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Kalamazoo.

except in very gloomy weather. The kakapo takes possession of a hole, where one exists, among stones or the roots of trees, but seems also to have the power of making a burrow for itself. Dogs take it in its hole, although it makes some resistance; but, after a little experience, they learn how to deal with it. It is also pursued and taken by dogs when running on the ground. The flesh of the kakapo is more pleasant and delicate than that of any other parrot. This interesting bird has almost disappeared from the northern island of New Zealand, and is much more rare in the middle island than it was not many years ago. It will probably soon be extinct, unless means are adopted for its protection. It is the only known bird having large wings which does not use them for flight.

KAKODYLE. See CACODYLE.

KALAFAT, a walled t. of Roumania, in the s. w. part of Wallachia; pop. 2,500. It is on the left bank of the Danube, which here forms the Bulgarian boundary, and is directly opposite Widin, and 155 m. from Bucharest. It is very strongly fortified, and has frequently been an important strategic point in the Turkish wars. The Russians lost here 10,000 men in an engagement with the Turks in 1829; and in 1854 severe engagements took place in the same vicinity. In April, 1877, war was declared between Russia and Turkey, and Kalafat was occupied by Cossacks. Early in May the Roumanians held Kalafat, and the Turks shelled the town from the fortress of Widin, thus beginning the war between Turkey and Roumania. By June 3 the lines from Galatz to Kalafat were held by 240,000 Russians and 60,000 Roumanians.

KALAKAU'A, DAVID, King of the Hawaiians; b. Honolulu, Nov. 16, 1836; descended from Keawe, an ancient king of the islands; received an English education with prince Lunalilo and fifteen other hereditary chiefs in the royal school at Honolulu. In 1860 he visited California. On the death of Lunalilo, who appointed no successor, Kalakaua was elected king in 1874 by the legislature, over Emma, queen dowager and relict of Kamehameha IV. The partisans of Emma, on hearing the result, broke into the courthouse and attacked the legislature which had elected her rival. Assistance being asked from the English and American ships in port, the rioters were dispersed, and Kalakaua was crowned the seventh king of the Hawaiians. Two days afterwards he proclaimed his brother, prince William Pitt Seleiohoku, heir-apparent.

KALAMA, a city in Washington territory, important as the southern extremity of the Pacific division of the Northern Pacific railroad. Situated on the Columbia river, 45 m from Portland. It is the point of connection between the railroads and the Oregon steam navigation company. It was laid out in 1871, and was incorporated a city during the same year. It contains hotels, churches, a public school, a jail, and a fire department. The neighboring country is finely timbered, and at a short distance are extensive coal measures. Kalama is the seat of the offices, warehouses, and manufacturing establishments of the Northern Pacific railroad.

KALAMA TA, or CALAMATA, a sea-port of Greece, capital of Messenia, near the head of the gulf of Koron; pop. 6,327. It has considerable trade. The exports are figs, oil, and silk. It is the seat of the bishop of Messenia. It is supposed to be the site of Pheræ, prominent in the time of the Trojan war. In the period of the crusades it was the most important town of Peloponnesus, was annexed to Venice, but in the 18th c. came into possession of the Turks.

KALAMAZOO', a co. in s. Michigan, organized 1830; has a soil of great agricultural value. The Kalamazoo river flows through the county near its center, and the country is dotted with burr-oak plains or openings; pop. in '70, 32,054; in '80, 34,342; area, 576 sq. miles. The soil is composed of a brown loam, with a strong admixture of clay; this is also found where the prairies border the Kalamazoo river. These prairies are covered with wild flowers of many varieties. Much attention is given to the raising of live-stock. All products abound that are found in the middle states. From 40 to 80 bushels of corn to the acre are produced, and the average of wheat is placed at 25 bushels. Ledges of sandstone occur in the southern portion; also fine timber growing on the bottom-lands by the Kalamazoo and a number of smaller streams. Lines of railway cross the county in every direction. Among the industries are the manufacture of furniture, pumps, carriages, musical instruments, and agricultural implements. There are mills run by steam and water power, foundries, and machine shops. Co. seat, Kalamazoo.

