Java. JAUNDICE, a yellow color of the skin and conjunctiva of the eye, arising from the presence of the coloring matter of the bile in the blood and tissues, is a symptom of various disordered conditions of the system, rather than a special disease. With this coloring of the skin and eyes the following symptoms are associated: the fæces are of a grayish or dirty-white tint, in consequence of the absence of bile, and the urine is of the color of the saffron, or is even as dark as porter, in consequence of the presence of the coloring matter of the bile. There is sometimes, but not in the majority of cases, an extreme itching of the skin. It is a popular belief, as old as the time of Lucretius Lurida præterea fiunt quæcunque tuentur arquati— that to a jaundiced eye everything appears yellow. This, however, like the preceding, is only an occasional symptom. The most obvious cause of jaundice is some obstruction in the gall-ducts, preventing the normal flow of bile into the intestine. This obstruction may arise in any of the following ways: 1. It may be caused by the impaction of a gall-stone in the common hepatic duct. See LIVER. In this case, the jaundice is usually of short duration, and disappears soon after the gall-stone has passed into the intestine. 2. Another cause of jaundice is the obstruction of the gall-ducts by cancerous disease of the head of the pancreas, by tumors in the liver, or by a diseased condition of the duodenum, the portion of small intestine into which the common hepatic duct opens. In these cases, the obstruction is usually permanent, and causes a persistence of the jaundice. 3. Obstruction or closure of the gall-ducts sometimes occurs in the inflammation of the liver that is brought on by spirit-drinking, and sometimes may be caused by inflammation originating in the ducts themselves, which, from their small size, may be readily closed up by the inflammatory swelling of their mucous membrane. 4. The jaundice that occasionally rises from constipation, or that occurs during the advanced stage of pregnancy, is probably caused by pressure upon the common hepatic duct. But although jaundice is frequently caused by some of these mechanical impediments to the flow of bile into the intestine, it results primarily and solely in a great number of cases from the secretion of bile being suppressed or deficient. The secretion may be suppressed so as to cause jaundice by a sudden mental shock or by continued anxiety. Various poisons in the blood may also suspend the secretion of bile to such an extent as to cause jaundice. It may be produced in this way by the salts of copper and of mercury, by opium, and by the poison of serpents; and it often occurs from the poisoned state of the blood in the course of fevers, especially the virulent fevers of tropical cli mates. The prognosis in jaundice is generally favorable, except when it depends upon structural disease of the liver, or on mental shock or anxiety. The treatment must be chiefly guided by reference to the conditions which give rise to it in any particular case, and should never be attempted without professional advice. JAUNDICE (ante). In the diagnosis it is noticed that the color of the skin in a sick person sometimes becomes so yellow or brownish-yellow as to lead to a belief in the reabsorption of bile, which is not the fact. The white of the eye is always more or less yellow in jaundice. In forming an opinion as to whether the hepatic disturbance is abating, as it must do before the jaundice diminishes or the discoloration of the conjunctiva begins to disappear, the sum of the symptoms must be taken into consideration, and particular attention must be paid to the examination of the fæces. Traces of bile, or rather of some of its constituents, particularly the coloring matter, or biliverdine, can usually, though not always, be detected when the liver is resuming its functions, or at least when the bile is flowing into the intestinal canal; therefore a reliance upon this test alone would sometimes lead to fallacy and the continuance of remedies no longer necessary, or perhaps injurious. The diagnosis in regard to the resumption of the hepatic function of biliary secretion must take into consideration the physical examination of the hypochondriac region, and the general character of any alterations in the character of the fæces, and the sensations of the patient. See LIVER. JAVA (Djawa), "the Queen of the Eastern Archipelago," a most valuable colonial possession of the Netherlands, is situated in lat. 5° 2' to 8° 50' s., and long. 105° 12' to 114° 39' east. It is washed on the n. by the sea of Java, on the e. by the strait of Bali, on the s. by the Indian ocean, and on the w. by the strait of