master of St. Peter's in the Vatican. In 1754 he resigned that position and became chapel-master and court-composer to the duke of Würtemberg at Stütgart. Here he remained about 18 years, composing a large number of operas, among which was his Missa pro Defunctis, or Requiem, which displayed uncommon genius. In 1772 he returned to Naples, but his style had so much changed through the influence of German music that his operas were not popular. He was attacked with paralysis, but rallied, and composed a Miserere, which is pronounced the finest of his works. His known compositions are forty operas; five cautatas; four oratorios; thirty-four church compositions. Jomelli has been styled the "Glück of Italy."

JOMINI, HENRI, Baron, b. Mar. 6, 1779, at Payerne, in the canton de Vaud, began his military career in a Swiss regiment in the French service, and afterwards, chiefly through the friendship of Ney, was raised to high military rank by the emperor Napoleon. In 1804 he began the publication of his Traité des Grandes Operations Militaires. He distinguished himself in active service during the retreat from Russia, but, offended at the treatment which he received from Napoleon, he passed over to the allies after the armistice of Plaeswitz, and entered the service of Russia. In 1828 he took an active part in the military operations at Varna; and in 1855 he settled at Brussels. Besides the work already mentioned, his Histoire Critique et Militaire des Campagnes de la Récelution (5 vols. Paris, 1806); his Vie Politique et Militaire de Napoleon (4 vols. Paris, 1827); and his Tableau Analytique des Principales Combinaisons de la Guerre (Petersb. 1830), are of great value to the military student. Baron Jomini, died at Passy, Mar. 22, 1869.

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JONAH (Heb. Yonah, a dove;” Gr. Jonas), a Hebrew prophet, son of Amittai, was, as we learn from 2 Kings xiv. 25, a native of Gath-hepher, a t. of Galilee in Zebulun, and not far from Phenicia. He appears to have flourished about the second half of the 8th c. B.C., in the reign of Jeroboam II., and was probably, therefore, the earliest of those prophets whose writings are extant. It has been urged by Rosenmüller and other critics that the miracle recorded in the book known under his name is not to be regarded as a historical fact, but only as an allegory, founded on the Phenician myth of Hercules rescuing Hesione from the sea monster by leaping himself into its jaws, and for three days and three nights continuing to tear its entrails. The design of the author in incorporating this myth with the actual voyage of Jonah and the conversion of the heathen Ninevites was, it is suggested, to bring out more vividly the truth that God will not permit his merciful intentions to be frustrated by the disobedience even of a prophet. On the other hand, it has been thought by orthodox theologians generally that the language of Christ (Matt. xii. 39-41; xvi. 4; Luke xi. 29), and the manner in which it is mentioned in Josephus and the Apocrypha preclude the possibility of our supposing this miracle to be other than strictly historical. Jonah has been supposed by early authorities to have been the son of the widow of Sarepta (1 Kings xvii. 24), also to have been the pupil of Elisha. Jonah's tomb is shown at Nebi-Yunus (Prophet Jonah), near Mosul.-Leusden, Jonas Illustratus (Traj. 1692); Friedrichsen, Kritischer Ueberblick der Ansichten vom Ruch Jonas (Altona, 1817); Rosenmüller, Proleg. in Jonam; Drake's Notes (1853); also Ewald and the more recent commentators and critics.