KALAMAZOO', a city of Michigan, United States, is situated in the s. w. portion of the state, on the w. bank of the river of the same name, 65 m. from its mouth, and 143 m. w. of Detroit, on the Michigan Central railway. It has a state lunatic asylum, a college for both sexes, 16 churches, 3 newspapers, and several manufactories. Pop. '70, 9,181.

KALAMAZOO' (ante), a city in Michigan, capital of Kalamazoo co., on the river of the same name, 143 m. from Detroit; reached by the Michigan Central and Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railroads: pop. '80, 11,937. It is a thriving place, with numerous important manufacturing establishments, lighted by gas, and supplied with water through the Holly system. Its public buildings include the state insane asylum, a female seminary, a business college, and 16 churches. It is also the seat of the Kalamazoo

Kalisz.

(Baptist) college, which in 1876 had 11 instructors, 37 students of the collegiate grade, and a library of 3,000 volumes. It ranks fourth among the towns in the state.

KALAMAZOO RIVER, or KEKALAMAZOO (an Indian word signifying a boiling pot) is a river in s. Michigan. It is clear and narrow, and very rapid, and rising in the center of s. Michigan, flows westward through four counties over a bed of pebbles, limestone, or sand, emptying into lake Michigan 41 m. n. of the St. Joseph river, and 29 m. s. cf Grand river. It is 200 m. long but only 90 m. in a direct line from source to mouth. At its mouth, which is an excellent harbor for vessels of 100 tons burden, it is 400 ft. in width, and from 10 to 15 ft. deep. There are four considerable towns on its banks, Marshall, Battle Creek, Kalamazoo, and Allegan; the latter, 38 m. from its mouth, is the most important; and up to this point the river is navigable at all seasons. On the banks are found the mounds that puzzle antiquarians. Thick forests grow along its borders, which in Allegan co. furnish excellent pine timber; in Kalamazoo and Calhoun counties it flows mostly through oak-opcuings. It supplies excellent mill-sites for manufacturing purposes.

KAL BE, or CALBE, a t. of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Magdeburg, is situated 18 m. s. of the town of that name, on the left bank of the Saale. Spinning and weaving, with manufactures of paper, tobacco, and sugar, are here carried on. Pop. '75, 7,982.

KALE, or BORECOLE (Ger. Kohl), a cultivated variety of brassica oleracea, differing from cabbage in the open heads of leaves, which are used for culinary purposes as greens, and also as food for cattle. There are many sub-varieties, of which some are of a green and others of a reddish-brown or purplish color; some have the leaves comparatively plain, and others have them very much waved or curled, some also fringed or laciniated. Most of the kinds are biennial, like the cabbage, but some may be reckoned perennial, as the Milan kale (chou de Milan), and are frequently propagated by cuttings. The kind called German greens is one of the most delicate, and is very much cultivated in Britain, chiefly as a winter vegetable. The more the leaves are curled the more it is esteemed. The mode of its cultivation nearly agrees with that of cabbage. KALE, SEA. See SEA KALE.

KALEIDOSCOPE (from Gr. kalos, beautiful, eidos, image, and skopeo, I see), an optical instrument invented by sir David Brewster in 1817. It consists of a tube, through whose length pass two mirrors or reflecting planes, which are hinged together along one edge, and make with each other an angle which is an aliquot part of 180°, whilst the one end is fitted up with an eyeglass, and the other is closed by two glasses, at a small distance from each other, between which are placed little fragments of glass or other variously colored objects. The eye looking into the tube now perceives these objects multiplied as many times as the angle which the reflecting planes make with each other is contained in the whole circumference of a circle, and always symmetrically disposed; and the slightest shaking of the instrument produces new figures. There are various modifications of the kaleidoscope, by some of which its power is much increased; and it is not only a pleasing toy, but of great use to pattern-drawers and others, to whom it supplies endless varieties of figures.

KALENDAR. See CALENDAR.

KALENDS. See CALENDS.