Sunda. The extreme length from e. to w. is 666 m., the breadth varies from 56 to 136 m., and the superficial area is reckoned at 50,260 sq. miles. The island is hiily, and cut in many parts by deep gorges and rushing streams. The mountains rise to a height of from 4,000 to 10,000 ft., and are clothed to their summits with luxuriant foliage. Thirty-six of the lofty mountains are volcanoes, of which eleven are still active. In 1874 the population of Java and Madura (q.v.) amounted to 18,125.269, having more than trebled in 45 years. The census gave 48,522 Europeans, 305,897 Chinese, 13,083 Arabians, and 19.518 Hindus, etc. The Javanese belong to the Malay (q.v.) race, and are mostly Mohammedans; the remainder being "heathen,' whose religion is a degraded superstition. In moral habits and civilization the Javanese are superior to the inhabitants of Sumatra and Celebes. There are 29 Dutch Protestant and 10 Roman Java. Catholic clergymen, all paid by the government, which fixes their sphere of labor, and strictly prohibits proselytizing. They chiefly labor among the Europeans, half-castes, and intermediate races at the ports, and the natives of the interior are neither made acquainted with the Christian religion ñor with European education. The Javanese are much addicted to smoking opium, which is not permitted to be grown on the island, the government importing the quantity considered necessary, and granting licenses for its sale, realizing therefrom an annual revenue, which, in 1871, amounted to £832,308 sterling. For upwards of 40 years Java has been steadily advancing in prosperity. Its producing power is only limited by the amount of available labor, and notwithstanding the energy which the Dutch have displayed in increasing the breadth of cultivated land, the greatest part of the island is still in a state of nature. Rice is grown extensively for native consumption and exportation; sugar, coffee, indigo, tea, tobacco, etc., for export. The increase in the trade of Java has been great and rapid. In 1848 the imports amounted to the value of £2,666,765; the exports to £4,510,472. In 1874 the imports were valued at £3,739,720, of which £125,760 were in specie: the exports were £5,768, 480, of which £18,400 were in specie. The countries which trade most extensively with Java are the Netherlands, Great Britain, China, and Japan. In the trade reports for 1860 Holland is set down as having imported into Java merchandise to the value of £1,864,740, and specie to the value of £1.511,854; while Great Britain sent goods to the value of £991,155. In the same year the exports from Java to Holland amounted to £6,403,553, and those to Great Britain to £58,135. This great difference arises from the largest proportion of the products of the island being the property of the government, and managed, stored, shipped (exclusively in Dutch ships), and sold in Holland by the Netherlands trading company, whose profits arise from the commission allowed on the transactions. The import and export duties are very high, but much modified in favor of the Netherlands. The leading articles imported into Java are cotton and linen goods, wine and spirits, machinery, provisions, etc.; the principal exports are sugar, coffee, indigo, tea, rice, etc. In 1860 sugar was exported to the value of £2,751.998; coffee, £2,535,830; indigo, £293,363; rice, £562,185. Some years the exports of these articles reach a considerably higher figure. In 1870 the produce was 983,634 piculs of coffee (of 133 lbs.); 46,104,200 piculs of rice: 2,191.466 piculs of sugar; and 1,974,676 lbs. of tea. The island is divided into east, west, and middle Java, containing 22 subdivisions, called residencies, over which a superior European official, the resident, exercises general control, and acts as judge, collector, and magistrate. The resident has European assistants, who perform the same functions in districts of the residency; and native agency is also extensively employed in the government service, all the chiefs being either present or expectant salaried servants of the colonial government, actually engaged, under European superintendence, in ruling the masses. The chief native official of a district is the regent, selected from the family of the former local prince, and retained in office so long as he promotes the interests of the government. The material prosperity of Java is owing in a great measure to the energy with which the Dutch government has extended the growth and manufacture of those articles which form its staple exports. By an elaborate and skillfully worked-out system of culture, introduced in 1830, the growth and preparation of the staples for exportation have advanced with amazing rapidity. The cultivators