sister she went to reside with her in the vicinity of Tintern Abbey, and afterward at Clifton, where she died, having survived her sister 27 years. She is chiefly celebrated for the joint authorship with her sister, of the Canterbury Tales (1797-1805), in 5 vols. A new edition appeared in New York in 1857. There are 12 tales, 8 of which she wrote. In 1821 her German tale, Kruitzner, was dramatized by Byron, and published, with due acknowledgment, under the title of Werner, or The Inheritance.

LEE, HENRY W., D.D., 1815-74; b. at IIamden, Conn,; ordained deacon in the Epis copal church in 1838; in 1840 became rector of a new church in Springfield, Mass.; in 1818 took charge of St. Luke's church in Rochester, N. Y.; in 1854 was consecrated as bishop of Iowa. Died in Davenport, Iowa.

LEE, JESSE, 1758-1816; b. in Prince George's co., Va.; founder of the Methodist Epis copal church in New England. He joined the Methodist church in 1773, and in 1783 was admitted to the conference as a preacher. In 1787 he visited New England and preached Methodism from Connecticut river to the farthest settlements in Maine. He formed the first Methodist class in New England, at Stratfield, Conn., Sept. 26, 1787, and the first in Boston, July 13, 1792. He was three times chosen chaplain of the U. S. house of representatives, and once of the senate. His principal work was a History of Method.sm in America.

LEE, LUTHER, D.D.; b. at Schoharie, N. Y., 1800; became a preacher of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1827, and was one of those who at an early day espoused the anti-slavery cause, incurring thereby the active opposition of the leaders of the denomination. He was among those who, in 1843, withdrew from the Methodist church on account of its attitude upon the slavery question, and organized a new sect called the "Wesleyan Connection." He was president of the first Wesleyan Methodist general conference in 1844, and for several years edited The True Wesleyan, the organ of the new denomination. In 1856 he became president of Michigan Union college at Leoni, Mich., and in 1864 was appointed professor in Adrian college, Mich. In 1867 he returned to the Methodist Episcopal church, uniting with the Michigan conference.

LEE, NATHANIEL, 1657-1690; a dramatic poet, b. Hertfordshire, Eng.; educated at Trinity college, Cambridge; was an unsuccessful actor, and subsequently a dramatic author; became insane from habits of dissipation, induced by poverty and a wild imagination, and was confined in a lunatic asylum for four years; in 1688 was released on recover ing his reason, and devoted himself to his former pursuits. Three years later he was killed, it is said, in a street night frolic. Of his 11 tragedies, Theodosius, Alexander the Great, The Rival Queens, Mithridates, and Lucius Junius Brutus were the best; the first two especially were long popular, His genius for tragedy is highly commended ly Addison and others, but his metaphors were often extravagant and his style bombastic. He was an imitator of Dryden.

LEE, ROBERT, D.D., 1804-68; b. Tweedmouth, England; educated at the university of St. Andrew; ordained a minister of the Scottish church in 1832; settled at Arbroath in 1833, and at Campsie in 1836. When the church of Scotland was rent in twain, be remained with the Established church, was called to the pastorate of the Old Gray Friars' church in Edinburgh, and took a prominent part in the controversies that ensued In 1844, to rebut the charge of Erastianism brought against the national church by the scceders, he translated and published with a preface of his own The Theses of Erastus touching Excommunication. In 1846 he was appointed regius professor of biblical criticism in the university of Edinburgh, and eight years later published the great work of his life-the fruit of most careful and earnest research-The Holy Bible, with about 60,000 Marginal References and Various Readings, revised and improved. He was charged by some of his brethren with unsoundness on the subject of eternal punishment, but defended himself with great vigor. He was a member of the deputation that appeared before a committee of parliament in 1858 on the subject of university reform, and had the satisfaction of seeing his suggestions embodied in the act that was finally passed. In 1859 he was arraigned before the presbytery of Edinburgh, and afterwards before the general assembly, upon the charge of introducing in public worship liturgical forms and postures unknown to the church of Scotland; the fact being that he had published a volume of Prayers for Public Worship and used the same in his own church. He defended himself with such power and eloquence that his accusers were defeated. In 1830 he published The Reform of the Church of Scotland in Worship, Government, and Doctrine, in which he presented his views of liturgical forms, postures, instrumental music, etc., and expressed his earnest desire, by certain changes in these and other particulars, to bring the church into more perfect harmony with the catholic Christian spirit and with the aspirations of the age. The general assembly of 1863-64 took action favorable to his views, and shortly afterwards an organ was erected in Gray Friars' church, a step which marked a new era in the history of the national church of Scotland. In 1865, however, the general assembly reversed its previous action, and the questions at issue were about to be tested in the civil courts, when Dr. Lee was attacked with paralysis, which led to his death, Mar. 12, 1868. His Life and Remains, by rev. R. II. Story, appeared in 1870.

