Chili, nuncio at Brussels, and archbishop of Thebes in 1861. By request of the king of Prussia he was appointed archbishop of Guesen and Posen in 1866, becoming thereby primate ex officio of Poland. In 1873 he took the lead in protesting against the new Prussian ecclesiastical laws, by which the people of the dioceses and parishes were allowed to choose their own bishops and priests. He refused to appear before the courts to justify his action, in consequence of which his property was taken in payment of fines, and he was imprisoned at Ostrowa. He was appointed cardinal Mar. 15, 1875.

LEDRU-ROLLIN, ALEXANDRE AUGUSTE, a noted French democrat, b. in Paris, 1808; studied for the bar, to which he was admitted in 1830. He was counsel for the defense in most of the prosecutions of opposition journals during the reign of Louis Philippe, and obtained a great reputation among the lower orders. In 1841 he was elected deputy by the department of Sarthe, and became a prominent member of the extreme left. In 1846 he published an Appel aux Travailleurs, in which he declared “universal suffrage" to be the only panacea for the miseries of the working-classes. He was also an ardent promoter of the reform-meetings that preceded the crash of 1848. On the outbreak of the revolution, he advocated the formation of a provisional government, and when this was carried out was intrusted with the portfolio of the interior. He was afterwards one of the five in whose hands the national assembly placed the interim government. In this high position he showed great want of perception, firmness, and energy. In consequence of the insurrection of June, 1848, he ceased to hold office, and then sought to recover (what he had lost by accepting office) his influence with the extreme democrats. He partially succeeded, and even ventured on a candidature for the presidency, but obtained only 370,119 votes. The unsuccessful émeute of June, 1849, put an end to Ledru-Rollin's political rôle. He fled to England, and in less than a year politely published a work against the land which had given him an asylum, De la Décadence de l'Angleterre. For the next 20 years he lived alternately in London and Brussels. His name was excepted from the amnesties of 1860 and 1869; but in 1870, a decree having been published permitting him, he returned to France. In Feb., 1871, he was returned to the national assembly, but at once resigned. He died in 1874.

LE DUM, a genus of plants, of the natural order ericea, sub-order rhodorea, consisting of small evergreen shrubs, with comparatively large flowers, of which the corolla is cut into 5 deep petal-like segments. The species are natives of Europe and North America; some of them are common to both. The leaves of L. latifolium are said to be used in Labrador as a substitute for tea, whence it is sometimes called LABRADOR TEA. Sir John Franklin and his party, in the arctic expedition of 1819-22, used in the same way the ledum palustre, which produced a beverage with a smell resembling rhubarb, yet they found it refreshing. The leaves of both these shrubs possess narcotic properties, and render beer heady. They are regarded as useful in agues, dysentery, and diarrhea.

LEDYARD, JOHN, 1751-89; b. Conn.; prepared himself for missionary labors, and was for a time among the Indians of the Six Nations. In 1776 he went to London, and accompanied capt. Cook on his third and last voyage. He was at this time a corporal of marines in the British service, and in 1782, when off the American coast. deserted, and endeavored to organize a n.w. trading expedition. In this he failed, and two years later again went to London, whence he undertook a tour of exploration in the extreme n. of Europe. Starting from Stockholm on foot, he traversed the coast-line of the gulf of Bothnia, and continued his course to Siberia. He was arrested at Irkutsk by orders of the Russian government, and expelled from the country with orders not to return under penalty of death. This harsh action appears to have been taken on the suspicion that he was a spy or on account of jealousy. He reached London with difficulty in a most forlorn condition, where he was kindly received, and by sir Joseph Banks and some other persons sent on an expedition of exploration to Africa. He reached Cairo, but was there attacked by a fit of sickness which put an end to his life. Ledyard's diary of his voyage with capt. Cook was published in an abridged form in Hartford, Conn., 1787. Others of his manuscripts were issued in London among the memoirs of the society for encouraging discoveries in central Africa. He possessed a restless temperament and an adventurous disposition, but his travels do not appear to have resulted in any considerable service to mankind. It is remarkable that he should have left his native country at the outbreak of the revolution, should have entered the naval service of Great Britain in a branch of it devoted to the comparatively peaceful duty of exploration, and should have deserted this service immediately after the close of the war between the two countries.

