DACIA, dã'shi-ȧ. The land of the Daci or Geta. Its geographical limits were very indefinite until its conquest by the Romans. After that period it comprised modern Transylvania, with adjacent parts of Hungary, Rumania, and Bukowina. The Getæ came originally from Thrace, and were divided into various tribes. Their course northw d can only be imperfectly traced, but we know that shortly before the time of Alexander the Great (B.C. 335) they had migrated across the Danube. It is not known when or for what reason the Getæ changed their name to Daci. They seem to have been the most valiant of the Thracian

barbarians. Curio, the first Roman general who ever penetrated as far north as the Danube, did not venture to assail them. Julius Cæsar, however, is said to have contemplated their subjugation. In B.C. 10 Augustus sent an army up the valley of the Maros. From this time there was almost continual fighting between the Romans and the Daci, on the whole to the advantage of the latter, who actually compelled their civilized enemies, in the reign of Domitian, to pay tribute. In A.D. 101 the Emperor Trajan crossed the Theiss, and marched into Transylvania, where he fought a great battle near Torda. The Wallach peasant calls the battlefield, to the present day, Prat de Trajan (Pratum Traiani, Field of Trajan). The Daci, who were commanded by their famous chief Decebalus, were defeated. A second expedition of the Emperor resulted in the destruction of their capital, the death of Decebalus, and the loss of their freedom (A.D. 106). Roman colonists were sent into the country, a bridge was built over the Danube-the ruins of which are still extantand three great roads were constructed. The chief towns were Apulum and Sarmizegetusa. In A.D. 270-75 the Romans abandoned the country to the Goths, and the colonists were transferred to Mosia.

DACIER, da'sya', ANDRÉ (1651-1722). A French philologist. He was born of Protestant parents at Castres, in Upper Languedoc, studied at Saumur, and in 1672 came to Paris, where he was employed to bring out, for the use of the Dauphin, an edition of the Latin writer Festus, which he published in 1681. In 1683 he married Anne Lefèvre, also a Protestant, and two years later both entered the Roman Catholic Church. Dacier subsequently became royal librarian, member of the Académie des Inscriptions, and perpetual secretary of the Académie.' He died September 18, 1722. Dacier's principal works, besides his Festus, are Euvres d'Horace en Latin et en Français (Paris, 1681-89), an edition of Valerius Flaccus, and

numerous translations into French of Greek au

thors, such as Plutarch and Epictetus, all of which, in spite of his erudition, are of mediocre quality, while the expositions and criticisms are

shallow.

ANNE DACIER (1654-1720). The wife of the preceding. She was born at Saumur, and after the death of her learned father, who had developed her talent, came to Paris, where she acquired such a reputation by her edition of Callimachus (1674) that the Duke of Montausier commissioned her to edit several of the ancient authors for the use of the Dauphin. Similarity of tastes and employment led to a marriage between her

and André Dacier. Her domestic duties did not, however, weaken her literary ardor. Besides editing a number of the classics, she translated the comedies of Terence; the Amphitryon, Epidicus, and Rudens of Plautus, accompanied by an able dissertation on the origin, progress, and mutations of dramatic poetry; Anacreon, Sappho, and the Plutus and Clouds of Aristophanes. Her admiration of Homer was unbounded, and involved her in two learned controversies. Madame Dacier is generally acknowledged to have possessed a more acute and vigorous mind than her husband. She died August 17, 1720.

DA'CITE. A volcanic rock of generally porphyritic texture, characterized by the occurrence of lime-soda feldspar, and generally also by quartz and by mica, hornblende, or pyroxene. These minerals are imbedded in a ground mass or matrix of rock glasses or of a finer-grained aggregate of crystals. The color of the rock is generally gray, but under prolonged weathering it may become brownish.