KALER GIS, DEMETRIUS, 1803-67; b. Candia; educated at St. Petersburg; distinguished himself in the war of Grecian independence, and was taken prisoner by the Turks. He was very active in the revolution of 1843-45, was general and adjutant of king Otho, and was for some time minister of war. In 1861 he was sent as ambassador to Paris.

KALEWALA. See FINNISH LITERATURE.

KALGAN, or CHANG KIAKAU, a populous Chinese city, 125 m. from Peking in a north-westerly direction, on the Sangho river, and on the line of the great wall. It comprises both a Tartar and a Chinese quarter, and is strongly fortified. Occupying a position on the high road to Kiachta, in Siberia, it is the seat of a trade which formerly amounted to $8,000,000 per annum, but which has declined since 1860, owing to the extension of trade privileges to the entire frontier.

KALGUEF, or KOLGUEV, an island of Russia, in the Arctic ocean, 240 m. in circumference; belongs to the government of Archangel, and is situated 115 m. e. of the northern extremity of the peninsula of Kanin. It is the resort of innumerable flocks of wildfowl, especially cider-ducks, geese, and swans, which are caught in great numbers by the fowlers who visit the island every summer.

KALIDASA, the greatest dramatist and one of the most celebrated poets of India. He is known to the literary public of Europe especially through his drama Sákuntala, which, first introduced to the notice of the western world by sir William Jones (1789), created so great a sensation throughout Europe that the early success obtained by Sanskrit studies in England and Germany may be considered due to this masterpiece of Sanskrit literature. Another drama of the same poet, and next in renown to Sakuntala,

is the Vikramorvas'í, or the Hero and the Nymph. Besides these works, Hindu tradition ascribes to his authorship a third drama and several poems, which no European critic will believe could ever have sprung from a mind like that of Kalidasa. Prof. Lassen, in the Indische Alterthumskunde, passes the following judgment on this poet: Kalidasa may be considered as the brightest star in the firmament of Hindu artificial poetry. He deserves this praise on account of the mastery with which he wields the language, and on account of the consummate tact with which he imparts to it a more simple or more artificial form, according to the requirements of the subject treated by •him, without falling into the artificial diction of later poets, or overstepping the limits of good taste; on account of the variety of his creations, his ingenious conceptions, and his happy choice of subjects; and not less on account of the complete mauner in which he attains his poetical ends, the beauty of his narrative, the delicacy of his sentiment, and the fertility of his imagination." But although we are enabled by his works to appreciate the merits of this poet, we know little of his personal history. That he lived at Ujjayini or Oujein, and that he was "one of the nine gems of the court of Vikramâditya," is all that is related in regard to him. But as there have been several Vikramâdityas at Ujjayini, his date is as uncertain as that of any personage of the ancient history of India. Dr. Bhâo Dâjî, in a learned and ingenious essay "On the Sanskrit Poet, Kâlidâsa” (Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal As. Soc., Oct., 1860). has endeavored to identify Vikramaditya, the contemporary of Kâlidâsa, with Harsha Vikramâditya, and that the great poet would therefore have lived in the middle of the 6th c. of the Christian era.

KALIHA RI DESERT. The Kalibari is a vast central and nearly uninhabited tract of country lying between Great Namaqualand and the Betjuana country, in South Africa, extending from the northern banks of the Gariep of Orange river to the latitude of 21 s., or the verge of the Ngami region, a distance of nearly 600 m., with an average breadth of about 350 m., and presenting some curious physical features quite distinct from other desert regions of the globe. It is a nearly waterless, sandy, but in many places well wooded region on which rain seldom falls, intersected by dry watercourses, with a substratum of a tufaceous limestone, and to all appearance formerly the bed of an immense lake. Livingstone considers it remarkable for little water and considerable vegetation, and therefore very different from the karroos of the Cape Colony, which have neither water nor vegetation except after heavy rains, and from the bare and sandy deserts of North Africa and Arabia. No mountains or elevations of any considerable height are found in the Kalihari, the general level of which may be considered as 3,000 ft. above the sea. The few springs or "sucking-places" which here and there are found are generally carefully concealed by the Bakilihari, a miserable wandering race of Betjuana Bushmen, who roam through the desert in quest of game, of the skins of which they make the fur robes called "carosses." The Kalihari has been crossed by C. J. Andersson and others, near its outskirts; but of its central parts very little is known. After heavy rains immense herds of elephants, rhinoceroses, and giraffes are found in its dense thickets, and feed on the succulent wild melons called kengwe" which then abound there. In the n. part are immense forests of thoru

trees.

