Shore in Madeira, Lisbon, and the Mediterranean (1835); A Visit to Athens and Constantinople (1836); Three Years in California (1850); and Deck and Port (1850), besides other lively stories of travel and the sea. COLTSFOOT.

See TUSSILAGO.

COLU'BRIDE (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. coluber, serpent). The largest and most scattered family or group of snakes. It is variously

limited by systematic authors, and has served as

a residuary group for all serpents not easily classified elsewhere, so that a definition is difficult. The group, however, may be said to include the 'common' small, harmless serpents everywhere. The garter-snakes, water-snakes, hognose, etc., are North American representatives of this family, to which, indeed, all non-venomous American snakes belong except a few species along the Mexican border.

COLUGO, kô-looʻgo, or KAGUAN. See COBEGO. COLUM'BA, SAINT, SAINT COLUM-CILLE, or SAINT COLM (521-597). An Irish missionary, one of the greatest names in the early ecclesiastical history of the British Isles. He was born at Gartan, County Donegal, northwest Ireland, December 7, 521. His father was Fedhilmidh, of the powerful Clan O'Donnell, and related to several of the rulers of Ireland and West Scotland; his mother was Eithne, who also boasted royal ancestry. He studied first at Moville, County Down, five miles south of Bangor, on Belfast Lough, under Bishop Saint Finnian, and was ordained deacon by him; next under another Saint Finnian, at Clonard, who ordained him a priest. He was early distinguished by his piety, and the name Columba, i.e. dove, was recognized as an appropriate one. He showed rare monastic zeal. In 545 he founded the church and monastery of Derry, and in 553 those of Durrow, not far west of Dublin. The latter became of great importance, and in both places the saint is still commemorated by a well and a stone. He founded other monasteries, the chief of which was Kells. In 561 he embroiled himself in the civil strifes of his country and was charged with having incited the bloody battle of Culdreimhne (now Cooladrummon), because he appealed to his tribe to defend by force of arms the copy of the Latin Psalter which he had made from one borrowed of his old teacher, Saint Finnian of Moville. But for being thus the occasion of bloodshed he was censured by an Irish ecclesiastical synod, and recommended to do penance by foreign missionary labor. Accordingly, in 563, he headed a little company of twelve disciples and sailed across to the west coast of Scotland, and landed upon the little island of Hy, since called I-columcille, but better known as Iona. It lies just opposite Oban. There he began the great work of converting the Picts, to which he Owes his fame. His missionary operations were probably very simple, consisting of persistent personal appeals. In the legends which are told about him, as in the life of him by Adamnan and in the Book of Deer, a Celtic MS. of the eleventh or twelfth century, preserved at Cambridge, England, edited by John Stuart for the Spalding Club (Aberdeen, 1869), the miraculous enters. No doubt he had powerful personality and tireless energy, the effect of which would be considered superhuman. He promoted monasticism, overcame the opposition of the Druids, made

many converts, including royal personages, and founded many churches. As in Ireland, so in Scotland, he meddled with secular affairs, and at least one battle is said to have been incited by him. He died at Iona at midnight between June 8 and 9, 597, and left an imperishable name. With loving care his bones were enshrined, and his relics the stone pillow on which he slept, the books he loved so well, the staff which was the symbol of his pastoral authority, and other objects which he had used-were long preserved

and exhibited.

Columba was a poet, and three Latin hymns now extant are attributed to him. In one of them, the "Altus Prosator," published with an English paraphrase, by John, Marquis of Bute (Edinburgh, 1872), each strophe begins with a different letter, in alphabetical order. Besides these, some Celtic poems are attributed to him, and a Rule (printed in Celtic and English in Haddon and Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, ii. 119, and in English only in Skene, Celtic Scotland, ii. 508).