JONAH, BOOK OF (JONAH, ante), has always been placed by the Jews among their canonical books, and is referred to as historical several times in the apocryphal books and by Josephus. The Savior also quoted it as historical, comparing his continuing three days in the grave to Jonah's continuing three days in the belly of the fish; and hi; preaching to the Jews to Jonah's preaching to the Ninevites. There is nothing incredible in its statement that God had prepared a great fish to receive Jonah after he had been cast into the sea. There are evidences of design in the constitution of all fish that swim in the sea, showing that they have been prepared for different purposes; and this fish could be prepared for this specific purpose as easily and wisely as any other fish for any other work. The book, though written by a prophet, is chiefly historical, and may be divided into three parts: I. The command to proclaim the threatened destruction of Nineveh; Jonah's attempt to evade the duty by taking a sea voyage; the storm, the falling of the lot on Jonah, followed by his confession and his being, at his own suggestion, cast into the sea; his apparent destruction by the sea monster, which, however, after three days threw him up again alive upon the shore. II. His thanksgiving after the deliverance, in which he recorded the prayers he had offered during his imprisonment and, with gratitude for the mercy shown to him, promised obedience to God's commands. III. The renewal of the command to go to Nineveh: Jonah's obedience and faithful utterance of the message intrusted to him; the humiliation and repentance of the Ninevites, from the king to the lowest subject, expressed by a universal fast, during which men and beasts were covered with sackcloth and did not taste either food or water (that in times of fasting beasts of burden were sometimes subjected to the same forms of humiliation as men, both Herodotus and Plutarch state); the withholding of the threatened destruction on their repentance, in accordance with a general principle of the divine government, announced afterwards to Jeremiah (xviii. 8); Jonah's discontent with the result, because it compromised his reputation as a prophet, and the emblematic method by which the Lord reproved him.

JONAS. JUSTUS. 1493–1555; b. Nordhausen. Saxony: was professor of law at Erfurt, and, in 1521, of theology, at Wittenbu.g; preacher at Halle in 1541, and at Coburg in

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1551. He was a prominent German reformer, an intimate friend of Luther; accompanied him to the diet at Worms and at Augsburg; assisted him in the translation of the Bible, and by his preaching and translation of the works of Luther and Melanchthon did much to promote the reformation. At the time of his death he was pastor and superintendent at Eisfeld. He published Discussio pro Conjugio Sacerdotali, and translated Melanchthon's Defense of the Augsburg Confession from Latin into German. He was a ready writer and speaker,

JONATHAN, son of Saul, who was the first king of Israel. With his armor-bearer only he attacked an army of the Philistines, who, in their surprise and confusion, turned their swords upon each other. Saul seeing this brought up his forces, and completed the rout. Jonathan, faint with hunger, tasted honey which dropped in a wood, not knowing that his father had prohibited food until evening, and would have been slain by his father but for the interference of the people. He loved David devotedly, though he knew that David was to succeed Saul in his stead, and his efforts to shield him from his father's wrath led Saul to seek to kill Jonathan also. He died in a disastrous battle with the Philistines on mount Gilboa, where, on the same day, his father and his two brothers also were slain.

JONATHAN BEN-UZZIEL, the translator of the Hebrew prophetical writings into Chaldee. He was a disciple of hillel I., and lived about B.C. 30. Tradition has ascribed to him also the paraphrase of the Pentateuch known under the name of Pseudo-Jonathan, and the targums of the five books. The last is a compilation from ancient materials made by several persons, and is generally published, with the Hebrew text, in the Jewish editions of the Pentateuch. A Latin version of it is given in Walton's polyglott. His expositions were mostly on Haggai, Zachariah, and Malachi.

JONES, a co. of central Georgia, bounded w. by the Ocmulgee river; the s. part is traversed by the Georgia and Central railroad, and the s.e. portion by the Macon and Augusta line; 378 sq.m.; pop. '80, 11,613. The surface is hilly and the soil fertile. The staples are cotton and maize. Iron ore, granite, and quartz are found. Co. scat,

Clinton.

JONES, a co. of e. Iowa, traversed by the Iowa Midland, the Davenport and St. Paul, the Sabula, Ackley, and Dakota railroads; 576 sq.m.; pop. '80, 21,052. The surface is undulating, diversified by prairie and forest; the soil is fertile. The chief products are wheat, oats, maize, potatoes, and hay. There are several manufactories for Carriages, saddlery, tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, and flour-mills..

JONES, a co. of s.c. Mississippi, drained by the Pascagoula river and its tributaries; 652 sq.m.; pop. 70, 3.313. It is thickly wooded, has a rolling surface and sandy soil. The staples are rice, maize, and sweet potatoes. Co. seat, Ellisville.

JONES, a co. of s.e. North Carolina, traversed by the river Trent; 425 sq.m.; pop. '80, 7,493. It is generally level, marshy, or sandy. Cypress and pine forests abound. The staples are cotton, tobacco, and maize. Co. seat, Trenton.

