LEN CAS, a tribe of Honduras Indians, numbering about 40,000, and occupying a range of table-lands near Comayagua, the capital of Honduras. They are a courageous, but perfectly peaceful tribe, hard-working and economical, and, like all mountaineers, passionately attached to their country. Their language appears to consist of dialects of a tongue which must once have been widespread through Central America and Mexico, and which is termed Chontal, meaning simply exotic or barbarous.

L'ENCLOS, Ninon de. See NINON DE LENCLOS, ante

LENCZI ZA, an ancient Polish t, in the government of Kalisz, about 90 m. w.s.w. of the city of Warsaw. It contains the ruins of a castle of Kazimir II., erected in 1180. Pop. '67, 6,407, half of whom are Germans and Jews. Linen and woolen cloths and soap are manufactured.

L'ENFANT, PIERRE CHARLES, 1755-1825; b. France; came to America with Lafayette in 1777, and served in the revolutionary war as an officer of engineers. He was promoted to a captaincy in 1778, and wounded at the siege of Savannali; was afterwards made maj., and acted as engineer at fort Mifflin in 1794. He drew the plans for the city of Washington and for some of the public buildings there. In 1812 he declined an appointment as professor of engineering at West Point. Died in Maryland.

LENKORAN, a Russian seaport on the Caspian sea, and a district t. in the government of Baku, in the Caucasus, in lat. 38° 46', is a place of great importance for thre trade between Russia and Persia; but a defective harbor and the vicinity of warlike tribes have hitherto rendered its natural advantages of little avail. Pop. '67, 15,933.

LENNEP, a t. of Rhenish Prussia, 22 m. e.s.e from Düsseldorf, in a beautiful valley on the Lennep, an affluent of the Rhine. It is a principal seat of the woolen manufacture, and the cotton manufacture is also carried on. Pop. 75, 7,782.

LENNEP, JAN DANIEL VAN, a Dutch philologist, was b. at Leeuwarden, in the province of Friesland, in 1724, and studied at Franeker and Leyden. In 1752 he was appointed professor of ancient languages at Groningen, and fifteen years afterwards at Franeker. He died in 1771. The works which principally obtained him a reputation for learning and acuteness are his Etymologicum Linguæ Græce and his De Analogia Lingue Grace, both of which were posthumously published. The progress of etymological science, however, has rendered them useless.-DAVID JACOB VAN LENNEP, a member of the same family as the preceding, was b. at Amsterdam, July 15, 1774, devoted himself to the study of philology, and ultimately became professor of rhetoric at Leyden. He died Feb. 10, 1853. Besides being one of the best Latinists among his countrymen, he wrote several exquisite pieces of poetry in his mother-tongue. His principal writings are Carmina Juvenilia (Amst. 1791), Exercitationes Juris (Leyd. 1796), valuable annotated editions of some of the classic authors, and a metrical Dutch translation of the Works and Days of Hesiod (Amst. 1823).-His son, JACOB VAN LENNEP, b. at Amsterdam, Mar. 25, 1802, is proudly called by his countrymen the "Walter Scott of Holland." Educated for the law, he passed as a barrister, and soon achieved a great reputation for legal knowledge. Yet without neglecting his extensive practice, he for more than thirty years cultivated literature with untiring assiduity, and, considering the drudgery of his professional work, with astonishing success. Lennep first appeared as an author shortly before 1830, in a work entitled Vaderlandsche Legenden (National Legends). Since then his most popular works have been the comedies, Het Dorp aan die Grenzen (The Frontier Village, 1830), Het Dorp over die Grenzen (The Village over the Frontier, 1830), and the novels. Onze Voorouders (Our Forefathers), De Roos van Dekama (The Rose of Dekama, 1837-English by Woodley, 1847), and De Pleegzoon (The Adopted Son-English by Hoskins, New York, 1847). Lennep, who possessed a remarkable knowledge of the English language and literature, has translated into Dutch some of Shakespeare's finest plays, and of Byron, Southey, and Tennyson's poems. A complete edition of his dramatic works, comprising tragedies, comedies, and operas, appeared at Amsterdam in 1852–55. He was engaged for several years on an edition of the great Dutch poet Vondel. He died Aug. 25, 1868.