Lee.

LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (ante), 1807-70; son of col. Henry Lee of Westmoreland co., Va.; b. June 19, 1807; distinguished by the ability of the service rendered against his country as gen. and commander-in-chief of the armies of the confederate states. He graduated with honor at West Point in 1829; was lieut. in the engineer corps 1829-34; from 1834-37 assistant to chief engineer at Washington; in 1835 assistant in running the boundary line between Ohio and Michigan; 1837-41 superintending engineer of the improvements on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers; made capt. in 1888; in 1842 superintendent of the construction and repair of the defenses of the harbor of New York, assistant engineer at Washington, and member of the board of Atlantic coast defenses. On the opening of war with Mexico in 1846, Lee was made chief engineer under gen. Scott, was in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Churubusco, and Chepultepec, and wounded in the latter. From 1852-55 he was superintendent of the West Point military academy. On the formation of a new cavalry regiment in 1855 Albert Sidney Johnston was made col., Robert E. Lee lieut.col., Hardee and Thomas majors, Van Dorn and Kirby Smith captains. Thomas is the only one of the number who was true to the national flag when the slave states rose against it. Lee was serving with this regiment in Texas in 1857, when on leave he returned to Washington, where, through his marriage with Mary Custis, great-granddaughter of Martha Custis, wife of Washington, he at that time came into possession of the Arlington estate near Washington. In Oct., 1859, he was ordered to suppress the John Brown raid at Harper's Ferry. From Feb, to Dec., 1860, he commanded the army department of Texas. In Mar., 1861, he was called to Washington by gen. Scott, with whom, during the most of the critical weeks when the secession movement was advancing with tempestuous rapidity at the south, he continued in the most confidential relations as an officer of the United States and a friend. On April 18, while the secession act was pending in the Virginia legislature, he informed gen. Scott that he must resign and go with his state if it seceded. The next day, before Virginia's secession act had passed, he cast the influence of his name into the scale of secession; sent in his resignation to gen. Scott, in a letter filled with grateful recognition of the general's friendship and the kindness of all his superiors in the service throughout his life, but without a word to indicate love of country. He but expresses the deep pain a man may feel at being obliged to take one side or another in a family quarrel-in parting with some dear friends to take side with others. letter closes with this often quoted expression-**Save in defense of my native state I never again desire to draw my sword." How suicidal and absurd was that state allegiance, time has shown. A letter to his sister, a lady with a higher ideal of patriotism, shows the strange fact that he recognized no necessity for this state of things." Exerting a wide influence by the native nobility of his character, and devotion to duty, he cast his fortunes with the most violent and determined defenders of human slavery as a divine institution, and became their great military reliance. It is an interesting question as to what mental idiosyncrasy induced a man of Lee's mold to take the step which made him the military hero of the most causeless of wars. The letter written to his sister, on the day when he resigned his commission, shows how little Lee's judgment led him, and how entirely he gave himself up to social considerations and the "states rights" theory. The letter is as follows:

"ARLINGTON, April 20, 1861.