JONES, a co. of central Texas; 1204 sq.m. The co. is unorganized, and in 1870 no population was reported. It is drained by the Brazos river. The soil is generally fertile. It is mostly prairie, and adapted to stock-raising.. The principal town is Anson.

JONES, ANSON, 1798-1858; b. Mass.; began the practice of medicine in 1820; resided in Philadelphia, New Orleans, and South America. and finally settled in 1833 in Brazoria, Texas. He took part in the war between Texas and Mexico as a private soldier and surgeon in the Texan army. After Texas became an independent republic he was a member of the Texan congress, and in 1838 was sent as a minister to Washington. Afterwards he was a senator in the Texan congress, and in 1841 was appointed secretary of state by president Houston. In 1844 he was elected president of Texas for three years, retaining the office until Texas was annexed to the United States. He passed the latter years of his life in agricultural pursuits. He died by his own hand.

JONES, CHARLES COLCOCK, jr., b. Savannah, 1831; graduated at Princeton with honor in 1852; studied law in Philadelphia one year, and took his degree in the Dane law school of Harvard university in 1855; admitted to the bar in Savannah in 1856, soon taking high rank in his profession; was elected mayor of the city in 1860. On the passage of the ordinance of secession in 1861 he became lieutenant in the army of the rebellion, serving under gen. J. E. Johnston. After the war he removed to New York, where he has practiced law with success. He published ten works, among which are, Historical Sketch of the Chatham Artillery during the Confederate Struggle for Independence; Ancient Tumuli in Georgia; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, particularly of the Georgia tribes.

JONES, INIGO, a well-known English architect, was b. in London in 1572. Of his early history little is known till the time when the earl of Pembroke, attracted by his great aptitude at drawing, sent him abroad for four years to study the master-pieces of architecture in France, Germany, and Italy. While in Venice he paid particular attention to the works of Palladio, whose style he introduced into England, whence we sometimes hear Jones designated as the English "Palladio." In 1605 he was employed by James

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I. in arranging the scenery, etc., for the masques of Ben Jonson, which were at that time the chief amusement of the court. Jonson afterwards satirized his fellow-laborer in Bartholomew Fair. In 1612 Jones revisited Italy, still further to improve his style, and on his return to England was appointed surveyor-general of the royal buildings. Jones was at this time accounted the first architect of England, and according to some the first of the age. He died in 1653. The state of architecture in England during Jones's time was an excellent foil to his genius, as the praise bestowed upon his works shows, but still in any age he would have ranked high as an architect. His masterpiece is considered to be the Banqueting House at Whitehall. Other works of his are the church of St. Paul, in Covent Garden, Ashburnham House, and Surgeons' Hall, which, however, are very mediocre.

JONES, J. GLANCY, b. in the valley of the Conestoga, Penn., 1811; educated for the ministry, but devoted himself to the law; was deputy attorney-general of the state; member of congress, 1850; in 1858 appointed by president Buchanan minister to Austria, remaining there till Nov. 14, 1861.

JONES, JACOB, 1770-1850; b. Del.; studied medicine and graduated at the university of Pennsylvania, but abandoned practice and became clerk of the supreme court of Delaware; was midshipman in the U. S. navy in 1799; captured in the frigate Philadel phia under Bainbridge in 1803, in the harbor of Tripoli, and remained a prisoner 18 months; was made commodore in 1810; commanded the U. S. sloop of war Wasp in 1812 when it captured the British ship Frolic. Both vessels were afterwards captured by the British ship Poictiers and taken to Bermuda. Released on parole he returned to the United States with the other Americans. He received from congress a vote of thanks and a gold medal, and was promoted in 1813 to the rank of post-captain, and placed in command of the Macedonian in the squadron of Decatur. After the peace he commanded the squadron in the Mediterranean and the Pacific, served some years as a commissioner of the naval board, and was governor of the naval asylum at Philadelphia