LENNOX, a co. in e. Ontario, Canada, having for its s.e. boundary the bay of Quinte, an estuary on the n. of Prince Edward's co., s. w. of the point where the St. Lawrence leaves the e. portion of lake Ontario; 315 sq.m.; pop. 71, 16,396. Its surface is drained by the Napance and other small rivers, and is diversified by low hills, fertile valleys, plains, and well-timbered land. Its water-power is utilized by paper-mills and other factories, and its county seat is a port of entry. Its soil, founded on a substratum of limestone, is very fertile, and every variety of grain is raised. It is intersected centrally by the Grand Trunk railway, crossing the river Napanee. The co. of Addington on the e. and Amherst island directly s. of, and belonging to, that co., are included in the same riding. Seat of justice, Napanee.

LENNOX, CHARLOTTE, 1720-1804; daughter of lieut.gov. Ramsay of New York. At the age of fifteen she went to London and devoted herself thenceforward to literary pursuits. She wrote novels, verses, pastorals, and several translations from the French. The Female Quixote, an imitation of Don Quixote, satirizing the French romances of the 17th c., had for a time a considerable vogue. It appeared in two volumes in 1752. Miss Lennox was on terms of intimacy with Richardson the novelist, and with Dr. Johnson; the latter wrote the dedication for her Shakespeare Illustrated.

Lens.

LENNOX, WILLIAM PITT, Lord, b. 1799; fourth son of the fourth duke of Richmond, and godson of William Pitt. He was educated at Westminster, and having entered the army served for several years upon the staff of the duke of Wellington. He has been a voluminous contributor to magazines and newspapers. Among his works are: Compton Audley; The Tuft-lunter; Percy Hamilton; Philip Courtney; Merrie England; Recreations of a Sportsman, Fifty Years' Biographical Reminiscences; Adventures of a Man of Family; and Drafts on my Memory.

LENNOX. See DUMBARTONSHIRE, ante.

LENNOX, Earls and Dukes of. See STEWART, THE FAMILY OF, ante.

LEN NOXTOWN, a village of Stirlingshire, Scotland, is situated in a picturesque district on Glazert water, at the terminus of the Campsie railway, 11 m. n.n.e. of Glasgow. It contains, '71, 3,917 inhabitants, employed chiefly in the print-works and alum-works in the immediate neighborhood.

LENOCI'NIUM is a term borrowed from the canon law, and used in English, but more frequently in Scotch, law to denote a husband's connivance in his wife's adultery. The wife can set up such defense to a suit for divorce, on the ground of her adultery so procured.

LENOIR, a co. in s.e. North Carolina, drained by the navigable Neuse river emptying into Pamlico sound, and by the Trent rising in it and emptying into the estuary of the Neuse at Newbern; about 430 sq.m.; pop. '80, 15,344–15,328 of American birth, 8,067 colored. It has a level surface partially covered with pine and other evergreen trees. It has a sandy but fertile soil, producing rice, flax, sweet potatoes, tobacco, cotton, fruit, sorghum, and every variety of grain; cattie, sheep, and swine are raised. It produced in '70, 11,712 lbs. of honey. Cash value of farms in '70, $731,917, numbering 641. It is intersected by the Atlantic and North Carolina railroad, Morehead City to Goldsboro'. Its manufactories include turpentine distilleries, flour and saw mills; and its county seat is a shipping place for thousands of bales of cotton annually. Seat of justice, Kinston.

LENOIR, WILLIAM, 1751-1839, b. Brunswick co., Va., but removed in childhood to North Carolina, where he took an active part in the campaigns against the British and the Tories. For 60 years he held the office of justice of the peace, served frequently in both branches of the legislature, for five years was president of the senate, then president of the council, and in the later years of his life maj.gen. of the state militia.

