for effect, but are clear and straight to the point, and command our interest. They are also singularly modest, betraying no restless craving for fame or glory. In this respect they present a marked contrast to Napoleon's notorious bulletins, which often read like theatrical declamations rather than the responsible statements of a superior to his subordinates.

RICHARD COLLEY WELLESLEY, Earl of Mornington and Marquis of Wellesley, 1760-1842, the elder brother of the Duke of Wellington, has likewise some reputation as a writer.

Wellesley studied at Eton and Oxford, and entered the Indian service. In 1787 he was made Governor-General of India, and afterwards held the high offices of Ambassador to Spain, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. The Marquis was an able statesman and administrator, but less successful as a writer than his brother. His style is ambitious and verbose.

During his lifetime, Wellesley published two works, the one containing his Despatches and Official Correspondence while Governor-General of India, the other his Correspondence and Despatches while Ambassador to the Spanish Junta. After his death appeared three volumes of Memoirs and Correspondence, containing many papers not before published. He also published privately a volume of English, Latin, and Greek Poems. Wellesley's Correspondence is of course extremely valuable for the light which it throws upon the political events of the great Napoleonic wars of England, and as such has been much consulted by historians.

BASIL MONTAGU, 1770-1851, son of the Earl of Sandwich, is chiefly known by his edition of the works of Bacon.

Montagu studied at Cambridge, and subsequently rose to high distinction at the English bar. Mr. Montagu published a great number of reports and legal treatises, chiefly upon the law of Bankruptcy. As an author he is known almost exclusively, however, by his edition of the works of Lord Bacon. This is the most complete edition as yet, and is accompanied by much illustrative matter and a Life of Bacon by the author. Mr. Montagu was a zealous advocate of legal reform. His exertions, combined with those of Romilly, Wilberforce, Mackintosh, and others, effected a repeal of the death penalty for minor offences.

JOHN CLAUDIUS LOUDON, 1783-1843, attained distinction as a writer on horticulture and agriculture.

Loudon was a Scotchman. He resided mostly in London, and devoted himself exclusively to studying and experimenting upon his favorite subject. His writings have produced a great effect upon farming and gardening. His principal publications are the following: On Laying out Public Squares; Country Residences; Hot-Houses; Formation of Gardens; Encyclopædia of Cottage, Farm, and Village Architecture; Encyclopædia of Plants; Encyclopædia of Agriculture, etc.- MRS. JAMES LOUDON, 1808-1858, wife of the preceding, wrote several pleasing books on subjects connected with her husband's pursuits: The Lady's Flower-Garden and Ornamental Plants; The Lady's Companion to the Flower-Garden; Botany for Ladies; Entertaining Naturalist; Year-Book of Natural History; Glimpses of Nature; British Wild Flowers; Young Naturalists' Journal, etc., etc. She has written on other themes also; and it was a novel of hers, The Mummy, that led Mr. Loudon to seek her acquaintance, and ask her hand in marriage.

Granville Penn.

GRANVILLE PENN, 1761-1844, son of Thomas, and grandson of William Penn, was born in Philadelphia, but lived in England.

Mr. Penn was for some time a clerk in the English War Department. He was a man of letters, and wrote several works worthy of mention: A Christian's Survey of All the Principal Events and Periods of the World; The Bioscope, or the Dial of Life Explained; An Examination of the Primary Argument of the Iliad; Remarks on the