The

"MY DEAR SISTER: I am grieved at my inability to see you. I have been waiting 'for a more convenient season,' which has brought to many before me deep and lasting regret. Now we are in a state of war which will yield to nothing. The whole South is in a state of revolution, into which Virginia, after a long struggle, has been drawn; and though I recognize no necessity for this state of things, and would have foreborne and pleaded to the end for redress of grievances, real or supposed, yet in my own person I Had to meet the question whether I should take part against my native state. With all my devotion to the union, and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my commission in the army, and, save in defense of my native state, with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be needed. I hope I may never be called on to draw my sword.

"I know you will blame me, but you must think as kindly of me as you can, and believe that I have endeavored to do what I thought right. To show you the feeling and struggle it has cost me, I send a copy of my letter to gen. Scott, which accompanied my letter of resignation. I have no time for more. May God guard and protect you and yours, and shower upon you every blessing, is the prayer of your devoted brother, "R. E. LEE."

After Lee had thus crossed the Rubicon to join the southern cause, his wife wrote to a friend: "My husband has wept tears of blood over this terrible war; but he must, as a man and Virginian, share the destiny of his state, which has solemnly pronounced for independence." The key to his betrayal of a patriot's duty lay in his family affection. His wife, from whom he had derived a great estate, exerted a powerful influence over him. The hearts of southern women, like those of the McGregors, beat high for caste and clan. The grandeur of the United States-the great republic of the world-paled before their eyes in the light that shone from the altar of their local prides and loves.

Lee.

Lee was molded in the heat of his immediate surroundings. The question arises whether he could not have molded them instead-casting his influence with such quick and forcible decision for his entire country that he would have carried family and friends by the momentum of his own will, instead of being the reluctant victim of their infatuation.

On April 23, 1861, Lee was at Richmond, receiving an ovation in the legislative hall of Virginia on the occasion of the formal confirmation of his appointment by gov. Letcher to the position of maj.gen, of the forces of the commonwealth of Virginia, which appointment had been made at once on the receipt of news of his resignation from the U. S. army. He remained without any specific command, superintending the fortifications of Richmond with a skill proved by subsequent events. His first operations in the field were against gen. Rosecrans in western Virginia, which were ineffective. He was back to Richmond soon after, and was thence sent to South Carolina to meet the movement of the union forces at Port Royal. The latter part of May, 1862, when McClellan's army was threatening Richmond from the Chickahominy, gen. Joseph E. Johnston was commander-in-chief of the confederate forces. At the battle of the Seven Pines, Johnston being wounded and disabled from command, gen. Lee became the commander of the army of Virginia. Up to this time Lee had never had opportunity to display his ability on the field. He now maneuvered two considerable divisions of his army so as to give the impression that he intended to reinforce Jackson for an attack on Washington. McClellan was completely deceived. Lee suddenly concentrated all his force on the union lines, and in the battles of June 26 and 27 on the Chickahominy, notwithstanding the equal bravery of the army under McClellan, the superior generalship of Lee won a decisive victory. McClellan showed ability in retreat, and conducted the national army to a new line. On the 29th Lee ordered renewed attacks on the retreating army, but so skillfully and secretly had the union army retreated through White Oak swamp, and so resolute and skillful was their defense whenever attacked, that no advantage was gained by Lee's army. McClellan had time to complete his retreat, and on July 2 was intrenched on Malvern Hill. Here a desperate attack was made by Lee to dislodge him, which resulted in a bloody defeat of the rebel forces. Gen. Pope was soon after this put in command of the national armies in Virginia w. of Washington, while gen. McClellan retained position on the James river. Lee, relying on McClellan's inactivity before Richmond, planned to throw his whole available strength against Pope. A series of rapid and unexpected blows fell upon the outer armies under Pope's command, his depot of provisions was captured, and on Aug. 29 and 30, 1862. Pope's main army was signally defeated on the same field of Manassas that witnessed the first defeat of Bull Run. Lee then projected the invasion of Maryland. To use Lee's own words, "the war was thus transferred from the interior to the frontier, and the supplies of rich and productive districts made accessible to our army." On Sept. 7 his entire army was near Frederick City. Lee's tactics were now to draw the union armies after him, and to choose his own ground and time for giving battle. On Sept. 8 he issued an address to the people of Maryland which shows how completely his feelings as a southern man and a slave-holder had dominated his naturally clear judgment. He uses the hackneyed phrases of secession journals in reminding the people of Maryland of their "wrongs”; in alluding to the supremacy of the national power over the local tendency to rebellion asusurpation.' To use his own language, "believing that the people of Maryland possessed a spirit too lofty to submit to such a government, the people of the south have long wished to aid you in throwing off this foreign yoke, to enable you again to enjoy the inalienable rights of freemen, and restore independence and sovereignty to your state." This appeal to personal liberty seems strange in the light of the terrorism towards all adverse opinion which prevailed throughout the confederacy. The proc lamation had little effect. It is creditable, however, to gen. Lee that his army, while in Maryland and Pennsylvania, were constrained to avoid all acts not in conformity with civilized warfare.