LENORMAND, MARIE ANNE ADELAIDE, 1772-1843; b. Alençon, of respectable but poor family, and for some time was a seamstress; in 1790 went to Paris, where she was a saleswoman in a linen shop; in 1793 entered into partnership with Mme. Gilbert and a baker's boy for carrying on fortune-telling. On complaint to the police she was arrested and imprisoned for several months. But this increased her popularity, and after her release she opened a 'cabinet of divining," and for 40 years she was visited by people of all ranks, even by the court of Napoleon. The allied sovereigns who were assembled at Aix-la-Chapelle, especially the emperor Alexander, paid her great attention. In 1809 she was arrested on account of "indiscreet revelations," and again in 1821 for sentiments contained in a book called La Sibylle au Congrès d'Aix la Chapelle. She became rich, but died in obscurity. None of her publications were of importance except Souvenirs de la Belgique; Cent Jours d'Informe; and Mémoires historique et sécrets de l'impératrice Joséphine.

LENORMANT, CHARLES, 1802-1859, b. Paris; studied law, but visiting Italy became specially interested in antiquities; was made inspector of fine arts in 1825; accompanied the younger Champollion to Egypt in 1828. Returning to Paris he held important positions in connection with art and archæology; was professor in the Sorbonne in 1835, but resigned on account of his ultramontane views. He was afterwards made professor of Egyptology in the college de France. He published Des Artistes contemporains, 2 vols.; Elite des Monuments céramo-graphiques, 4 vols.; Trésor de Numismatique et de Glyptique, 5 vols.; Introduction à l'Histoire orientale; Musée des Antiquités Egyptiennes; Questions historiques. He was a member of the commission for exploring the Morea, and was for some time editor of the Correspondant magazine.

LENORMANT, FRANÇOIS, son of Charles; b. Paris, 1835: educated by his father; made at an early age archæological and numismatic researches under the direction of his father; took in 1857 the numismatic prize awarded by the academy of inscriptions; made archæological tours in Germany, Italy, Egypt, Greece, and Turkey. The massacres of the Christians in Syria in 1860 occurring when he was there on an official mission, he sent an account of them in letters to the Paris newspapers, which were subsequently reprinted under the title of Une Persécution du Christianisme en 1860; les derniers Evénements de Syria. He made during that year important excavations at Eleusis; was sent in 1866 as a member of a scientific commission to observe the volcanic phenomena of the island of Santorin; was appointed professor of archæology in the Bibliothek Nationale. He was a volunteer in the 9th regiment of the national guard of Paris during its siege, and was wounded at Buzenval. He attended the congress of orientalists in Florence in 1878; was editor of the Moniteur des Architectes 1869-72; and with M. de Witte founded the Gazette Archéologique. His contributions to antiquarian periodicals,

French and foreign, are very numerous. Some of his most important works are Manuel d'Histoire Ancienne de l'Orient; Histoire des Peuples Orientaux et de l'Inde; Lettres Assyriologiques et épigraphiques, 2 vols.; Études Accadiennes; Les premières civilisations.

LENOX, a t. in w. Massachusetts, incorporated in 1767, and named in honor of the duke of Richmond, is surrounded by beautiful scenery, has been the home of many prominent families of Massachusetts and New York, and the summer residence of their eminent citizens; pop. '80, 2,043. It is situated on a low range of the Berkshire hills, in the valley of the Housatonic river, 8 m. s. of Pittsfield, 33 m. s.e. of Albany, N. Y., 110 m. w, of Boston, and 125 m. from New York city. It has a station on the Housatonic railroad between Stockbridge and Pittsfield. It has 4 churches, an academy, excellent public schools, and a public library. It has manufactories of window and plate glass, lime, lumber, brick, flour, and iron-works. Its mineral products include iron ore and limestone, also marble of a superior quality, some of which has been used in the erection of government buildings in Washington.