LEDYARD, WILLIAM, 1738-81; b. at Groton, Conn.; commander of fort Griswold, near New London, in 1781, defending the post with great courage against an overwhelming British force until it was taken by storm, when, with more than 100 of his soldiers, he was massacred by the enemy. A monument commemorates the event.

LEE, or LEEWARD. a nautical term for the quarter to which the wind is directed, as distinguished from windward, or the part hence the wind comes.

LEE, a co. in s.e. Alabama, having the Chattahochee river for its e. boundary. drained by affluents of the Tallapoosa; about 610 sq.m.; pop. '80, 27,373-27,285 of American birth, 15.056 colored. It is intersected by 3 branches of the Western railroad of Alabama: the Selma, the West Point, and the Columbus. Its county seat is the terminus of the Savannah and Memphis railroad, and the East Alabama and Cincinnati. Its surface is uneven, with densely wooded hills and wide fertile plains. Its tillable lands are adapted to the cultivation of cotton, sweet potatoes, rice, sugar-cane, fruit, and the products of the dairy. It has fine pasturage for the raising of live stock. It produced in '70, 3,509 lbs. of honey. Number of farms in '70, 1205, including 7 of 1000 acres and over. Cash value of farms in '70, $1,405,738. Seat of justice, Opelika.

LEE, a co. in n.e. Arkansas, formed in 1873 out of parts of Monroe, St. Francis, and Phillips counties, and has the Mississippi for its eastern border; 1000 sq. miles. It is watered by the Languille, Blackfish, and St. Francis rivers, flowing through it from n. to s., and emptying into the Mississippi. It has a vast area of alluvial soil adjacent to the river banks, susceptible of cultivation when not subject to overflow. The climate resembles that of Louisiana in its humidity and forwardness of vegetation in the spring, and is said to be adapted to the cultivation of the vine and the silk-worm. A large extent of unsettled country is covered with a heavy growth of beech, denoting a rich soil, and there are groves of elm, hickory, and oak. Cotton is the staple article of cultivation; other products are fine maize, sweet potatoes, and the vegetables generally of Mississippi and Louisiana. Seat of justice, Marianna. Pop. '80, 13,288.

LEE, a co. in s. w. Georgia, having the Flint river for its e. boundary, is watered by two of its affluents, and intersected centrally by the Smithville and Albany line of the Southwestern railroad; 350 sq.m.; pop. '80, 10,577-10.566 of American birth, 8,839 colored. Its surface is generally level, and equally divided into plain and forest; its wooded elevations furnishing building timber of pine and oak. The product of its tillable lands is grain of all kinds, cotton, sweet potatoes, and sugar-cane. Some attention is paid to vine culture. Cash value of farms in '70. $992,374, numbering 139, including 19 of 1000 acres and over. Seat of justice, Starkville.

LEE, a co. in n. Illinois, watered by the Rock river crossing the n.w. corner, and the Green river and Big Bureau creek rising in the county and flowing southward. The Chicago and Northwestern railroad traverses the n. portion, and forms a junction at Dixon with the Rockford and Rock Island and the Illinois Central railroads; 728 sq.m.; pop. '80, 27.494-22,347 of American birth. The country along Rock river is undulating, and partially covered with dense underbrush and scattering timber; the rest of the county spreads into broad, level prairi s, inclining to be low and wet, but affording good grazing, pasture, and meadow farms. Stock raising is a remunerative business. Every kind of timber that prevails in Illinois may be found in the groves; and miles of hedge-fencing of the osage orange are planted every spring. In the central portion some Galena limestone is quarried. Indian corn, wheat, oats, flax, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. Total value of all farm productions, including stock, in '70, $3.001,570. The principal industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements, carriages, dressed flax, iron castings, and woolen goods. Value of manufactures in '70, $2,066,295. Seat of justice, Dixon.