Gen. McClellan was now re-appointed to the command of the national armies. Sept. 10.1862, Harper's Ferry was captured by the rebels preparatory to the invasion of Pennsylvania. McClellan followed Lee's movements, keeping the body of his army between Lee and Washington By good fortune coming into possession of Lee's order of march, he forced the latter to turn. The battle of Antietam was the result. With a greatly superior force McClellan succeeded in inflicting such a blow that Lee was forced to abandon the invasion of Pennsylvania, but his superior generalship prevented the former from obtaining any further advantages as Lee retreated southward. On Nov. 7. 1862, McClellan was relieved of command. Lee had evidently relied much in carrying out his plans either offensive or defensive on the extreme caution of the union commander. The appointment of Burnside gave fresh activity to the national campaign. The government decided to renew the attempt on Richmond via Fredericksburg. Both armies were rapidly drawn southward, and on Nov. 20 Lee was gathering his entire army behind the works of Fredericksburg, while Burnside's covered the hills on the north, facing them. On Dec. 11 Burnside began the attack. On the 12th his army had achieved a good position. On the 13th a heroic assault was directed squarely against the fortified hills of Fredericksburg. It was hurled back with terrible loss to the union army. After this battle the army of gen. Lee was not again molested until the campaign

of 1863 opened. Gen. Joseph E Hooker had been appointed to supersede gen. Burnside, and with a powerful army now declared his intention to make quick work of ousting the confederate army from Fredericksburg. His army was double in numbers that of Lee. On April 29 he had massed six army corps on the n. side of the Rappahannock near Chancellorsville, and should have chosen his own battle-field. The genius of Lee was never more conspicuous than at this time. He took the initiative of attack befcre Hooker's army was through the "Wilderness," and detaching gen. Stonewall" Jackson with 21,000 men to make a long circuit to the rear of the right flank of the union army, he occupied gen. Hooker with menaces in front until the evening of the 30th, when Jackson's attack fell like a thunderbolt from a clear sky on the rear of the union army. The next morning the attack was made real in the frout, and such was the paralysis of the union commanders, and such the mastery of the time and place for action on the part of Lee, that the great army of Hooker was already defeated. But while the battle on that field was won, Lee received intelligence that the union gen. Sedgwick, at the head of 20,000 troops, had captured Fredericksburg and was now on the hill in his rear. On May 2 he turned his entire force back and attacked but did not dislodge him. But that night Sedgwick, hearing of the discomfiture of Hooker's army, retreated. On May 4 the whole union army was in full retreat, completely outgeneraled at all points. Lee now organized his army to renew the invasion of Pennsylvania, and on June 3 commenced the advance with an army of 80,000 men. He maneuvered so as to force Hooker with all his army to follow, but at the same time so attenuated his line as to draw the following characteristic letter from president Lincoln to gen. Hooker: "If the head of Lee's army is at Martinsburg and the tail of it on the plank-road between Freaericksburg and Chancellorsville, the animal must be very slim somewhere; could you not break him?" But Hooker was evidently afraid of Lee anywhere, and with reason. The entire confederate army was transferred to North Virginia. On June 27 it was concentrated near Chambersburg. Gen. Geo. G. Meade now succeeded Hooker in the command of the national army, now n. of Washington. Lee's entire army was now in Pennsylvania. The national army concentrated towards Gettysburg. There gen. Meade brought Lee to battle and chose the field. On July 1 the battle of Gettysburg began by an unexpected collision between the union cavalry and the head of gen. Hill's column moving from Chambersburg towards Gettysburg. It resulted in the repulse of the union advance, and its retirement to the strong position of Cemetery ridge, s. of Gettysburg. The great battle was begun by Lee, July 2, 1863, at 4 p.m., by a tremendous cannonade followed by an impetuous attack on the right of Meade's position. It failed. The next day gen. Meade anticipated the strong attack to be made on his position, by an early retaking of a position gained by the confederates the day before. On the afternoon of the 3d Lee massed 145 cannon and opened the battle for two hours with their thunder, under cover of which his attacking columns of 15,000 men formed. The attack was all that human bravery could make it; but the column melted before the fire that waited for it; and though its head reached and covered the key of the struggle, the main force of the column was annihilated, and the position quickly retaken. Gen. Lee's noble equanimity was conspicuous in this defeat in the manner of his meeting the disorganized remnant of that returning column, infusing them with his own serene confidence. A retreat was now necersary, but it was deliberate and orderly, and gen. Meade, after his victory, found no place in Lec's army for attack. He maneuvered retreating until s. of the Rappahannock, where he endeavored to bring Meade to battle. But the latter was too wary. Then he advanced and endeavored to get to the n. of the national army, but Meade's counter-movements, prompt and rapid, prevented; and the latter in turn advanced, attacked and captured a part of Lee's force, compelling his retreat to the Rapidan. Here Meade planned an attack by surprise, but Lee received timely information, and when Meade's force confronted him, was in a position too strong to be attacked. With a quickness and boldness peculiar to him, he observed that Meade's army was in a weak position to resist an attack, and planned one for the following day. But the next day Meade and his army were no longer there. "They had disappeared like a phantom," writes gen. Lee's biographer. That ended the campaign of Virginia