LENOX, JAMES, 1800-80; b. New York; of good family, and in affluent circumstances, he received a liberal education, and thorough training for a moral and healthy life. His experiences were enlarged and his views broadened by extended foreign travel; and when he at last entered upon the long period of comparative retirement from public notice-which was his choice-it was with that propensity to "do good by stealth and blush to find it fame," which ever thereafter characterized him. Among those who best knew him, he justly gained a reputation for unostentatious charity, wisely administered, as to which the general public was but little informed. And the endowment of the Presbyterian hospital in Fifth avenue, New York, and that of the Lenex library, magnificent gifts as they were, were not isolated instances as such, but only formed the crowning incidents of the administration of a thoroughly and persistently beneficent career. Mr. Lenox was a devoted bibliophile through life, and his bibliographical knowledge was, in certain directions, quite unequaled in his own country, and probably unsurpassed elsewhere. He formed a private library, which for its money value, as well as the rarity of many of its articles, was unrivaled, and of which the learned Dr. Cogswell, superintendent of the Astor library, remarked, that while it would have filled the space of only one of the 34 alcoves of that institution, in cost it exceeded that entire collection, at the time when the statement was made, which was in 1860. This library was fullest in bibles, early voyages and travels, early-printed American books, and incunabula. In the department of accounts of early voyages to America it was utterly without a rival. It contained the most perfect and finest copy of De Bry's Voyages known; the rare Bay Psalm Book; Eliot's Indian Bible; and the worldrenowned Mazarin Bible, printed by Guttenberg, Faust, and Schaeffer, at Mayence, in 1455; the only perfect copy in America, and which cost Mr. Lenox, at auction, $2,000. This superb collection was made the nucleus of the Lenox library, and, with the gallery of paintings bequeathed by their owner and collector for the same purpose, now exists in that institution, a gift to the city of New York. See LIBRARIES.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

FIG. 1.-Lenses.

LENS (Lat. a lentil") is a circular section of any transparent substance, having its surfaces either both spherical, or one of them plane and the other spherical. As represented in Fig. 1, a ray of light in passing through a lens is bent towards its thickest part; hence lenses are either convex (thickest in middle) or concave (thickest at edges). The former make the rays more convergent (q.v.) than before, the latter make them more divergent. The point to which the rays converge, or from which they diverge, is called a focusprincipal focus when the rays are paraliel. The focus for a convex lens is real, i.e.. the rays actually pass through it, and form an inverted image smaller or larger than the object according as the object is at a distance greater or less than twice the principal focal length; but the image is erect and magnified if the object be within the principal focal length. For a concave lens the focus is virtual-the rays seem to come from it and form an erect image smaller than the object.

1, double-convex; if the surfaces are of equal curva. ture, equi-convex; 2, plano-convex; 3, convexo. plane; 4, double-concave, or concavo-concave; 5, plano-concave; 6. concavo-plane: 7, convex-menis. cus; 8, concave-meniscus; 9, convexo-concave; 10, concavo-convex. The arrow shows the direction in which the light is supposed to fall.

The following is the mode of finding the principal focus when parallel rays fall on a double convex lens (Fig. 2): O is the center of the curved surface PAP', and O' of the Surface PBP'; q is the point towards which the rays tend while passing through the lens, and F the point to which they converge after emergence. Let ÖA= r, O'B = 8, Áq=f, and BF (the focal length) = f; then neglecting the thickness of the lens, which may be done when the curvature of the lens is small, Aq Bq, and AFBF. By the demonstration given under the article DIOPTRICS, we find ƒ'

U. K. VIII.-51

=

FIG. 2.

μ

1

for the refraction at the first surface;

μ

and, for the second surface, we find, in the ordinary treatises on optics, that when a pencil of converging rays emerges from a lens,

=

Μ 1 1

8

lens be equi-convex (r = 8), and of glass (μ = 4), we have

(u

Adding this formula

1 1

f

=

or f = r. This result

1

is equally correct for a double concave lens; but if the thickness of the lens be taken into account, there is a small quantity which is added to the value of in the convex, but subtractive in the concave lens. The determination of the principal focus in the other forms of lenses will be found in the ordinary text-books. The lenses in Fig. 1, though they may be of the same focal length, have peculiar properties which render them suitable for particular optical instruments; thus, the convexo-plane lens has only one-fourth of the aberration of a plano-convex, or two-thirds of an equi-convex or equiconcave of the same focal length; but, in general, the equi-convex is the most desirable form. Aberration* has been to opticians what refraction is to the astronomer, an unwelcome intruder, which spoils his finest theories, and limits the accuracy of his results. This aberration has, indeed, been destroyed by combining lenses of equal and opposite aberrations, as, for instance, uniting, by means of Canada balsam, a double convex with a double concave. A still better method would be the formation of lenses having one side spherical, and the other of an ellipsoidal or a hyperboloidal form; but this has not yet been successfully accomplished. Convex lenses of glass, rock-salt, ice, etc., may be used as "burning-glasses," since radiant heat is refracted according to the same laws as light-the hot focus being nearly coincident with the luminous one. Platinum, gold, etc., have been fused in three or four seconds by this means.