The newer or young

er dacites are, therefore, in contrast with the older, much less brown in color. The average chemical composition of dacite is: silica, 68 per cent.; alumina, 17 per cent.; ferric oxide, 2 per cent.; ferrous oxide, 1.5 per cent.; magnesia, 1.5 per cent.; lime, 3 per cent.; soda, 4 per cent.; potash, 3 per cent. Dacite differs from andesite (q.v.) principally in its higher percentage of silica, due to the presence of quartz and a greater abundance of the light-colored mineral stituents. The name dacite has been given because of the great development of this type of rock in Dacia, an ancient Roman province comprising part of modern Hungary and vicinity. Many recent as well as more ancient volcanic lavas are dacite. Dacite graduates into trachyte, rhyolite, and diorite (qq.v.).

con

DACOITS' (Hind. dakait, ḍākāyat, robber, ḍākā, attack by robbers, from ḍāknā, to shout). The name given to bands of men in India who live by robbery. They resemble the thugs (q.v.) in that a slight religious element seems to enter into their conduct, but plunder, and not murder, is their guiding motive. On the whole, they are a national type of banditti, closely resembling the brigands of Sicily or Greece. Driven out by the British Government from Hindustan, they are still fairly active in Burma. Technically, dacoity in British-Indian law means the conspiring of five or more men to engage in any act of theft.

DACOSTA, då-kō'stå, GABRIEL. See Acosta, GABRIEL.

DA COSTA, ISAAC (1798-1860). A Dutch poet and Protestant theologian, born in Amsterdam. He studied at Leyden, in 1818 received the degree of LL.D., and that of Ph.D. in 1821. Though by parentage he was a Portuguese Jew, he embraced Christianity in 1822, and became a professor and director of the Free Scotch Church Seminary. He was an effective public lecturer. The friend of Bilderdijk, the latter's poetic mantle fell upon him, and he was thenceforth esteemed the greatest of Holland's poets. more noteworthy of his volumes of verse are: Prometheus (1820); Poems (1821-22); Festive Songs (1828): Hagar (1840); and The Battle of Nieuwpoort (1859). Da Costa translated Byron's Cain, and, as a theologian, produced a Gospel Harmony and Israel and the Gentiles,

The

DACRES, dāʼkèrz, JAMES RICHARD (17881853). An English naval officer, born at Lowestoft. He entered the navy in 1796, accompanied the expedition sent against Ferrol, and in 1806 was placed in command of the sloop Bacchante. After distinguished service, he was in 1811 transferred to the Guerrière. Upon the loss of that vessel in the famous contest with the Constitution, he was taken aboard the latter, and subsequently paroled at Boston. By the courtmartial assembled in 1812 at Halifax, he was honorably acquitted of all blame for the surrender of his vessel. In 1815, while commanding the Tiber, he captured the Leo, an American privateer. He became a rear-admiral in 1838, and in 1845 commander at the Cape of Good Hope.

DACRES, Sir SYDNEY COLPOYS (1805-84). An English admiral. He was captain of the flagship of the Channel fleet under Sir Charles Napier from 1847 to 1849, and as commander of the Sans Pareil took a prominent part in the bombardment of Sebastopol. As rear-admiral, to which position he was appointed in 1859, he later commanded the first ironclad squadron. He was second in command on the North American station during the controversy over the Trent affair (1861). In 1868 he was appointed senior lord of the admiralty, and in 1872 commander of Greenwich Hospital.

DACRYD'IUM (Neo-Lat., from Gk. dakpúdov, dakrydion, dim. of dáкрv, dakry, tear; referring to the drops of gum exuded by the tree). A genus of lofty trees of the natural order Taxacea, which has the male and the female flowers on separate individuals. The species are chiefly natives of Australia and New Zealand. Dacrydium Franklinii is called Huon pine, although rather a yew than a pine. Its timber is harder than any Baltic pine, and is excellent for spars for naval purposes. The tree attains a height of a hundred feet, and a diameter of six feet. The wood is light, tough, and very durable. It is said to be one of the best Australian woods for carving. Dacrydium cupressinum and Dacrydium Kirkii are two species occurring in New Zealand, where they are large trees of considerable economic value. The drupes of both species are edible. The young twigs of Dacrydium cupressinum are sometimes used for making a kind of beer. Closely related are the species of Podocarpus, of which there are a score or more species in Asia and through the islands of Australia. Podocarpus totara is the most valuable timbertree of New Zealand, where it attains a height of 60 to 100 feet and a diameter of 6 to 8 feet. The bark is extensively used for roofing houses. docarpus spicata and Podocarpus excelsa are other species of value.