in 1863.

The "immense campaign" of 1864 for the possession of Richmond was now to test and crown the military fame of gen. Lee. Gen. U. S. Grant, victorious thus far on every field, assumed the personal command of the army of the Potomac. For an entire year all the vast resources at his command were used with that rugged grit that regards no loss of life too great which achieves the quick end of war, and with an energy and skill that all the world acknowledges. Yet during that entire year gen. Lee, with an army small in comparison, by his engineering skill, masterly handling, and invariable readiness, aided by his necessary concentration behind strong defenses, held Grant's army at bay, and yielded at last only as a cube of steel may yield to the last great pressure of a colossal vise. The year was filled with the sickening news of sanguinary battles with small results. Grant was hammering at the front of flint that Lee invariably presented. But the weakening force could but show their heroic valor and the resources of their commander. Gen. Lee surrendered the remnant of the army of Virginia on April 9, 1865. His parting address to his remaining troops is a model of sad dignity and grateful recognition of an army's constancy.

Leeching.

In Mar., 1866, gen. Lee was called before the reconstruction committee of congress to give his views. He was very guarded in the expression of opinions, but gave a hearty approval of what is known as president Johnson's policy. His answers to questions put to him were not particularly instructive, often vague and evasive, and have neither the ring of his military incisiveness nor the breadth of a statesman's view. They indicated his intention to give a mournful acquiescence, but not a support, to the re-formed union, and illy concealed the strength of his social aversion to northerners in southern society. But it must be stated that the questions put to him were often needlessly painful for him to answer, and called either for a pronounced adhesion to the lost cause, evasion, or renewed loyalty. His answers indicated the middle course.

In person gen. Lee was of the noblest type of manly beauty: tall, broad-shouldered, erect, with a dignity as impressive as that of Washington, yet not so cold; of babits as pure, more warmly religious; with a calm, confident, kindly manner that no disaster could change. The man was molded for the leader of a nobler cause than that of a confederacy whose corner-stone was human slavery. In the fall of 1865 gen. Lee had accepted the presidency of Washington college in Lexington, Va. Its sedentary duties and the habitual sadness of his proud spirit sapped his health, and a congestion of the brain terminated his life, Oct. 12, 1870.