KALISCH, DAVID, 1820-72, a German farce and song writer of ability, and founder of the Kladderadatsch, a humorous and satirical paper, published in Berlin, and now more than 30 years old (1880). His plays are very popular in Germany, and a collection of his songs has been published separately under the title Berliner Leierkasten.

KALISPELS, or PENDS D'OREILLES, a tribe of Indians inhabiting portions of British America, Idaho, Washington territory, and Montana. They appear to have been peculiarly the subject of the characteristic treatment afforded the Indians by the American government, in being forced to submit to breaches of treaty stipulations, and to exasperating changes of habitat under U. S. executive direction. Formerly a wretched race of creatures, illy-fed and half-clad, their condition was essentially improved through the influence of the missions established among them about 1840 by father De Smét. Always peaceable, though brave and aggressive when molested, they became industrious, and cultivated their lands intelligently and with success. But the obligations which were entered into by the U. S. government in the treaty of 1855 were never honestly fulfilled, and the various bands were from time to time removed from their reservations, where they had cultivated lands and raised large numbers of cattle, horses, and hogs, and were driven to less eligible districts, and forced to begin life anew. In Montana there are said to be about 1000 members of this tribe; in Washington territory 300 or 400; and in Idaho 700. The tribe receives its name from the valley of Kalispel, e. of the Cascade mountains, where they have some time resided.

KA'LISZ, a Russian government, or district, in Poland, bordering on Prussia; 4,200 sq.m.; pop. '67, 601,029. Capital, Kalisz.

KA'LISZ, a t. of Poland, on the Prosna, in the government of the same name, 136 m. w.s.w. of the city of Warsaw. It is one of the oldest Polish towns, and was formerly the capital of a palatinate. Pop. '67, 13,602, who carry on an extensive trade. The adjoining county is the best-cultivated in the kingdom. Two famous battles were

fought here the first between the Poles and Russians and the Swedes in 1706; the other between the Russians and Saxons in 1813.

KALIYUGA, in Hindu chronology, the fourth or last of the periods contained in a mahayuga or great yuga (q.v.). It may be compared to the iron age of classical mythology. It consists, according to native imagination, of 432,000 solar-sidereal years, and begins 3,101 years before the Christian era. The relation of the four yugas being marked by a successive physical and moral decrement of created beings, the kaliyuga is the worst of all."In the kri'ta (or first) age," Manu says, the (genius of) truth and right (in the form of a bull) stands firm on his four feet, nor does any advantage accrue to men from iniquity. But in the following ages, by reason of unjust gains, he is deprived successively of one foot; and even just emoluments, through the prevalence of theft, falschood, and fraud, are gradually diminished by one foot (i.e., by a fourth part)." The estimate in which this kaliyuga, our present age, is held by the modern Hindus may be gathered from one of their most celebrated Purânas, the Padma-Purân'a. In the last chapter of the Kri yâyogasâra of this Purâna the following account is given of it: "In the kaliyuga (the genus of) right will have but one foot; every one will delight in evil. The four castes will be devoted to wickedness, and deprived of the nourishment which is fit for them. The Brahmans will neglect the Vedas, hanker after presents, be lustful and cruel. They will despise the scriptures, gamble, steal, and desire intercourse with widows.. For the sake of a livelihood, some Brahmans will become arrant rogues. The Sûdras will endeavor to lead the life of the Brahmans; and out of friendship people will bear false witness; . they will injure the wives of others, and their speech will be that of falsehood. Greedy of the wealth of others, they will entertain a guest according to the behest of the scriptures, but afterwards kill him out of covetousness; they are indeed worthy of hell. The twice-born (i e., the first three castes) will live upon debts, sell the produce of cows, and even their daughters. In this yuga men will be under the sway of women, and women will be excessively fickle. In the kaliyuga, the earth will bear but little corn; the clouds will shed but little rain, and that, too, out of season. The cows will feed on ordure, and give little milk, and the milk will yield no butter; there is no doubt of that. Trees, even, will wither in twelve years, and the age of mankind will not exceed sixteen years; people, moreover, will become gray-haired in their youth; women will bear children in their fifth or sixth year, and men will become troubled with a great number of children. In the kaliyuga the foreigners will become kings bent upon evil; and those living in foreign countries will be all of one caste, and out of lust take to themselves many wives. In the first twilight of the kaliyuga people will disregard Vish'nu, and in the middle of it go one will even mention his name."

