no connection with, and bear no analogy to each other; and to admit healthy and diseased persons, or those who are subject to different climates, into one institution, as partners, is to be guilty of injustice to all.

These are the considerations by which invalids and travellers have been prevented or deterred from insuring their lives, and there ought to be no question that such insurances should only be granted by a company of proprietors who assure a fixed and settled sum, without increase or diminution to the policy-holder dependent on profit or loss, at rates of premium calculated from tables of the mortality among Europeans by certain climates and by various diseases. Such tables will be sufficiently accurate for the purposes of a proprietary company, who do not increase their engagements by making additions to the sums insured, but might involve the members of a society participating in bonuses in inevitable ruin.

The situation of proprietors and partners, in unincorporated joint-stock companies, has been so fully discussed, during the last year, that further remarks would be superfluous; the form of a deed, however, by which such institutions, for the business of Life Insurance, may be safely established, without the aid of Parliament, and without the encumbrance of an Act to sue and be sued, is given in the Appendix.

DATA

NECESSARY FOR CONSTRUCTING TABLES OF

MORTALITY BY

AND DISEASES.

PARTICULAR CLIMATES

FOR Constructing a table of the mortality which prevails in a particular climate, enumerations, for several years, of the whole population, distinguishing natives from foreigners, must be ob tained; and in these enumerations, the ages must be correctly set forth. The lists of burials, in the same classes, are also indispensible; and in these likewise the ages must be carefully stated. These materials would be sufficient for the pur pose of ascertaining the ordinary rate of mortality among natives or foreigners, if the estimates were made from a population of many thousands, but without such an extent, the observations could not be safely relied on.

In tracing the probable duration of a chronic disease, many other data will be necessary.

The ages of some thousands, who have suffered under that disease, must be marked, care being taken to find out the age of each person when first attacked, and at the determination of the disease by cure or death. This is the first step towards ascertaining the period of life at which the particular disease is most likely to prove fatal. But as diseases have many varieties, and

C

each variety may be treated as a new disease, this first step goes but a little way to show the probable duration of the life of the sufferer under that disease. Scrofula is, in itself, one disease ; and it is, also, a predisposing cause to anotherconsumption.

The distinct species of disease appertaining to men, women, and children certainly cannot be brought lower in number than five hundred, including those of syphilis and pregnancy. Of these, many, as plague and various kinds of leprosy, belong to foreign countries alone; while others are so rare as to be hardly worth noticing; whence five hundred contingent diseases may be reduced to about two hundred and fifty current diseases; of which, the acute are somewhat more numerous than the chronic, in the proportion of about 140 to 110.

The reader need not apprehend that essays on those one hundred and ten, or the means of showing their probable duration, will be given in the present work—the author is unequal to such a task; and if he were competent to it, his readers would probably be but few in number. His purpose is merely to show, that materials may be collected and so arranged as to fix, with sufficient accuracy, the premiums which ought to be charged for insuring the lives of persons suffering under chronic disease; and he has selected Mania for his subject, for several reasons, because less is gene

rally known of it than of any other disease,-because the published accounts are less to be relied on; and because Shakespeare, (who has been described by the author of the best work on insanity now extant, as "the highest authority in every thing relating to the human mind and its affections") has presented several of his characters. suffering under mental derangement; these may serve to amuse the reader whilst they distinctly mark the progress of the disease. Lear, Hamlet, Ophelia, and Edgar, display, with great correctness, those varieties of madness commonly called Furious (or raging) madness, Melancholic (or melancholy,) madness, Sorrowing distraction, (or craziness,) and Obsessi, (those who fancy themselves possessed by devils, or, as we should say "beside themselves.") It is possible that to many the essays on these characters may form the leading inducements to a perusal of the work.

There was, still, another reason for selecting madness. Puerperal mania properly leads to a consideration of the comparative danger of first and subsequent child-births. On this subject also little has been published, because but little is known except among Accouchers of extensive practice, and it is the fault, or misfortune of the most able professors, that they omit, or have not time to note as they occur, many curious and important facts, by which their own judgments and opinions are swayed, and which might prove of

vast importance in enabling others to form a prognosis in similar cases.

66

In selecting authorities, care has been taken to abstain from quoting those which are directly practical." One writer recommends, as a cure for insanity, "keeping the patient for days in succession in a state of intoxication," and the adoption of "pious frauds," such as executing signs in phosphorus upon a wall, or dressing an actor, well skilled and very perfect in his part, as the devil. Another quotes the former's book with extraordi nary respect as the only publication "so directly practical as the importance of the subject so certainly demands,"-speaks, in the language of the madhouse, of the high and low forms of insanity, and proceeds to recommend as a course of cure general immersion in cold water, until complete suspension of the mental faculty has taken place; a third speaks of eight out of nine maniacs being cured; and a fourth declares that those numbers greatly undervalue his success in practice. Quotations from these would injure their general effect; they must be read to be duly appreciated.