Po

DACTYL (Lat. dactylus, Gk. dáктUλos, daktylos, finger). The name of a measure or 'foot' in Greek and Latin versification. It consists of one long and two short syllables, as in the word ōmnibus, and was so called from its resemblance to the finger, which consists of three joints-one long and two short. The same name is applied to a trisyllabic measure in English verse, consisting of one accented syllable and two unaccented syllables, as in déstiny. (See VERSE.)

In

DAC/TYLIS. See ORCHARD GRASS. DACTYLOL'OGY (from Gk. dáкTUλos, dakty los, finger +-λoyia, -logia, reasoning, from Meyer, legein, to say). The art of communicating thought by the fingers. See DEAF MUTE. DACTYL'OMAN'CY. See SUPERSTITION. DACTYLS, DACTYLI, DAKTYLOI. Greek legend, a supernatural folk who dwelt on Mount Ida in Phrygia. They were the discov erers of copper and iron, and were deeply versed in the metal-working arts. The legends later transferred them to the Cretan Mount Ida, and identified them with the Corybantes. They were originally three in number-Kelmis, the Smelter: Damnameneus, the Hammer; and Acmon, the Anvil; then were increased to five, ten, fifty-two. and at last one hundred.

DADAYAG, dä'dà-yäg'. A head-hunting Malayan people in the mountains of Cagayan Province, Luzon. Their speech is separate. See PHILIPPINES.

DADDY-LONG-LEGS. (1) In the United States, the long-legged, spider-like creatures of the arachnid family Phalangiidæ. (See HARVESTMAN.) (2) In England, the flies of the family Tipulidæ, which includes the crane-flies-big, long-legged insects, resembling exaggerated mosquitoes, that swarm in late summer in grassy and bushy places. The eggs are not known. The larvæ of some live in damp earth, decaying wood, etc., and of others in the water, feeding on vegeOne curious wingtable material, diatoms, etc. less genus (Chionea) contains the 'snow-insects' occasionally seen in swarms on the surface of snowbanks. Some of the earth-inhabiting forms injure the roots of grain and other grasses. More than a thousand species have been de scribed.

DA'DO (It., a die). In architecture, the term applied to the cubic block which forms the body of a pedestal. It is also applied to the plane face and the series of moldings which, in the interiors of buildings, form, as it were, a continuous pedestal. The ordinary modern interior dado is formed of wood, and, running round the bottom of the walls of a room, serves to protect the plaster or paper from injury. It is generally about three feet in height, and surmounted by a narrow cornice. It is also called a wainscot, though this name is more properly applied to a paneled dado.

DADOX'YLON (Neo-Lat., from Gk. das, das, torch + úλov, xylon, wood). Fossil wood of Paleozoic age, found in the Devonian rocks of Europe and America, and having a microscopic structure like that of Cordaites wood and Araucaria wood. See CONIFERA; CORDAITES.

DÆD'ALUS (Lat., from Gk. Aaldaλos, Daidalos, literally 'the cunning worker'). The mythical sculptor, placed by Greek legend at the beginning of native art, to whom were attributed many early wooden statues, apparently of the type of the early nude male figures, such as the "Apollo of Orchomenos." The early forms of the legend seem to have made him a native of Crete. and there seems to have been an early school of Cretan artists, the Dadalidæ, who claimed him as their ancestor. Under Athenian influ