LEE, a co. in s.e. Iowa, organized in 1837, has for its eastern boundary line the Mississippi river, on the n.e. the Skunk river, and on the s.e. the Des Moines, which empties into the Mississippi, at its southern extremity. It is traversed in the southern section by the Des Moines Valley railroad, and centrally by the Keokuk division of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad, and the Burlington and South-western; 500 sq m.; pop. in '80, 34,859-28,930 of American birth. Hickory, walnut, and cottonwood trees grow on the river banks, and a few sycamores; a vast amount of locust has been raised. The surface is a succession of gentle elevations and depressions, with bold bluffs along the streams, and rich bottom-lands unsurpassed for fertility. The soil is a drift deposit, with a deep covering of vegetable mold. Considerable attention is paid to wool-growing, to fruit-culture, and the raising of fine cattle and horses. Beds of bituminous coal, gypsum and limestone for building purposes, appear on the banks of the Des Moines and Skunk rivers. Gypsum is found from 25 to 30 ft. in thickness. The Cardiff giant was manufactured from this deposit. Potters' clay is abundant, furnishing material for extensive potteries. The streams afford many excellent mill-sites. Pure well-water is easily obtained. Valuation of real and personal estate in 1870. $20,000,000. Estimated value of farm productions, including additions to stock, etc., $1,948,977. Value of manufactures, $2,623,135. Seat of justice, Fort Madison.

LEE, a co. in e. Kentucky, watered by the middle, n. and s. forks of the Kentucky river, flowing into it from the n. w., is separated from the county on its eastern border by high ridges of mountains; 250 sq.m; pop. '80, 4,254. Its surface is mountainous, bat well wooded, and its valleys are fertile. Beds of bituminous coal and iron are found in the hilly region, and near the villages. Its productions include live stock, every variety of grain, tobacco, sweet potatoes, sorghum, maple-sugar, dairy products, and flax. It produced, in 1870, 3,118 lbs. of honey. Seat of justice, Beattyville.

LEE, a co. in n.e. Mississippi, intersected by the Mobile and Obio railroad, is drained by the head waters of the Tombigbee river; 520 sq.m.; pop. 80, 20,461. Its surface is generally level, consisting of fertile plains, covered for long distances with a thick growth of hickory, elm, and oak, diversified by the tulip-tree and magnolia. Its soil, which has a substratum of limestone, is very productive, and adapted to the raising of live stock and every variety of grain, tobacco, cotton, sugar-cane, sweet potatoes, dairy products, and the vine. It produced, in 1870, 8,159 lbs. of honey. Cash value of farms in 1870, $1,463,074, numbering 1970, including one of more than 1000 acres. Seat of justice, Tusselo.

LEE, a co. in s. w. Virginia, having for its s. boundary part of the state lines of Tennessee and North Carolina, and for its w. and n. the Cumberland mountains, separating it from Kentucky, about 450 sq.m.; pop. '80, 15,116-15,110 of American Lirth, 1005 colored. It is drained by Powell's river, rising in the county which bounds it on the n., and flowing s. w. through it into e. Tennessee. It is bounded on the e. by a range of mountains, through which is a natural tunnel 400 ft. in length. Stone mountain occupies part of the central portion, and the intervening valleys are very fertile, having a formation of limestone, and being well wooded with hickory, oak, asli, maple, and pine. Its agricultural productions include the raising of grain, sweet potatoes, sorghum, maple-sugar, and live stock. It produced, in 1870, 26,535 lbs. of honey. Cashi value of farms in 1870, numbering 930, $2,184,205. It employs capital in flour-mills, tobacco-factories, and manufactories of woolen goods. Its mountains abound in coal, iron ore, limestone, sandstone, and saltpeter. Scat of justice, Jonesville.

LEE, a t. in w. Massachusetts, incorporated in 1777, among the Berkshire hills, in the co. of Berkshire, on the Housatonic river; pop. '80, 3,939. It is divided into East Lee, South Lee, and Lee Center; the two latter having stations on the Housatonic railroad. It is 110 m. from Boston, 115 m. from New York, 99 m. n. of Bridgeport, Conn., 11 m. s. of Pittsfield, Mass., and 38 m. s.e. of Albany. It has a national bank, a weekly newspaper, 8 churches, several hotels, a public library, and superior public schools. There are a number of woolen mills, but the principal industry is the manufacture of paper, employing 25 mills. It is celebrated for its ledges of fine, white marble, which has been extensively quarried to supply building material for exportation. This stone was used in the extension of the capitol at Washington, and in the erection of the Roman Catholic cathedral in New York. It is near the center of a district much resorted to in summer by urban residents, and which is noted for its delightful scenery and ancient air of respectability.