JONES, JOEL, LL.D., 1795-1860; b. Coventry, Conn.; graduated at Yale in 1817: practiced law at Easton, Penn.: was appointed in 1830 on a commission to revise the civil code of Pennsylvania; was one of the judges of the Philadelphia district court; elected president of Girard college in 1848; mayor of Philadelphia in 1849, returning to his profession after serving one term. He was distinguished not only for his legal learning, but for his theological and biblical researches. He contributed largely to literary journals and quarterlies, and published several works, the most important of which are: The Story of Joseph; or, Patriarchal Age; The Knowledge of One Another in the Future State; Jesus and the Coming Glory. He edited several English works on prophecy under the title of the Literalist, in 5 vols., with valuable additions of his own; and translated from the French Outlines of a History of the Court of Rome and of the Temporal Power of the Popes, with many original notes appended. Notes on Scripture was published by his widow. Judge Jones was an elder in the Presbyterian church, and held important positions in ecclesiastical boards.

JONES, JOHN, 1729-91 b. Jamaica, N. Y., of Welsh descent; studied medicine at Rheims and Leyden; visited Edinburgh; returning, settled in New York, where he obtained an extensive practice and high reputation as an operator in surgery; was surgeon in the army at Crown Point in 1755: professor of surgery at the medical school of the college of New York in 1767. While New York was occupied by the British he relinquished his practice in the city, and retired to the country. He was for a time in the medical department of the army in 1780, where he was elected one of the physicians of the Pennsylvania hospital; and in 1787, on the institution of the college of physicians of Philadelphia, he was elected vice-president, and contributed to its transactions a valnable paper on anthrax. He was Washington's family physician in Philadelphia, and the intimate friend and physician of Franklin, whom he attended in his last illness-publishing an account of his death. He held a high rank in his profession. He published in 1776 Plain Remedies upon Wounds and Fractures, and subsequently other surgical works. A volume of his medical writings, with a memoir, has been published by Dr. Mensc

JONES, JOHN PAUL, b. at Abrigland, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, Scotland, July 6, 1747, was the son of a gardener named John Paul. He became a sailor, was for a short time engaged in the slave-trade, and afterwards settled in Virginia, assuming the name of Jones. He ardently embraced the cause of the American colonies. When the congress, in 1775, resolved to fit out a naval force, he offered his services; and visiting the British coast in a brig of 18 guns, performed some remarkably bold exploits, and took advantage of his familiarity with the scenes of his boyhood to make a hostile visit to the shores of the Solway Firth. In 1779 he was appointed to the command of a small squadron of French ships displaying the American flag, with which he again visited the British coasts, causing great alarm and taking some prizes. The king of France made him a chevalier of the order of military merit. After the war was ended Jones attempted, along with John Ledyard, to establish a fur-trade between the n.w. coast of America and China, but failed. In 1787 he accepted an appointment in the Russian service, and the command of a fleet at the mouth of the Dneiper, with which he took an

active part in the Turkish war, but soon left the Russian service. He died at Paris, July 18, 1792. His funeral was attended by a deputation of the legislative assembly.