Columba was an ascetic, capable of any amount of deprivation. He was an eager student and made copies with his own hand of documents which fell in his way. Two of these the Book of Kells and the Book of Durrow -were long preserved. His energy sometimes led him to harsh actions, but that he was tenderhearted the affection of his monks evinces. He seems to have had original ideas upon Church government; for Bede writes of Iona that its ruler was "an abbot, who is a priest, to whose direction all the province, and even the bishops, contrary to the usual method, are subject, according to the example of their first teacher [Columba], who was not a bishop, but a priest and a monk" (Eccles. Hist., iii. 4). Bede then criticises the Columban monks because they did not, until 715, keep Easter after the Western manner, but upon the 14th of Nisan, or whatever day it came, as the Eastern Church did. Other peculiarities of the Columban monks, presuming that they followed the Irish models, was that they lived in huts grouped around a church and surrounded by a wall; each hut had its head, but all were under the abbot, who performed episcopal functions though not usually a bishop, and was a spiritual father to all the community, and when he pleased summoned all the members to him by ringing a hand-bell, one of the insignia of his office. The monks dressed in an undergarment covered by a coarse woollen wrapper fastened around the waist by a rope. They shaved the front part of their heads from a line drawn over the top from ear to ear. Their religious services were numerous and strictly attended to, but the rest of their time was spent in labor, either in working upon their fields and tending cattle (for they raised what they needed for their support), or in copying books, particularly the Bible, or in studying or in teaching others. Latin was spoken as well as Celtic, and was employed by them in writing. Some of the monastic communities contained famous schools, where Greek and even Hebrew were taught. The continuance of the memory of Saint Columba in Scotland is shown by the fact that his is one of the commonest names given to a church, even to-day, among the Presbyterians. The life of Saint Columba was written by two of his successors in the abbacy of Iona-Cuimine Ailbhe, seventh abbot (657-69), whose De Virtutibus

Sancti Columba (printed by Pinkerton, London, 1789; Paisley, 1889) was incorporated in the Vita Sancti Columbæ of Adamnan, the ninth abbot (679-704). But bot these writers are concerned not so much with the life as with the prophecies, miracles, and other unusual phenomena which were ascribed to their subject, and so the amount of real biographical facts is very small. This life' by Saint Adamnan is, however, one of the best of the medieval lives of saints. It has been edited in a very superior manner, first by W. Reeves (Dublin, 1857), and again upon Reeves's edition by J. T. Fowler (Latin text and English notes, Oxford, 1894; English translation of the text, 1895).

COLUM BÆ (Lat. nom. pl. of columba, dove). An order of birds, containing the pigeons (Columbida and allied families) and the dodos (Didiida). See DODO; DOVE; PIGEON.

sermons.

COLUM'BAN, or COL'UMBA'NUS, SAINT (543-615). One of the most learned and eloquent of the many missionaries whom Ireland sent to the Continent during the Dark Ages. He was born in Leinster. Having studied under Saint Congall, in the great monastery of Bangor, in Ulster, he passed over to France, accompanied by twelve companions, and in Austrasia and Burgundy, near the southern extremity of the Vosges Mountains, founded the monasteries of Anegray, Luxeuil, and Fontaine. His adherence to the Irish rule for calculating Easter involved him in controversy with the French bishops about 605; and a few years later the courage with which he rebuked the vices of the Burgundian Court led to his expulsion from France. Passing through Switzerland into Lombardy, he founded, in 612, the famous Monastery of Bobbio, in the Apennines, where he died on November 21, 615. The writings of Saint Columban, which are wholly in Latin, consist of a rule for the government of his monastery, a few poems, several letters on ecclesiastical affairs, and sixteen short His monastic rule has been printed more than once; but the most complete edition of his works is in Patrick Fleming's Collectanea Sacra, published at Augsburg in 1621, and at Louvain in 1667. It is reprinted in Migne, Patrol. Latina, lxxx. Of the sermons of Saint Columban, M. Guizot remarks that "the flights of imagination, the pious transports, the rigorous application of principles, the warfare declared against all vain or hypocritical compromise, give to the words of the preacher that passionate authority which may not always and surely reform the soul of his hearers, but which dominates over them, and, for some time at least, exercises paramount sway over their conduct and their life." The town of San Colombano, in Lombardy, takes its name from the Irish monk, as the town and Canton of Saint Gall (q.v.), in Switzerland. perpetuate the name of the most favored of his disciples. For his life, consult: Jonas, who was almost a contemporary and one of his successors as the Abbot of Bobbio, in Migne, Patrologia Cursus Completus (Paris. 1857-60); also W. F. Besser, (Leipzig, 1857); and J. K. Zimmermann (Saint Gall, 1865).

COLUMBARIUM (Lat., dove-cote, from columba, dove). From a fancied resemblance to a dove-cote, the name given to the niches in Roman burial places arranged in rows around the walls of the sepulchral chambers to receive the little

urns or sarcophagi of marble or terra-cotta containing the ashes of the deceased; finally, to the sepulchral chamber itself. Tombs of this description were chiefly used by the poorer classes who could not afford separate tombs, and were erected by great families for their slaves and dependents, or by funeral associations or corporations under the Empire. Several perfect examples have been found near Rome; among them, those of the Vigna Codini, at the Licinian Gardens. Others exist at Naples and elsewhere in Italy. The ustrina, or places for incinerating the bodies, were attached to the columbaria. recent times the term columbarium is applied to a room or hall connected with a crematory, and provided with niches for the cinerary urns.