LEE, the name of a distinguished Virginian family. Their ancestor, RICHARD LEE, emigrated with a numerous household to America, in the reign of king Charles I., and settled in the country lying between the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers. He was a bold royalist, and during the protectorate of Cromwell was mainly instrumental in inducing the colony of Virginia to assume a semi-independent attitude.-RICHARD HENRY LEE, great-grandson of the preceding, and the most illustrious member of the family, was born at Stratford, in Virginia, Jan. 20, 1732. He was educated first at home, and afterwards in England. He did not come prominently before his countrymen till after the British parliament had passed (1764) the act declaring its right to tax the colonies, and also the stamp act (1765), when he immediately became the center of an active opposition among the colonists, associated himself with Patrick Henry (q.v.), and drew up most of the resolutions" of the period. He was sent as a delegate from Virginia to the first American congress, which met at Philadelphia (Sept. 5, 1774), and at once became a leader in the assembly. He wrote most of those addresses to the king. the people of England, and the colonies, which compelled the great Chatham to admit that for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion, under such complication of circumstances, no nation or body of men can stand in preference to the general congress at Philadelphia." When war between the mother-country and the colonies became inevitable, Lee was placed on the committees charged with preparing the munitions of war, and with devising all other means of offering a vigorous resistance to the British government. His labors at this time were enormous. On June 7. 1776, Lee made the most celebrated (and important) of all his speeches, when introducing before the congress of Philadelphia a measure declaring the united colonies" to be free and independent states,” and “absolved from all allegiance to the British crown." During the war of independence, he was-in spite of ill-health-one of the most active of the patriotic party, chiefly, however, as a civilian. In 1784 he was elected president of congress, and when the federal constitution was established he entered the senate for Virginia. Towards the close of his career he became a decided federalist, although originally he had viewed that system of government with great suspicion, as tending towards a despotic centralization of power. In 1792 he retired from public affairs, and died in his native state, June 19, 1794. His Life and Correspondence was published by his great-grandson, R. H. Lee (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1825).-LEE, ARTHUR, youngest brother of the preceding, was born in Virginia, Dec. 20, 1740. He was educated at Eton, then studied medicine at Edinburgh, and after traveling on the continent for some time, returned to America, and started as a physician. Circumstances, however, soon drew him into the field of politics; he returned to England, advocated the

Lee.

rights of the colonies in the English newspapers, and in 1776 took up his residence at Paris, as the secret agent of the American congress. In this capacity he was busily employed during the whole struggle, and conducted his business on the continent greatly to the advantage of the colonists. He died Dec. 12, 1792. Lee, like his brother, was an admirable scholar and writer, enjoyed the friendship of some of the most eminent men of his time-Burke, Wyndham, sir William Jones, the abbé Raynal, and the duke de Rochefoucauld. See Life and Correspondence, by R. H. Lee (2 vols., Boston, 1829).— LEE, HENRY, a distinguished American general, whose father was cousin of the preceding, was born in Virginia, Jan. 29, 1756. He was one of the most daring, vigilant, and successful cavalry officers on the side of the colonists. "Lee's legion" was probably the most effective and courageous body of troops raised in America. In the famous retreat of Greene before lord Cornwallis, it formed the rear-guard, the post of honor, and covered itself with glory. At the battles of Guildford court-house and Eutaw, at the sieges of forts Watson, Motte, and Granby and Augusta, and at the storming of fort Grierson, Lee particularly signalized himself. After the war, he was sent to congress as a delegate from Virginia, advocated the adoption of a federal constitution, and in 1792 was chosen governor of Virginia. In 1809 he published a valuable work, entitled Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States. He died at Cumberland island, Ga., Mar. 25, 1816.-LEE, ROBERT E., gen. and commander-in-chief of the army of the confederate states of America, was a son of the preceding, and was born in Virginia about 1810. He was educated at the military academy of West Point, entered the army of the United States, served as capt. of engineers under gen. Scott in the war with Mexico, was raised to the rank of lieut.col., and brevetted col. for distinguished services. He was employed in the office of the commander-in-chief at Washington when Virginia seceded from the union, April, 1861, when he resigned his commission, and was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces of Virginia. When that state entered the confederacy, he was appointed to its highest military rank of gen., and though not the senior, was selected by president Davis as commander-in-chief. In July, 1862, he defended Richmond against the federal army under gen. McClellan, and after six days of sanguinary battles, drove him to the shelter of his gun-boats. Marching n., he defeated gen. Pope, Aug. 29, in the second battle of Manassas, Crossing the Potomac into Maryland, with a force of 40,000, he was met at Antietam by gen. McClellan with 80,000, and after a bloody but indecisive conflict, Sept. 17, recrossed the Potomac, and took a position at Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock, where, Dec. 13, he was attacked by gen. Burnside, whose army he defeated with great slaughter. Gen. Hooker, the successor of generals McClellan, Pope, and Burnside, whom Lee had successively defeated, crossed the Rappahannock, May 1, 1863, and was attacked by gen. Lee on the 2d and 3d, routed with heavy loss, and compelled to escape in the night across the river. He afterwards carried the war into the northern states; but finally, being overpowered, he surrendered to gen. Grant. After the war he was appointed governor of Lexington college. He died Oct. 12, 1870, leaving a character extolled for integrity and piety. Lee married the adopted granddaughter and heiress of Washington, by whom he had five sons. See Lee's Life and Campaigns, by his nephew, Ed. Lee Childe (1874).