JONES, JOHN PAUL (ante), 1747-92, b. Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. His name was properly John Paul, that of Jones being afterwards assumed by him for a reason not given. At the age of 12 he was apprenticed to a merchant of Whitehaven engaged in the American trade, and soon went to sea in a vessel bound for Virginia. While in port he staid with his brother who was settled as a planter, improving his leisure in study, especially of navigation. The affairs of his merchant employer being embarrassed, his indentures were canceled, and he was almost immediately engaged as third mate of a slaver. In 1766, at the age of 19, he was received as chief mate to a slaver or Jamaica, but after a few voyages abandoned this life in disgust, and in 1768 sailed for Scotland as a passenger in a brigantine, but the master and mate dying on the voyage, Paul assumed command, and brought the vessel safely into port. For this service the owners, in 1768, made him captain and supercargo, and sent him to the West Indies. In a second voyage he was involved in difficulty with the carpenter, whom he was obliged to punish for mutiny and disrespect, and who afterwards joined another vessel, took fever, and died; his death was ascribed to the punishment inflicted by his commander. Paul was tried and honorably acquitted. He made his last visit to Scotland in 1771 where he was looked upon with distrust on account of his alleged cruelty to the carpenter. He continued after this in the West India trade, acquiring quite a fortune by commercial speculations. In 1773 he went to Virginia to settle the affairs of his brother, who had died intestate and childless, and remained on the estate which had fallen to him, devoting himself to agriculture. The American revolution now breaking out, having identified himself with the colonies, he offered himself to congress to serve in the navy, was accepted, commissioned as lieutenant, Dec. 23, 1775, and appointed first lieutenant of the Alfred, flag-ship. When the commander came on board Jones hoisted the American flag, now for the first time displayed, and bearing, it is believed, the device of a pine tree with a rattlesnake coiled at its root. From the Alfred he was transferred to the sloop Providence, in which he cruised among the West India islands, and in 47 days made 16 prizes, and destroyed the fishery at Isle Madam and Canso. Having finished this cruise he was put in command of the Alfred and Providence as captain, and sailed Nov. 2, 1776, from Newport, on an expedition to destroy the cape Breton fishery, capture the coal fleet, and liberate a hundred Americans confined at hard labor in the mines. The expedition was successful, four prizes being brought to Boston. In June, 1776, Jones was invested with the command of the Ranger, a new ship built for the service, and sailed Nov. 1, stopped in France to confer with the American commissioners, and then made a cruise upon the n. coast of England, seized the fort of Whitehaven, spiked its guns, burned some of the shipping, and kept England and Scotland in constant alarm. He conceived the project of capturing the earl of Selkirk on his fine estate near Kirkcudbright, in order to compel England to adopt a general system of exchange of prisoners, but this failed on account of the absence of the earl. His crew, however, stole the family plate, which Jones bought of them and restored. During this cruise on the English coast he captured the Drake, a superior vessel sent out to take him, and took her into Brest with 200 prisoners. He was cordially received by the American commissioners, and after much delay was appointed to the command of the ship Duras, changing the name to Bon Homme Richard. In 1779 he set out with a squadron of 5 vessels for the coast of Scotland, causing more terror among the inhabitants than before. He threatened to burn every ship in the harbor, but a strong wind drove him out to sea. Turning his course southward, he fell in with the British fleets of 41 sail, off Flamborough head, homeward bound from the Baltic, convoyed by two powerful men-of-war, the Serapis and the Countess of Scarborough. After a desperate and bloody battle of three hours the Serapis was captured, and the Bon Ilomme Richard was so damaged that it went to the bottom two days afterwards. For this splendid victory he was, on his arrival in Paris, presented by Louis XVI. with a gold-mounted sword bearing a flattering inscription, was invested with the cross of the order of military merit, and greatly honored by the government, the court, and the citizens. On his return to America congress voted him a splendid gold medal, and passed a resolution commending his "zeal, prudence, and intrepidity." He received also a very complimentary letter from gen. Washington. At the conclusion of peace Jones went to Paris as American agent for prize-money. In 1787 he entered the Russian service with the title of rear-admiral, and performed valuable services against the Turks; but on account of the jealousies and intrigues of the Russian officers he resigned, though strongly urged by Catherine to remain. He returned to France, and died of the dropsy. He was not, as has been said, a prey to want and neglect, but had the attendance of the queen's physician, was cheered by the presence of several kiud friends, and honored with a public funeral by the national assembly.

JONES, JOHN WINTER, b. Lambeth, England, at the commencement of the present century; educated at St. Paul's school; studied law and became connected with the civil service in 1837. In 1856 he was placed in charge of the printed books at the British muscum, and on the retirement of Panizzi in 1866 became the principal librarian. He

Jones.

has contributed to the New Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, besides editing several valuable works of early travels.

JONES, NOBLE WIMBERLY, 1724-1805; b. near London; son of Dr. Noble Jones; while he was young his father settled in Georgia. At an early age he held a military commission, and in 1761 was a member of the assembly. He took an active part in the war of the American revolution; was speaker of the first Georgia legislature; was a delegate to the second congress of the colonies in 1775; lost a son at the capture of Savannah in 1778; was taken prisoner at the fall of Charleston in 1780, and carried to St. Augustine; exchanged in 1781, and again sent to congress. He was president of the convention held for the revision of the state constitution in 1795.