ences, however, the more common forms of the myth arose. Dædalus was a descendant of the Athenian royal race, the Erechthida, and having killed his pupil Talos, fled to Crete, where he was received by King Minos, for whom he built the Labyrinth for the Minotaur, and for Pasiphaë (q.v), the wooden cow. To escape the wrath of Minos, he fitted wings to his son, Icarus, and himself and fled across the sea. Icarus flew too near the sun, the wax which fastened the wings melted, and he was drowned in the Icarian Sea. Dadalus escaped to Italy, where he built the Temple of Apollo at Cuma, and then crossed to Sicily, where local legend attributed to him many architectural works. It seems useless to seek any historical basis for the story of Dædalus, though it is very probable that Crete exercised Conan important influence on early Greek art. sult: Kuhnert, Daedalus (Leipzig, 1886); Pottier, in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités (Paris, 1873); and Robert, "Die Daidaliden," in Archäologische Märchen (Berlin, 1886).

DÆDALUS OF SICYON, sish'i-on. A Greek sculptor, who lived in the first half of the fourth century B.C., probably the son and, according to Pausanias, also a pupil of Patrocles of Sicyon. His earliest work mentioned was a "Trophy," erected at Olympia by the Eleians to commemorate a victory over the Lacedæmonians. His other productions include the "Cowering Venus," probably the prototype of the familiar copies in the Louvre and Vatican Museums, the figures of "Two Boys Using the Strigil," and the portrait statues of several of the victors in the Olympian games.

DÆD'ICU'RUS. See GLYPTODON.

described it fully in a paper, on the "Nature, Structure, and Phylogeny of Dæmonelix," in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. viii. (Rochester, 1897).

In

DAENDELS, dän'děls, HERMAN WILLEM (1762-1818). A Dutch general. He was born at Hattem, in Gelderland, where he practiced law and took part in the revolutionary disturbances that broke out in 1787. Compelled to seek refuge in France, he rendered important service to Dumouriez in 1793, in the latter's campaign against Holland, was made brigadier-general, and, after the proclamation of the Batavian Republic, entered its service as lieutenant-general. 1799 he commanded a division of the Republican army, which compelled the Anglo-Russian forces to surrender. Hostile intrigues induced him to leave the service in 1803, but at the outbreak of the war in 1806 he was reinstated in his former rank by the King of Holland, and served against the Prussians. He now occupied East Friesland, and became successively Governor of Münster, commander-in-chief of the Dutch cavalry, marshal of Holland, and Governor-General of the Dutch East India possessions. This last office he held from 1808 to 1811, and discharged his duties with great ability and prudence. He participated in the Russian campaign of 1812-13, and distinguished himself by his stalwart defense of Modlin. On the overthrow of Napoleon, his services were secured by the new King of Holland, William I., who intrusted him with the organization of government in those colonies on the west coast of Africa which had been restored to the Dutch. In this capacity he labored with energy and success until his death. The work he published (1814) on his administration of Java was an important contribution to our knowledge of that island.

DAET, dä-ät'. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of North Camarines. It is situated near the coast, 50 miles northwest of Nueva Cáceres. Population, in 1898, 10,650.

DAFFODIL. See NARCISSUS.

DAGAMI, då-gü'mê. A town of Leyte, Philippines, 20 miles from Tacloban. It is situated in a plain, near the eastern coast of the island. Population, in 1898, 25,000.

DAGE, dü'ge, EDOUARD (1805-83). A German painter, born in Berlin. He received his artistic training at the Academy of Berlin and under Wachs. From 1861 until his retirement in 1875 he was acting director of the Royal Academy at Berlin. He executed some religious works, including frescoes in the chapel of the Schloss in Berlin. But he was more successful with genre

and ideal subjects, such as "The Discovery of Painting" (1832; National Gallery, Berlin) and "The Compassionate Monk" (1836).

DAGGER (Icel. daggardr, dagger, from Ir. daigear, Welsh dagr, dagger, from Bret. dag, OGael. daga, knife). A short sword, or twoIt is one of the edged, sharp-pointed knife. oldest forms of the arme blanche, and has its modern representative in the infantry sword(See BAYONET.) In the Middle Ages bayonet. soldiers often fought with sword or rapier and dagger, the latter being held in the left hand. (See FENCING.) The dagger proper has ceased to be part of the modern military equipment,