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KALKASKA, a co. in s. Michigan, which embraces the head-waters of the Manistee river, the natural outlet to lake Michigan for the pine-timber section; 576 sq m.; pop. '70, 424. It is one of the five counties that constitute the Grand Traverse region. It is covered with a dense growth of hard-wood timber, and the soil is productive to a remarkable degree. Its forests, furni hing materials for building purposes, offer strong inducements to the settler. The streams abound in brook trout. Co. seat, Kalkaska.

KALM, PETER, 1715-79; b. in Sweden; educated at the universities of Ãbo and Upsala; was a botanist of distinction and reputation. He was a friend of Linnæus, who recommended him to the Swedish government, which, in 1748, dispatched him to North America for the purpose of making investigations in natural history. He remained abroad during three years, and on his return to Sweden published an account of his travels, which was translated into English and published in London, 1772. He became professor of botany, at Abo, was a member of the Swedish academy of sciences, and author of a number of scientific works. The genus kalma, a native North American evergreen, was named in honor of prof Kalm.

KAL'MAR, a t. and sea-port on the s.e. coast of Sweden, capital of a læn of the same name, is situated on the Kalmar sound, opposite the island of Oland, and about 200 m. ss.w. of Stockholm. It lias a good harbor, a handsome cathedral, and a large and beautiful castle, in which, July 12, 1397, the treaty called the "Union of Kalmar," which settled the succession to the three northern kingdoms upon queen Margaret of Denmark and her heirs forever, was agreed to by the deputies of the three kingdoms. The union, nevertheless, lasted only till the death of Margaret (see DENMARK, HISTORY OF). The commerce of the town is considerable, and manufactures of sugar and tobacco are carried on. Pop. '76, 10,009.

KAL MIA, a genus of plants of the natural order ericea, consisting of evergreen shrubs, mostly about 2 or 3 ft. high, natives of North America, with red, pink, or white flowers, generally in corymbs. The flowers are very delicate and beautiful, and the corolla is in the shape of a wide and shallow bell. Some of the species are frequent ornaments of gardens in Britain. They delight in a peat-soil. K. latifolia, the mountain laurel or calico bush of North America, occupies large tracts on the Alleghany mountains. It grows to the height of 10 ft., and the wood is very hard. It is narcotic and dangerous; the leaves are poisonous to many animals, and the honey of the flowers possesses nox.

ious properties. A decoction of the leaves has been used with advantage in cutaneous diseases.

KAL MUCKS, or, as they call themselves, the Derben-Ueirat (the four relatives), and also designated by the nanie of Eleutes and Khalimik (apostates), are the most numerous and celebrated of the Mongol nations. They are divided into four tribes, the first of which, the Khoskóts (warriors), number.nearly 60,000 families, and inhabit the country round the Koko-nur, which they consider the native country of the race. One portion of this tribe migrated to the banks of the Irtisch, and became subsequently incorporated with the second tribe, the Dzûngars; another portion migrated to the banks of the Volga, in the 17th c., and is found at the present day in the government of Astrakhan. The second tribe are the Dzúngars, who give the name to a large territory (Dzûngaria) in the w. of Chinese Tartary; at the present day they number about 20,000 families. The third tribe are the Derbets or Tchoros, who deserted Dzûngaria, and finally, to the number of 15,000 families, removed a few years ago to the plains of the Ili and the Don, where they are being rapidly incorporated with the Don Cossacks. The fourth great tribe of the Kalmucks are the Torgots, who, about 1660, separated from the Dzûngars, and settled in the plains of the Volga, whence they were called the Kalmucks of the Volga; but finding the Russian rule too severe, the majority returned to Dzûngaria.