JONES, OWEN, 1809-74; b. Wales; was articled to an English architect, with whom he studied ornamentation, and afterwards spent four years in European travel. In 1834 he passed some time in Granada, where he made studies for his great work on the Alhambra. This publication was commenced in 1836 under the personal supervision of Mr. Jones, the manipulation of the stones employed in its vivid and accurate colored illustration, requiring great care and the nicest adaptation. The work appeared in 1842, after Mr. Jones had made a second visit to Granada, in a superb folio volume of richly. colored plates, under the title of Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details of the Alhambra, etc., accompanied by a complete translation of the Arabic inscriptions and a historical notice of the kings of Granada, by Señor Pascual de Gayangos. The Messrs. Longman & Co., and other houses of London, having undertaken the publication of many costly works in chromatic printing, Mr. Jones's name was connected with most of them. He published in 1842 Designs for Mosaic and Tessellated Pavements; with Henry Noel Humphreys, in 1847-50, Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages; and The Grammar of Ornament, 1856; as to the last of which the London Athenæum said in 1857 that it was "beautiful enough to be the horn-book of angels." Besides his labors in authorship, Mr. Jones was practically engaged in London in the ornamentation and decoration of buildings. He directed the decoration of the Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Alhambra courts of the Crystal palace at Sydenham: and also erected St. James's hall, Piccadilly.

JONES, ROGER, 1789–1852; b. Westmoreland co., Va.; distinguished in the war with Great Britain in 1813; appointed second lieut. marine corps; was rapidly promoted for bravery; brevetted colonel in 1824; in 1825 appointed adj.gen. of the army, which post he held until his death.

JONES, THOMAS AP CATESBY, 1789-1858; of Welsh descent; b. Va.; entered the navy, 1805; was lieutenant in 1812; commodore in 1820; captain in 1829. From 1808 to 1812 he was in the gulf of Mexico, engaged in suppressing piracy, smuggling, and the slave trade. The British naval expedition against New Orleans having entered lake Borgne with 40 boats, he attempted with a small flotilla to intercept, but he was wounded and compelled to surrender. In 1842 he commanded the Pacific squadron, and having, from erroneous information as to war existing between the United States and Mexico, taken possession of Monterey, he was, for his indiscretion, temporarily suspended from service.

JONES, THOMAS RYMER, b. 1810; educated for the medical profession at London and Paris; became a member of the college of surgeons in 1833, but on account of deafness relinquished his profession; appointed professor of comparative anatomy in King's college, London, in 1831; Fullerian professor of physiology in the royal institution of Great Britain in 1840. Subsequently he was examiner in comparative anatomy and physiology in the London university. In 1844 he was elected a fellow of the royal society. He is an able lecturer on natural history. His first work, A General Outline of the Animal Kingdom, is a work of great merit. He published also The Aquarian Naturalist; The Animal Creation. He contributed also valuable articles to the Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology.

JONES, WILLIAM, of Nayland, 1726-1800; b. Northamptonshire, Eng.; educated at the Charter house and University college, Oxford; ordained priest, 1751; became successively curate of Finedon and Wadsohoe, vicar of Bethersden, rector of Pluckley, Paston, and Hollingbourn, and perpetual curate of Nayland. In 1780 he was elected fellow of the royal society of London. He adopted, while at Oxford, the philosophy of Hutchinson, and subsequently advocated it with great erudition and ingenuity. He was a man of vast learning, an able theologian, and a proficient in music. "He had," says

bishop Horsley, "the talent of writing upon the deepest subjects for the plainest understanding." He wrote with vigor against the principles disseminated during the French revolution and illustrated by it. His most important works are A Full Answer to Bishop Clayton's Essay on Spirit; Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity proved from Scripture; Course of Lectures on the Figurative Language of the Holy Scriptures; The Scholar armed against the Errors of the Times; Memoirs of the Life. Studies, and Writings of George Horne; Physiological Disquisitions; Art of Music. He published also two political treatises against the French revolution, entitled A Letter from Thomas Bull to his Brother John. He wrote treatises on music and composed anthems. A complete collection of his works was published in 12 vols. in 1801.