In

COLUM'BA'S ISLE. The poetic name for the island of Iona, on the western coast of Scotland, where Saint Columba, "The Apostle of Caledonia,' founded a monastery about 565, and

was buried in 597.

COLUMBIA (Neo-Lat., from Columbus). The name under which the United States is usually personified.

COLUMBIA. A name formerly applied to the region, west of the Rocky Mountains, embracing British Columbia and the States of Washington and Oregon.

COLUMBIA.

ests.

A city and county-seat of Boone County, Mo., 144 miles west-northwest of Saint Louis; on the Wabash Railroad, and connected by a branch with the Missouri, Kansas and Texas system (Map: Missouri, D 3). It has flouring and planing mills, elevators, and manufactures of agricultural implements; also farming, fruit-growing, and stock-raising interThe city is the seat of the State University, organized in 1842; State Agricultural College; and of institutions for women, Christian College (Christian), established in 1851, and Stephens College (Baptist), founded in 1856. erected in Monticello, Va., is located here, also a The monument to Thomas Jefferson originally State hospital and a United States Government Settled in 1820, Columexperiment station. bia is governed by a mayor, elected biennially, and a city council. Population, in 1890, 4000; in 1900, 5651.

COLUMBIA. A borough in Lancaster County, Pa., 28 miles southeast of Harrisburg; on the Susquehanna River, here more than a mile wide, and on the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia and Reading railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, E 3). It is an important industrial centre, its manufactures including boilers and engines, iron, laundry machinery, silk, lace, shirts, wagons, brushes, flour, novelties, malt liquors, stoves, etc. Wrightville, on the west bank of the river, is connected with the borough by one of the longest bridges in the United States. The place was founded in 1726 by English Quakers from Chester County, and was for many years called Wright's Ferry. In 1789 it was proposed to locate the capital of the United States here. In June, 1863, the original bridge was burned to prevent the Confederate troops from marching on Philadelphia. Population, in 1890, 10,199; in 1900, 12,316.

COLUMBIA. The capital of South Carolina. and county-seat of Richland County, on the east bank of the Congaree River below the junction

of the Broad and Saluda rivers, 84 miles northeast of Augusta, Ga., and 137 miles northwest of Charleston; on the Southern, the Atlantic Coast Line, and the Seaboard Air Line railroads (Map: South Carolina, D 2). It is at the head of steam navigation on the river, and is on the Columbia Canal, which furnishes abundant water-power (13,000 horse-power). The city is handsomely laid out with streets well shaded and crossing at right angles, and has a fine park. Among the prominent buildings are the Capitol, court-house, city hall, the State insane asylum, and the State penitentiary. The city maintains a municipal hospital and a public library. The educational institutions include the South Carolina College, opened in 1805; Presbyterian Theological Seminary; Columbia Female College (Methodist Episcopal, South), opened in 1859; Presbyterian College for Women, opened in 1890; Allen University (African Methodist Episcopal), opened in 1881; and Benedict College (Baptist) for colored students. Columbia is the seat of a very considerable manufacturing industry, principally in cotton: and there are also sash and door factories, iron-works, foundries, and machine-shops, etc. The government of the city, under a charter of 1854, revised in 1894, is administered by a mayor, who holds office for two years, and a city council elected by wards. The executive appoints one trustee in public schools; and the city clerk, auditor, engineer, police commissioners, and clerk of market are all selected by the council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 15,353; in 1900, 21,108.

In response to a demand for a more central place of government than Charleston, the Legislature in 1786 ordered Columbia, which had been settled about 1700, to be laid out, and in January, 1790, it met there for the first time. On February 17, 1865, General Sherman, at the head of the Union army, entered Columbia, and that night a fire broke out, raging for a day, which destroyed three-fifths of the city, including the old State House and its library of 25,000 volumes, a convent, several churches, the railroad depot, and much cotton. After the war, however, Columbia rapidly recovered its prosperity.