LENS (anc. Elena or Lenense), a t. of France, in the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, on the Souchez, a feeder of the Scheldt, 17 m. s.s.w. from Lille. It is a place of great antiq. uity, and was once strongly fortified. It is famous for the great victory gained by the prince of Condé over the Germans and Spaniards, under its walls, in 1648. neighborhood of Lens are coal-mines, lime-works, and brick-works. Pop. '76, 9,383.

In the

The

LENT (Ang. Sax. lencten Ger. lenz, spring; Gr. Tessaracoste; Lat. Quadragesima), the fasting time before Easter, which is observed in the Roman, and in the Greek, and other oriental churches. Under the head of FAST have been considered the doctrinal and historical questions connected with the general practice of fasting. It remains only to explain briefly what is peculiar in the institution and the observance of the Lenten fast. It is certainly of very ancient, if it be not even of primitive, institution. The earliest allusions to it speak of it as an established usage handed down from the fathers. forty days' period, as commemorative of our Lord's forty days' fast, or of the similar perfunctory fasts of Moses and of Elias, commences with Ash-Wednesday, between which day and Easter-Sunday (omitting the Sundays on which the fast is not observed), forty clear days intervene. The rigor of the ancient observance, which excluded all flesh, and even the so-called white meats," is now much relaxed; but the principle of permitting but one meal, with a slight refection or collation, is everywhere retained. In Spain, during the crusades and the wars with the Moors, a practice arose of permitting, in certain cases, the substitution of a contribution to the holy war for the observance of the Lenten abstinence; and although the object has long since ceased, the composition is still permit ted, under the same title of the Cruzada. In the Greek church, the ante-paschal fast is of 48 days; but it is only one of four similar fasting periods observed in that church. See FAST. In the Anglican church, Lent is retained as a church season of the calendar, with special services, and proper collects and prayers; but the observance of the fast is left to the discretion of each individual.

LENT (ante). In the Acts of the Apostles it is recorded that, on some special occasions, fasting in connection with prayer was practiced both by apostles and churches. Once in the epistles it is recognized as at times helpful to the offering of special prayer. Beyond this, in the midst of many earnest practical exhortations to a holy life, no mention is made of fasting, nor is there any intimation that reliance was placed on it either as meritorious in itself or as a help to holiness. In the age immediately following that of the apostles, the practice, so far as it prevailed, seems to have been a continuance of Jewish or pagan observance rather than a Christian requirement. Very little reference appears to have been made to it by writers of the first century. In the 2d c., as Victor and Irenæus say, it was the custom of several congregations to prepare themselves for Easter by mortification and fasting, commencing on the day in which they commemo rated the crucifixion and continuing until the anniversary of the resurrection. This included a period of about 40 hours. By the time of the council of Nice (325 a.d.) it had been extended to 40 days, with the exception of the included Sundays, which were

* The directions which have been given for finding the foci of lenses, apply only to rays which pass through and near the center of the lens: the rays which pass near the edges converge to a different focus, and the distance between these two foci is called the longitudinal aberration.