LEE, ALFRED, D.D., a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church; b. at Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 9, 1807; graduated at Harvard in 1827; admitted to the bar in 1830, and practiced for three years in Norwich, Conn.; after a course of study in the general theological seminary in New York, was ordained deacon in 1837 and priest in 1838; was rector of Calvary church, Rockdale, Del., 1838-41, when he was consecrated bishop of Delaware and became rector of St. Andrew's in Wilmington. He has published Life of St. Peter; Life of St. John; Treatise on Baptism; Memoir of Susan Allibone; and Harbinger of Christ.

LEE, ANN. See SHAKERS, ante.

LEE, CHARLES, 1731-82; b. Cheshire, England. He entered the British army at 11 years of age; was in Braddock's expedition, and wounded at Ticonderoga in 1758. He also served for a time in Portugal, but certain infelicities of temper hindered his advancement, and he never rose higher in the British service than a half-pay lieutenant. As a soldier of fortune he was more successful, having attained the position of aid-de-camp to the king of Poland and a maj.gen. In the Russian service against the Turks he became notorious chiefly as a duelist. In 1773 he emigrated to America, purchased an estate in Berkeley co., Va., and became an ardent whig. In 1775 he became maj.gen. of the continental army, took part in the defense of Charleston, and in 1776 was taken prisoner at Basking Ridge, N. J. It is now believed that, while in confinement, he made treasonable proposals to the enemy. In 1778 he was released by exchange, and in the battle of Monmouth his insubordination nearly lost the day. He was court-martialed and suspended from command for a year. Soon afterwards he was wounded in a duel by col. John Laurens, who challenged him for language disrespectful to Washington. After this he addressed a disrespectful letter to congress, and was punished by dismissal from the service. Died in Philadelphia.

LEE, CHARLES ALFRED. 1801-72; b. Salisbury, Conn.; graduated at Williams coljege, and in 1825 at the Berkshire medical college at Pittsfield, Mass.; settled in New

York, and was one of the founders of the Northern dispensary. He aided in founding the medical college of the New York university, and the Geneva medical college, in which and in many other medical institutions he was professor, chiefly of materia medica and obstetrics. He edited for several years the New York Journal of Medicine, and published several medical works. He edited the American edition of Copland's Dictionary of Practical Medicine. His medical works and contributions to medical periodicals are numerous.