COLUMBIA. A city and county-seat of Maury County, Tenn., 45 miles south of Nashville, on Duck River, and on the Louisville and Nashville, the Nashville, Chattanooga and Saint Louis, and other railroads (Map: Tennessee, D 5). It is the centre of a fertile agricultural region, and an important grain and live-stock market. It controls large phosphate interests, and has cotton and flouring mills, pump-factory, etc. A United States arsenal is located here. Settled in 1811, Columbia was first incorporated in 1822. It is governed under a revised charter of 1893, which provides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a council elected on a general ticket. Population, in 1890, 5370; in 1900, 6052.

COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OF. See DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

COLUMBIA, British. See BRITISH COLUM

BLA.

COLUMBIA CITY. The county-seat of Whitley County. Ind., about 100 miles north by east of Indianapolis; on the Wabash and the

Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroads (Map: Indiana, D 1). Population, in 1890, 3027; in 1900, 2975.

COLUM'BIAD. A heavy gun invented by Colonel Bomford and combining some of the features of the gun, howitzer, and mortar, answering in this respect to the modern breech-loading

COLUMBIA D.

rifled mortar or howitzer. It appeared early in the nineteenth century and was in use until after the War of the Rebellion. See ARTILLERY; also BALLISTICS; GUNS, NAVAL; and ORDNANCE.

COLUMBIAD, THE. A lengthy poem, by Joel Barlow (1807), enlarged from his previous Vision of Columbus (1787), and incorporating also some of his other poems.

COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. See WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

COLUMBIA or OREGON RIVER. One of the largest rivers of North America, rising in the eastern chain of the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia, in about latitude 50° N. and longitude 116° W. (Map: Washington, E 4). It flows at first northwest as far as latitude 53°. and then turns sharply on itself and flows south into Washington. Just before crossing the boundary, it is joined by the Pend Oreille River (Clarke's River or Fork), a large branch from the east. In Washington it flows in a winding course, at first south (to its junction with Spokane River), then west, then south, and then southeast to the Oregon line in about longitude 119° W. Near the Oregon boundary it is joined by its largest branch, Snake River, which rises in Yellowstone Park. Below the point of junction the river flows in a westerly direction, forming the boundary between Oregon and Washington over the remaining distance to the Pacific, being joined on its way by the John Day, Deschutes, and Willamette rivers from the south. Its head-waters drain the Rocky Mountain region on the west from about latitude 54° N. to about latitude 42° N. Its length is 1300 to 1400 miles. drainage area is fully 300,000 square miles, and its low-water flow at the Dalles, Oregon, is 108,000 cubic feet per second. The river is broken by falls and rapids into many separate portions; the first navigable reach is that from its mouth to the Dalles, 190 miles in length. From Celilo, 13 miles above the Dalles, it is navigable to Priest Rapids, 198 miles, and for several shorter stretches farther up, the total navigable length amounting to 756 miles. The total navigable mileage of the Columbia and its branches is 2132 miles. The important city of Vancouver, Wash., is built on its northern bank, just above the entrance of the Willamette, and Astoria, Oregon, is situated at the mouth of the river. The value of the river as a waterway is lessened by the fact that the entrance to its mouth is obstructed by a bar. Large vessels, however,

Its

ascend the Columbia to Vancouver, and also the Willamette to Portland. The tide ascends to the cascades about 150 miles from the sea, which are overcome by vessels through a lock constructed by the United States Government. (See JETTY.) The Columbia is famous for its salmon fisheries. This great river was long vaguely believed to exist. Its mouth was discovered only in 1792, by Captain Gray, of Boston, Mass., who gave it the name of his own vessel in place of the name Oregon. It was explored by Lewis and Clark in

1804-05.