of the soil, the native chiefs, the European officials, and the government all share in the profits, and work harmoniously together in developing the capabilities of the land. In carrying out the extensive mercantile transactions which the culture-system involved, the government has been ably assisted by the Netherlands trading company, and the result has been the changing a burdensome colony into a mine of wealth. Between 1824 and 1833 the expenditure exceeded the income. From that time the finances of Java have been prosperous, and the colony has transmitted to the Netherlands since 1838 a sum not short of £30,000,000 sterling. In 30 years the revenue rose from an average of £2,500.000 sterling to £9,500,000 in 1857, in which year the net surplus was £3,500.000; since then a more liberal policy has been followed, and the surplus has decreased. Railways are being constructed, and from 1867 to 1875, 165 m. were opened. Climate. With the exception of some marshy districts on the n. coast, the climate of Java is healthy and pleasant. On the coasts the thermometer seldom indicates more than 93° F. during the dry, and 84° in the rainy season. The average is 80° at noon, and 70° in the evening. The heat is moderated by the sea-breezes, which constantly blow across the island. Along the high lands of the interior the air is not only breezy, but sometimes cold, the thermometer frequently falling to 45°; and as the entire island is intersected with excellent roads, it is not difficult to reach the most beautiful and salubrious districts. Inland of Semerang, at an elevation of 4,000 ft., Europeans enjoy a pleasant retreat during the dry season. History. The history of Java, previous to the 14th c., is involved in fable and obscurity. It appears, however, that the Javanese, from a very early period, possessed a considerable degree of civilization, which was probably the result of the labors of Brahmanical teachers from Hindustan. It is impossible to say precisely when Hindu civilization and religion were introduced into Java, though it must have been very early Java. in the Christian era. Buddhism was superadded; and there are many old Buddi ist In 1864 the pop. of Java and Madura was 13,917,368; in 1874 it had risen to Banjoewangi, Buitenzorg, Krawang, and Patjitan are assistant-residencies; Djokjo- On June 10, 1867, an earthquake caused the loss of about 300 lives and a vast amount Bagalen is one of the most fertile residencies, and produces coffee, indigo, tea, cinna- Banjoemaas (oe pron. u) is very mountainous towards the n. and n.e. Banjoemans. Banjoewangi, an assistant residency, in the eastern part of the island, is mountainous. Bantam, a residency in the w. corner of Java, is low and marshy on the n. coast. to be seen. The resident has his seat at Serang, a large village, in 106° 8′ 37′′ c. long., and 6° 6' 45" s. lat. Bezoeki, on the c. coast, is mountainous, and clothed with a luxuriant vegetation. Buitenzorg, an assistant-residency, is very healthy, and often has a favorable influence on the sick from other districts of Java, especially of Batavia, to which it is contiguous. Buitenzorg, the capital, is 883 ft. above the sea-level, and is one of the most pleasant places in the island. Cheribon is a very extensive and beautiful residency, and derives its name from that of the capital, which is a corruption of Tji-ribon, or river Ribon, on which it is built. Cheribon, the capital, in 108° 38' e. long., and 6° 45' s. lat., was once a flourishing place, but has been for some time retrograding. Djokjokarta produces the usual crops. The natives are much addicted to the use of opium. The productive power of the population is therefore less than in other districts of the island. Djokjokarta, the capital, is situated on the right bank of the Oepak, in 110' 21' 30" c. long., and 7' 46' s. lat., at the s.s.w. base of the mountain Merapi. The city is large, and regularly built. It is the seat of the sultan, the resident, and assistantresident. Pop. 50,000, of whom 600 are Europeans. Japara, on the n. coast, has a very warm climate in the interior, and though vegetation is in general luxuriant, yet scarcity of water is sometimes felt. The resident has his seat at Pati, in 110' 56' 7" e. long., and 6° 45′ 30′′ s. lat., which is regularly built, and has a pop. of 10,000. Kadoe-i.e., hollow--is a large basin formed by lofty mountains, of which Soembing is 10,911 ft. high, and the Sindoro 10.312. It is one of the smallest residencies of Java, but densely peopled. Its fertility is increased by the abundance of water flowing from the surrounding mountains, The amount of coffee produced is very great; in 1874 the fruit-bearing trees numbered 32,903,125, producing 90.271 cwts. of