LEE, ELIZA BUCKMINSTER, 1792–1864; b. N. H.; daughter of Joseph Buckminster, D.D., a clergyman in Portsmouth, and sister of Joseph Stevens Buckminster, an eminent clergyman and scholar. Under their supervision she acquired a superior classical education, and fondness for literary pursuits. She wrote the memoirs of her father_and brother, published in 1849 and 1851, giving such clear insight into the higher New England character, that it was called by Thomas Carlyle a most valuable work. married Mr. Thomas Lee, and passed her life in Boston and vicinity. She published, in addition to translations from B. Auerbach and other German authors, Sketches of a New England Village, (1837), a life of Richter (1842), and Naomi, or Boston Two Hundred Years Ago (1848).

She

LEE. EZRA, 1749-1821; b. Conn.; is remembered for a dangerous feat which he performed during the revolutionary war. The British war-vessel, the Eagle, was lying in the New York harbor, and it became necessary to make an effort to dislodge her from her position. Lee volunteered to fasten to her side one of David Bushnell's machines designed for blowing up vessels from under water. This machine was made to carry the operator and 150 lbs. of powder. The Eagle was a 64-gun ship, thickly sheathed with copper, and the attempt to fasten the infernal machine to her side was unsuccessful. Lee, however, performed his part of the duty faithfully, remaining under water for several hours, and on his return was warmly congratulated by Gen. Washington. He also fought bravely at Monmouth and in other battles.

LEE, FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT, 1734-97; son of Thomas; b. at Stratford, Westmoreland co., Va., Oct. 14, 1734; received an English and classical education from private tutors; was a member of the house of burgesses 1765-72, and of the continental congress 177579. He was one of the signers of the declaration of independence, often presided in committees of the whole, and was a member of other important committees of the congress. When the terms of peace with England were under consideration in 1783, he insisted most strenuously upon securing the right to the navigation of the Mississippi and to the Newfoundland fisheries. He took a prominent part in framing the articles of confederation which preceded the present constitution of the United States. He was a warm personal friend and supporter of Washington. After his retirement from congress in 1779, he served for a brief time in the senate of Virginia, but with this exception led a life of retirement.

77 66

LEE, FREDERIC RICHARD, R.A., an English landscape painter, b. at Barnstaple, in Devonshire, at the close of last century (1798), and first exhibited at the royal academy in 1824. He became an A. R. A. in 1834, and an R. A. in 1838. Lee is one of the most thoroughly national painters of his day, the characteristic scenery of his native country, its quiet river-banks, its parks, its leafy lanes, and its picturesque villages forming the favorite subjects of his pencil. Among his best known and most admired pictures are "The Broken Bridge, The Mill," The Watering-place," "The Fisherman's Haunt," "The Silver Pool,' The Plowed Field," "A Devonshire Village," "A Village Green," "Cover Side,' Harvest Field," "A Devonshire Lane,' 'Penshurst Avenue,' Avenue in Shobrook Park." Among his latest works are "The Bay of Biscay, Plymouth Breakwater,' "View of Gibraltar from the Sands," " Land we Live in " (1867). In 1848 he began to paint a series of works along with S. Cooper, the cattle-painter the former executing the landscape, and the latter the animals.

99.66

97 66

LEE, HANNAH F., 1780-1865; b. Mass.; daughter of Dr. Sawyer, an eminent physician of Newburyport. She married George G. Lee, of Boston, and for many years devoted her time to literature. In 1835 she published Grace Seymour, a novel, but nearly the whole of the edition was destroyed at the great fire in New York. In 1838, during a season of general financial distress, she published, anonymously, Three Experiments of Living, a work treating of the morals of domestic life. It met with remarkable success, and was widely circulated in England and other countries. Thirty editions were pub lished in America. Among her best productions are Old Painters; Luther and his Times; The Huguenots in France and America; Stories from Life for the Young; and a Memoir of Pierre Toussaint. Her own name appeared for the first time, in connection with her writings, in the appendix to Miss Hannah Adams's memoir of herself, edited by Dr. Joseph Tuckerman.

LEE, HARRIET, 1756-1851; b. England; daughter of an actor of respectability, who had been bred to the law, and was careful to educate his daughters. She was the sister of Sophia Lee, with whom she was associated in an academy at Bath, which Sophia had established, called Belvidere House. With her sister she shares the honor of fostering the talents and predicting the eminence of sir Thomas Lawrence. Having secured a competence by the successful management of the school, on the retirement of her