LEE, SAMUEL, D.D., an English orientalist and linguist, was b., May 14, 1783, at Longnor, in Shropshire; studied at Queen's college, Cambridge, and took his degree of B. A. in 1817. Two years after he was chosen Arabic professor in the same university, obtained the degree of D.D. from Halle (unsolicited) in 1822 and from Cambridge in 1833, was appointed regius professor of Hebrew in 1831, and died rector of Barley, in Hertfordshire, Dec. 16, 1852. His Grammar of the Hebrew Language (2d ed., Lond. 1831), his Book of Job, translated from the Original Hebrew (3 vols., Lond. 1837), his Hebrew, Chaldaic, and English Lexicon (Lond. 1840), his translation from the Arabic of the Travels of Ibn-Batuta (Lond. 1833), have secured for him a very high reputation. His Sermons on the Study of the Holy Scriptures (1830) and Events and Times of the Visions of Daniel and St. John (Lond. 1851), are also highly esteemed. He took charge, for the British and foreign Bible society, of editions of the Syriac Old Testament, and of the Syriac New Testament, or Peshito, of the Malay, Persian, and Hindustani Bibles, and of the Psalms in Coptic and Arabic.

LEE, SAMUEL PHILIPS, Rear-Admiral U.S.N.; b. Va., 1812; entered the navy as midshipman in 1825; was appointed lieut. in 1837, commander in 1855, capt. in 1862, commodore in 1866, and rear-admiral in 1870. He rendered important aid in the capture of New Orleans during the war of the rebellion, being at that time in command of the North Atlantic blockading squadron. In 1864-65 be commanded the Mississippi squadron; 1866-67 he was president of the board to examine volunteer officers for admission to the navy; 1868-70, chief signal officer; commander of the North Atlantic fleet 1870-73, when he retired from active service.

LEE, SOPHIA, 1750-1824; b. London; daughter of an actor, and at 30 years of age wrote a comedy, The Chapter of Accidents, the profits of which enabled her to establish at Bath a seminary for young ladies, which was conducted for many years by her with the aid of her sister HARRIET, whose name is inseparably connected with her own in the authorship of The Canterbury Tales. Sophia, besides writing most of those tales, was the author of two novels and a tragedy that won a moderate success. Her second comedy was not so fortunate.

LEE, THOMAS, b. Va., about the beginning of the 18th c.; the third son of Richard, member of the council, and grandson of Richard, the cavalier founder of the family in America, who took an active part with Berkeley in securing the allegiance of the colony to the Stuarts. Thomas succeeded to the ancestral estate at Stratford, Westmoreland co. He became president of the council, and his commission as governor had just been signed, when he died, in 1750. By his wife Hannali, daughter of col. Philip Ludwell, a member of the council, he had six sons, all of whom were distinguished for public services rendered during the revolutionary war. WILLIAM, the fifth son, went to England as agent of Virginia, was elected sheriff of London in 1773 and alderman in 1775. He was afterwards diplomatic agent of the United States at the Hague, Vienna, and Berlin. He was recalled in 1779, and died at Green Spring, Va., June 27, 1795.

LEECH, Hirudo, a Linnæan genus of annelida, of the order suctoria, now forming the family hirudinidæ, and divided into a number of genera, some of which contain many species. They are mostly inhabitants of fresh waters, although some live among grass, etc., in moist places, and some are marine. They are most common in warm climates. The body is soft, and composed of rings like that of the earth-worm, but not furnished with bristles to aid in progression, as in the earth-worm; instead of which, a sucking disk at each extremity enables the leech to avail itself of its power of elongating and shortening its body, in order to pretty rapid locomotion. The mouth is in the anterior sucking disk. The mouth of many of the species, as of the common medicinal leeches, is admirably adapted not only for killing and eating the minute aquatic animals which constitute the'r ordin: ry food, but for making little wounds in the higher animals, when opportunity o curs, through which blood may be sucked. The mouth of the medicinal