No Mongol or Turkish race presents such characteristic traits as the Kalmucks; indeed, they answer exactly to the description given of them by Jornandes 13 centuries ago, when, under the name of Huns, they devastated southern Europe. The Kalmuck is short in stature, with broad shoulders and a large head; has small, black eyes, always appearing to be half shut, and slanting downwards towards the nose, which is flat, with wide nostrils; the hair is black, coarse, and straight, and the complexion deeply swarthy. The Kalmuck is considered to be the original type of the Mongol and Manchu races, and his ugliness is the index of the purity of his descent. They are a nomad, predatory, and warlike race, and pass the greater part of their lives in the saddle. Their usual food is barley-flour soaked with water, and their drink is the "koumiss" (made from fermented mare's milk). In 1829 Russia established a Kalmuck institute for the training of interpreters and government officials for the Kalmucks of Russia, and she has since been making great efforts to introduce civilization among them. Most of the Kalmucks are Buddhists, but a few have adopted Mohammedanism or Christianity.

KALOC'SA, a t. of Hungary, near the left bank of the Danube, about 70 m. s. of Pesth. It contains a fortified bishop's palace, with a library of 30,000 volumes. Kalocsa is a steam-packet station on the Danube, and contains a pop., '69, of 16,302.

KALONG, a name originally Javanese, and belonging to one or more species of frugivorous bats (q.v.) inhabiting Java, but now frequently applied to all the frugivorous bats, the family pteropida, or at least to all the species of the genus pteropus. The pteropide are all large bats, and some of them are the largest of all the cheiroptera. They are called roussette by French naturalists, and often, popularly, flying fox by Europeans in the cast. They are found in the East Indies, Japan, Australia, Africa, and South America. There are many species. Their food consists chiefly of soft fruits, as bananas, figs, etc. The Javanese kalong (pteroptus Javanicus) measures about 5 ft. in expanse of wing. The head and body are more than a foot long. It is gregarious, and during the day great numbers may be seen hanging by their hinder claws, motionless and silent, on the branches of trees which they have selected for their abode. The body is covered with fur of a reddish-brown color. This and the other true pteropi have no tail, and a smaller number of vertebræ-24 in all-than any other mammalia. Some of the pteropida have a very short tail. The flesh of some of them is eaten, and one, inhabiting the Moluccas and isles of Sunda, has been called the eatable kalong (P. edulis). It is said to be white and delicate. Some of the species are migratory.

KALPA, in Hindu chronology, a day and night of Brahmâ, which, according to some, is a period of 4,320,000,000 solar-sidereal years, or years of mortals, measuring the duration of the world, and as many, the interval of its annihilation. The Bhavishya-Purân'a admits of an infinity of kalpas; other Purânas enumerate thirty. A great kalpa comprises not a day, but a life of Brahmâ.-In Vedic literature kalpa is a Vedânga. See KALPA-SUTRA.

KALPA-SUTRA is, in Vedic literature, the name of those Sanskrit works which treat of the ceremonial referring to the performance of a Vedic sacrifice. See VEDA.--In Jaina literature it is the name of the most sacred religious work of the Jainas. See JAINAS. It is chiefly occupied with the legendary history of Mahavira, the last of their 24 deified saints, or Tirthankaras, but contains also an account of other 4 saints of the same class. The name of the author was Bhadra Bâhu, and the work was composed, as Stevenson assumes, in the year 411 of the Christian era; but the conjecture of another writer places it 632 after Christ. It is held in so high respect with the Jainas that "of the 8 days in the middle of the rains which are devoted to the reading of those work esteemed peculiarly sacred, no less than 5 are allotted to the Kalpa-Sûtra." Stevenson... The Kalpa-Sutra and Nava Tatra (Lond. 1848).

KALSOMINE, or CALCIMINE, a composition of zine-white and glue sizing mixe with water, in which, by adding coloring matter, any color desired may be produced.. U. K. VIII.-28

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