COLUMBIA SALMON. See QUINNAT.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. One of the oldest educational institutions in the United States, situated in New York City. The first step toward its foundation was the authorization in 1746 by the Colonial Assembly of public lotteries for the establishment of a college in the Province of New York. The proceeds, amounting in 1751 to £3443 18s., were vested in a board of ten trustees, of whom seven were members of the Church of England. The preponderating English influence thus represented, and the application of the trustees for a royal charter, excited much opposition in New York, where it was thought that the college should be entirely an American institution. Nevertheless, a charter for 'King's College' was obtained from George II. in 1754, and the management of this college was vested in a corporation composed of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Governor of the Province, and other Crown officers ex officio, the rector of Trinity Church, the ministers of the Dutch Reformed churches, and twenty-four gentlemen of New York. In the following year Trinty Church conveyed a considerable plot of land to the college on condition that its presidents should always be members of the Church of England, and that the Church Liturgy should be read in the college mornings and evenings. Dr. Samuel Johnson, of Connecticut, was installed as the first president; and in 1756 the erection of a college building was begun near what is now West Broadway and Murray Street. In 1764 Dr. Johnson was succeeded by the Rev. Myles Cooper. Under President Cooper the college prospered, and a medical department was found ed in 1767; but President Cooper was a Royalist, and, becoming involved in 1774 in a political controversy with Alexander Hamilton, then still an undergraduate, was presently mobbed at his house, and soon after sailed for England. In 1776 the college buildings were seized by the Committee of Safety for hospital purposes, and the college exercises were practically suspended until 1784, when the institution reopened as Columbia College, under a State charter, vesting its control largely in political officers. This, however, proved unsatisfactory; and in 1787 a new charter was granted similar to the original one except as to the denominational clause, and the management of the institution was vested in a self-perpetuating board of twenty-four trustees. About this time the income of the college was £1330, while its faculty numbered six, three giving instruction in medicine and three in the arts. New life was given to the institution in 1792 by a grant from the State of £7900 outright and of £750 for seven years. The faculty was enlarged, and Mr. James Kent, afterwards the famous Chancellor Kent, was elected to a

VOL. V.-4.

professorship of law. But the State refused further funds in 1799, and the college suffered seriously in consequence. In 1813 the medical school was incorporated with the College of Physicians and Surgeons.

In 1814 the Legislature granted the college a strip of land known as the Hosack Botanical Garden, extending from Forty-seventh to Fiftyfirst Street, and from Fifth Avenue to nearly Sixth Avenue, as a reimbursement for lands in New Hampshire belonging to the college which were ceded by the State on the settlement of the New Hampshire grants. For many years this property yielded no income; but at present it is an important source of revenue. In 1823 Professor Kent was reappointed to the chair of law and delivered his famous lectures, which were, in 1826, published as Kent's Commentaries. In 1830 the contemplated establishment of a rival institution in the city of New York spurred on the board of trustees to new activity. The full course was enlarged, and scientific and literary courses were instituted, designed for special students. In this Columbia would seem to have anticipated its future development as a university. But the time for such a project was not ripe, and the special courses were discontinued in 1843, though their major subjects were continued in its full course. In 1857, owing to the rapid growth of the city, the college was removed to the site bounded by Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Streets and Madison and Fourth Avenues, and a postgraduate course, combining all the features of a university, was projected as part of a general plan of expansion. In 1858 a law school was established. Beginning with 35 students, it had an attendance of 171 in 1864. In 1860 a nominal union was effected with the College of Physicians and Surgeons. To meet the increasing need of mining and other engineers, Columbia College established, in 1864, the School of Mines and Metallurgy.

Dr. Frederick A. P. Barnard succeeded President King in 1864 and a new era of progress began. Dr. Barnard was a friend of classical learning, but he held that a system of education not supported by popular sanction can never be made an efficient instrument of culture; and when the attendance at the college fell to 116 in 1872, the fact was attributed by him to the rigidity of the college curriculum. In 1880 the School of Political Science was established, and in 1881 a department of architecture was instituted in the School of Mines. In 1883 a course of study under the general supervision of the college faculty was designed for women, and in 1887 womer were authorized to receive the degree of B.A., but this practice was discontinued on the establishment of Barnard College (q.v.) for women in 1889. When President Barnard entered upon his duties as president, Columbia College consisted of the college, an inchoate School of Mines, the Law School, and a nominally associated Medical School. Twenty-five years later, at the close of President Barnard's administration, Columbia College comprised the college, the School of Law, the School of Political Science, and the School of Mines and Metallurgy, including the Schools of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Applied Chemistry, and Architecture. The university had increased greatly in size, and the elective system had been largely introduced.

Upon President Barnard's death, in 1889, the

Hon. Seth Low was elected as his successor. He found several flourishing but loosely connected schools, whose work he correlated, reorganized, and consolidated. In 1891 the College of Physicians and Surgeons surrendered its charter and became an integral part of Columbia College. In 1890 the School of Philosophy was established, taking charge of the advanced work in philosophy, psychology, education, ancient and modern languages and literature. In 1892 departments of mathematics, mechanics, physics, mineralogy, chemistry, etc., combined to form the School of Pure Science. The several schools of engineering were in 1896 organized into the School of Applied Sciences. In the same year the name Columbia University' was adopted to designate the institution as a whole, and the name 'Columbia College' was restricted to the undergraduate department. In 1898 Teachers College (q.v.) became affiliated with Columbia, and in 1900 Barnard College became a part of of the university. On President Low's resignation in 1901, Professor Nicholas Murray Butler was elected to succeed him.