coffee. Beautifu marble is found in great quantities. The capital is Magelang, situated on the e. bank of the Progo, in 110° 10' 7" e. long., and 7° 29′ s. lat. Pop. 34,000. Kediri consists of a plain bounded by mountains on the n., e., and west. The navigable river Brantas, which flows through a great part of the residency before falling into the sea of Surabaya, affords great trading facilities. The people, however, are low in the scale of activity and morality, which may partly result from Kediri having been, under the former Javan princes, a penal colony. They are greater slaves to opium than any other people in the Indian Archipelago. Kediri, the seat of the resident, is situate on the right bank of the river Kediri, 600 ft broad, which higher up is called the Brantas. The streets are broad and planted on both sides with tamarind trees. Pasoeroewan, which is washed by the strait of Madura, has important fisheries, and is famed for its race of horses. Pasoeroewan, the capital of the residency, is situated near the sea, on the river Gemboug, in 112° 55′ 2′′ e. long., and 7° 38′ 40" s. lat. The Preanger regencies are partly occupied with mountains, forming two chains. Between these are many extensive valleys of the richest soil. The mountains are of basalt. There are many rivers, of which five are navigable. The numerous lakes give good supplies of fish and water-fowls. The bays on the coast are also frequented by fishing-boats. The mountains are covered with coffee plantations to 3,000 ft. above the sea-level, while the low and marshy grounds produce rice abundantly, and the villages are hid with cocoa-nut palms and other fruit-trees. In no other residency is the teaculture so extensive. The forests produce good timber, the bamboo attaining a height of 80 feet. There are rhinoceroses, tigers, harts, wild swine, etc., and birds of great variety and beauty. The natives are honorable, simple, and obedient, and subsist from the growing of coffee, rice, fruits, etc., the rearing of horses and buffaloes, making spinning-wheels, mats, gold and silver work, etc. The women weave very beautiful cotton cloth. Coffee and tea, and, later, also cinchona, are the only products raised for the government. Probolinggo, in 1874, produced 400.686 cwts. sugar and 43,559 cwts. coffee. Forests containing many teak trees cover the s. coast. There are tigers, wild dogs, monkeys, squirrels, etc Probolingge, the capital, lies on the coast, in 109° 21′ 45′′ e. long., and and 7° 23′ 22′′ s. lat., and is extensive and populous. From this port much of the produce of the land is shipped for the Netherlands. Rembang produces the usual crops. The northern parts are dry and sandy; and in the s. are extensive forests, abounding in teak and other valuable timber trees. The residency is washed by the Java sea, and the people on the coast find their living by trade, fishing, and ship-building. Rembang, the capital, is regularly built, and besides the public offices, has a small Protestant church, a government school, and an institution for the education of girls. See SAMARANG, SURABAYA, and SURAKARTA. Tagal is very fertile. It is washed on the n. by the Java sea, and the fisheries are important. In the s. of the residency is the volcano Slamat, 11,320 ft. high, which i clothed with forest to the height of 8.500 ft., and on the southern side descends by regu lar terraces to the bed of the river Serajoe. Tagal, the capital, is a small but neatly built town, with a considerable coasting trade. The natives are industrious and good handicraftsmen. U. K. VIII.-17 Jay. JAVANESE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. Two languages, possessing many words in common, but differing in essentials, are spoken in Java, the Javanese and the Sunda. From the earliest times Javanese has been a written language, and its alphabet has extended to the Sunda language. Inscriptions on stone and metal are in existence, which date back to the 12th century. The early characters differ from those now in use, but not more than black letter from modern type. They are in every particular dissimilar from those of the Hindu or Archipelagaic alphabets They appear to be entirely original, invented by the inhabitants themselves. In the Javanese grammar the consonants alone are considered substantive letters, the vowels being merely intended to modify, or, as the people themselves say, "clothe" them. There are 19 consonants, but the vowel a, as an initial, is considered a substantive letter. The same vowel is included in every consonant, and follows every one also, unless a contrivance is employed to cut it off. Apart from a there are 5 other vowels. Every sound in the language has its representative character, and