Lentini,

never observed as fasts. Gregory the great, in 590, directed that the season should begin on the 6th Sunday before Easter, and that on all the intervening week days fasting should be practiced. Afterwards, either by him or Gregory II., four days of the preceding week, beginning with Ash-Wednesday, were added to make the whole fast 40 days. The council of Laodicea (held some time in the 4th c., but whether near the beginning, middle, or end is not now known) allowed only "dry food," that is, bread and water; and forbade the celebration of the festivals of martyrs, marriages, and birthdays during the whole of lent. Chrysostom, whose life extended from 347 to 407, says that as many persons used to come to the communion thoughtlessly, especially at the time of the year when Christ first gave it to his disciples, our forc fathers appointed 40 days for fasting, prayer, preaching, and holy assemblies; that all men being carefully purified by prayer, alms-deeds, fasting, watching, tears, and confession, might come with a pure conscience to the holy table." After a time fasting ceased to be a voluntary exercise. Laws enforcing it were passed in the 6th c. by the council of Orleans; in the 7th c. by the 8th council of Toledo; in the 8th c. the breach of its observance was punished with excommunication; in the 11th c. some persons who transgressed had their teeth drawn out. In later times such severities were greatly diminished. In England the observance was first made obligatory in the 7th c. by Ercombert, seventh king of Kent. Since the reformation lent has been retained in the calendar of the church of England, and has now a place in that of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States, as a season for special religious services and instructions, in which the continuance and strictness of the fast is left to the judgment and choice of individual Christians. The six Sundays included in it are observed as festivals, never as fasts, and are therefore called Sundays in lent, not of lent. The last or passion week is naturally considered the most solemn portion of it, and is called "the great week." In nearly all Protestant churches on the continent of Europe-especially in the Lutheran-the lenten season is observed. The observance is regarded with more favor than formerly among non-episcopal denominations in the United States.

LENTAN DO, in music, the same as rallentando or ritardando, meaning a gradual decrease in the speed of the movement.

LENTIBULARIA CEÆ, a natural order of exogenous plants, allied to primulacea, but distinguished by an irregular corolla, and diandrous flowers. It has also intimate relations with scrophulariacea. It contains nearly 200 known species, all herbaceous, and all living in water or marshes. They abound chiefly in the tropics. A few species of bladderwort (q.v.) and butterwort (q.v.) are its only representatives in Britain.

LENTIL, Ervum lens, an annual plant of the same genus with tares (q. v.), a native of the countries near the Mediterranean, and which has been cultivated from the earliest times, yielding an esteemed kind of pulse. The English translation of the Bible is proba bly correct in calling the red pottage with which Jacob purchased Esau's birthright, pottage of lentils, the red color being very characteristic of this, which is still a very common article of food in the cast. The lentil is extensively cultivated in the south of Europe, Egypt, and the cast, and to some extent in other parts of the world. It has a weak and branching stem, from 6 to 18 in. high, and pinnate leaves with 6 to 8 pair of leaflets, the upper leaves only running into tendrils. The flowers are small, white, lilac, or pale blue, the corolla much concealed by the calyx, which is divided almost to its base into five narrow teeth. The pods are very short and blunt, thin, two-seeded, and smooth; the seeds have the form of a round lens, convex on both sides. There are numerous varieties, having white, brown, and black seeds, which also differ considerably in size, the greatest diameter of the largest being about equal to that of moderatesized peas. Lentils are a very nutritive food, containing an uncommonly large amount of nitrogenous substances, and more casily digested than peas. They have recently become common in the shops of Britain in a form resembling split peas, and in that of meal (L. farina), which is the basis, if not the whole substance, of recalenta arabica and ercalenta, so much advertised as food for dyspeptic patients, at prices greatly exceeding those for which lentil metal can be obtained under its own name. Lentils mixed with peas in the making of pea-soup, greatly diminish its tendency to produce flatulence. Lentils are also excellent food for horses; and the herbage used as green food for cows, renders them extremely productive of milk. The lentil grows best in a light and rather dry soil. In a very rich soil, it produces comparatively few pods. Some of the varieties succeed well even on very poor soils. The whole life of the plant is shorter than that of any other of the leguminosa cultivated in Britain. The seed may be sown in April in the climate of Britain; but although there is nothing in the coldness of the climate to prevent the successful cultivation of lentils, it seems to be too moist for them, the ripe or ripening seeds being very apt to be injured by moisture. There is no evident reason, however, why this plant should not be cultivated for green food of cattle.

LENTI'NI, a t. of Sicily, in the province of Siracusa, stands near the lake of the same name, on a hill 15 m. s.s. w. of Catania, and has 10.578 inhabitants. It has a large gunpowder mill, and derives a good revenue from the fishery in lake Lentini.