Columbia University at present comprises the following schools and colleges: (1) Columbia College. The college confers the degree of B.A. and offers a wide range of subjects, mostly elective. Its students register under any of the university faculties in their fourth year, thus practically shortening the college course, in the case of students who take up professional courses, to three years. In 1902, the date for all the statistics of attendance quoted, the number of students in the college was 492. The col lege offers 72 scholarships of the value of $150, and a number of prizes. (2) Barnard College, This is an undergraduate school for women, and its management is vested in a separate board of trustees. It offers courses, leading to the B.A. degree. Graduates of Barnard College are admitted to the university as candidates for the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees; but the profes sional schools of Columbia University, except Teachers College, are as yet not open to women. Barnard College has an attendance of 339. (3) The School of Law, which offers courses covering a period of three years and leading to the degree of LL.B. On certain specified conditions its students may also earn the LL.M. and A.M. degrees. Twenty scholarships are available for students; its attendance is 400. (4) The College of Physicians and Surgeons. With this are connected Vanderbilt Clinic, one of the finest hospitals in the world and the Sloane Maternity Hospital. It confers the M.D. degree and under special conditions its students also may earn the M.A. degree. It has an attendance of 809 students. (5) The Schools of Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. These have charge of the graduate courses in the departments of mathematics, natural sciences, public law, history, literature, philology, philosophy, psychology, anthropology, and education. Their courses lead to the A.M. and Ph.D. degrees. The student registration is 508. (6) The School of Applied Science, which is composed of the schools of Chemistry, Mines and Engineering, and offers courses covering periods of four years, leading to the degrees of E.M., Met.E., B.S., C.E., E.E., and Mech.E., also graduate courses leading to the A.M. and Ph.D. The total attendance is 626. (7) The courses in fine arts, comprising the course in architecture,

leading to the degree of B.S., and the courses in music, were placed in 1902 under the administrative control of the president of the university. (8) Teachers College, one of the leading schools for the training of teachers in the world, offers courses leading to the B.S. degree and to the several Teachers College diplomas. It is open to men and women on equal terms. It constitutes a separate corporation. It has an attendance of 634 students. (9) The Summer School of the university, designed especially for teachers, was organized in 1900 and has become a permanent feature. The attendance in 1902 was 643.

The government of the university is divided between a board of 24 trustees, of which the President is a member, having charge of the financial affairs of the institution; the University Council, composed of the President, the Dean, and a delegate from each school or college, to whose care are confided the educational interests of the university, subject to the reserved power of control of the trustees and the several faculties in charge of the respective schools. The total valuation of the university property and endowments is about $20,000,000. The receipts of the university in 1901 were $836,108.56. and the expenses $844,329.85. The library numbers about 315,000 volumes, including the Avery Architectural Library and the famous Phoenix collection, but exclusive of unbound pamphlets. A number of societies make it the depository of their rare collections of books. In 1897 Columbia University removed to its new buildings on Morningside Heights. The principal buildings, grouped around the library, the gift of exPresident Low, are the Havemeyer, Fayerweather, and Schermerhorn Halls, and the Engineering Building and Earl Hall. The gymnasium is part of the building of the Alumni Memorial Hall. Barnard College and Teachers College occupy buildings of their own outside of the campus. Earl Hall represents the religious interests of the university.

Columbia University is intimately connected with many of the educational institutions of New York. Lectures are delivered by Columbia professors at the American Museum of Natural History, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and at Cooper Union. Students of botany are permitted to pursue lines of research at the New York Botanical Garden. where courses in special investigation are conducted by Columbia University professors. The university offers free tuition to students in the several theological seminaries in New York and its vicinity, and these institutions reciprocate the privilege. The university also offers 26 fellowships, ranging from $500 to $1300 a year, and 34 graduate scholarships of the value of $150 each. The total number of students attending the university is 3632. Under the auspices of the Columbia University Press, established in 1893, are published a large number of works, monographs, and serial studies, written by professors and post-graduate students, and exhibiting the results of original research in various of the university departments. There are also published the Political Science Quarterly, and the Columbia University Quarterly, formerly the Columbia Bulletin. The presidents of the university have been: Samuel Johnson, D.D. (1754-63); Myles Cooper, S.T.D., LL.D. (1763-76); William S. Johnson, LL.D. (1787-1800); Charles H. Wharton, S.T.D.