each letter has its own peculiar power, and no other. The foreign elements in the Javanese languages are: Sanskrit, Arabic, Tâlugu, or Telinga, which have become incorporated with it, not by foreign conquest or intermixture of race, but through religion and commerce. Of these, Sanskrit is the predominant. We have no clue to the influx of the Hindu sacred language into the Javanese tongue, but it must have been incidental to the conversion of the Javanese to Hinduism, and probably of very great antiquity. There are three dialects of the Javanese language: the vulgar, the polite, and the ancient or recondite. It is far more polished than the Sunda, which, although now written in the Javanese with the omission of the palatial d, and a t, had formerly a character peculiar to itself. The Javanese boast a very considerable literature in both the modern and the ancient tongues. In both it is metrical, the ancient showing many indications of Sanskrit poetry; and the modern abounding in stanzas of various kinds, and in a peculiar rhyme, which are entirely original. Romances and romantic histories are very popular; and abstracts of the Sanskrit poem which describes the wars of the Pandus and the legends of Rama are to be met with. These are to the Javanese mind what Homer's poems were to the Greeks. Original Javanese poetry possesses little originality or force, but it is superior to that of any other people of the Archipelago. Oriental scholars are interested in the prevalence of Indian legends. The Ramayana is identical with the Ramajana of the Hindus, and in their Gastra manava we recognize the fundamental principles of Manus's book of laws. Several books have been translated into Javanese, amongst others The Thousand and one Nights. There is a Javanese newspaper. One peculiarity of the language should be noticed, it affords special forms and flexions for addressing particular persons, having regard to their rank. In speaking to servants, the mode of addressing them is called basa noko, or simply noko, or commanding; and in speaking to superiors, the servants in turn use basa krama, or krama, humble speech. Then, for those who occupy no especial position, there is the basa madya, or middle speech; and lastly the basa kraton or court language is used to kings or their envoys. JAVELIN, a short and light spear used for darting against an enemy. In the Roman legion, the first and second lines (the hastati and the principes) were both armed with two javelins to each man. Each javelin (Lat. pilum) was in all about 6 ft. in length; the shaft 4 ft. long, of tough wood, an inch in diameter; and the remainder given to the barbed pyramidal head. In action, the legionary hurled one javelin on the enemy at the first onset; the second he retained as a defense against cavalry. The Goths and other barbarians used a javelin. JAWO'ROW, a t. of the Austrian empire, in the province of East Galicia, 28 m. n. w. from Lemberg, on the Krakowska, an affluent of the San, which itself is a branch of the Vistula. Close by the town is a lake, abounding in fish. Jaworow is built in the form of a square, and has extensive suburbs. It has mineral springs. Near it are large paper-mills. Many of the inhabitants are Jews. Pop. '69, 8,699. JAXAR'TES, now called SIHUN, or SIR-DARIA (i.e., Yellow river), a river of Turkistan, which rises in the high plateau s. of lake Issikul, in the Thian Shan mountains, flows in a westerly direction through the valley of Khokan, receiving in its course numerous accessions; after passing Ötrar, it divides into two branches; the largest and most northerly retaining the name Sir-Daria, flows west-by-north, separating the Russian territory from the steppes of Turkistan, and, after a course of 1150 m., falls into the sea of Aral; the lesser branch, called Kuvan-Daria, flows westward, supplying some small lakes in the line of its old channal, but for several years back has not reached the sea of Aral, though sixty years ago it had a greater volume of water than the Sir-Daria. JAY, Garrulus, a genus of the crow family (corvida), differing from magpies chiefly in the rather shorter bill, and in the shorter and rounded, or sometimes almost even tail. They are inhabitants of forests and wooded districts, chiefly in the temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and North America; and feed more on fruits and seeds than crows and magpies generally do; but they have the omnivorous character of the rest of the family, and often rob the nests of other birds, whether containing eggs or young.-The COMMON JAY (G. glandarius) is a well-known native of England and of the s. and middle of Scotland, although less common than it once was, in consequence of the incessant war which |